View source for Social:Buyang language

{{Infobox language
|name=Buyang
|nativename=''Boux-yaeŋz''<ref>David Holm : ''Killing a Buffalo for the Ancestors''. Southeast Asia Publications, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, 2003. p. 15, fn. 36</ref>
|states={{wipe|China}}
|region=Yunnan
|ethnicity=Buyang people
|speakers={{sigfig|1480|2}}
|date=1997–2000
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam2=Kra
|fam3=Yang–Biao
|lc1=yzg|ld1=E'ma Buyang
|lc2=yln|ld2=Langnian Buyang
|lc4=yrn|ld4=Yalang (Yerong)
|lc3=enc|ld3=[[Social:En language|En]]
|glotto=buya1244
|glottorefname=Buyang
|ELP2=1435
|ELPname2=Yerong
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Buyang''' ({{zh|布央语}}) is a Kra language spoken in Guangnan and Funing counties, Yunnan Province, {{wipe|China}} by the Buyang people.<ref>Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed.  2005.  ''Ethnologue:  Languages of the World''.  15th edition.  Dallas:  Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref> It is important to the reconstruction of the hypothetical macrofamily Austro-Tai as it retains the disyllabic roots characteristic of [[Social:Austronesian languages|Austronesian languages]]. Examples are {{IPA|/matɛ́/}} "to die", {{IPA|/matá/}} "eye", {{IPA|/qaðù/}} "head", and {{IPA|/maðû/}} "eight". (See Austro-Tai for proposed connections.)

The Buyang language was only discovered in 1990 by Chinese linguist Liang Min. In 1999, a doctoral dissertation and book was published for Buyang. The book has also recently been translated into English.

Many speakers of Buyang are also fluent in Zhuang.<ref name="TK"/>

==Subdivisions==
The Buyang (布央) dialect cluster is spoken by a total of around 2,000 people living mostly in the Gula (谷拉) River valley of southeastern Yunnan Province, China. It is spoken in at least 8 villages<ref name="Ostapirat">Ostapirat, Weera (2000). "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra]". ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251</ref> in Gula Township 谷拉乡, Funing County 富宁县, Wenshan Zhuang–Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Buyang is divided into the following groups:<ref name="TK">Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. ''The Tai–Kadai Languages''. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.</ref>

*'''Langjia''' 郎架 is spoken in Langjia 郎架, Funing County 富宁县, Yunnan along the Guangxi border. It is split by [[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]] into Langnian Buyang (ISO 639-3: [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yln yln]) and E'ma Buyang (ISO 639-3: [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yzg yzg]). The name Langjia comes from Zhuang {{IPA|[laːŋ˧˥tɕaːi˧˩]}}, which means "dried bamboo shoot."<ref name="Baha">Li Jinfang and Luo Yongxian. ''The Buyang language of South China: grammatical notes, glossary, texts and translations''. Pacific Linguistics Publishers, Australian National University, 2010.</ref>
*'''Ecun''' 峨村 is spoken in Ecun 峨村,  Funing County 富宁县, Yunnan along the Guangxi border.
*'''Yalang''' 雅郎, also called Yalhong, is spoken in Rongtun 荣屯 (near Longhe Township 龙合乡), Napo County 那坡, Guangxi. It is listed in [[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]] as Yerong 耶容 (ISO 639-3: [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yrn yrn]).
*'''[[Social:Paha language|Paha]]''' 巴哈 is considered a separate language by Weera Ostapirat (2000). It is spoken in Yangliancun 央连村 (''{{IPA|jaaŋ˨˦ lɛŋ˧˩}}'' in Zhuang), Diyu Township 底于乡 and Anshecun 安舍村, Bada Township 八达乡, which are both in Guangnan County 广南, Yunnan. It is listed in [[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]] as Baha Buyang (ISO 639-3: [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yha yha]).

Weera Ostapirat (2000) splits the Buyang language into two branches:<ref name="Ostapirat"/>

*'''North''' (Buyang Proper): Ecun and Langjia
*'''South''': Yalang (Yalhong)

Ostapirat also classifies Buyang and [[Social:Qabiao language|Qabiao]] together as Eastern Kra, while [[Social:Paha language|Paha]] is classified as Central Kra. Together, the two branches form one of the two primary Kra branches, namely Central-East Kra. The [[Social:En language|En language]] has also been recently included in Eastern Kra (also called Yang–Biao, from ''[Bu]yang–[Pu]biao'').

Li (2010) divides the Buyang language as follows:<ref name="Baha"/>

'''Eastern'''
* The Funing County dialects of Ecun 峨村,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183465|title=富宁县谷拉乡峨村峨村|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Dugan 度干,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183467|title=富宁县谷拉乡峨村度干|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Zhelong 者龙,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183468|title=富宁县谷拉乡峨村者龙|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Nada 那达,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183472|title=富宁县谷拉乡峨村那达|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Longna 龙纳,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183486|title=富宁县谷拉乡峨村龙纳|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Maguan 马贯,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183492|title=富宁县谷拉乡马贯马贯|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Langjia 郎架,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183536|title=富宁县谷拉乡龙色郎架|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> and Nianlang 念郎.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=183565|title=富宁县谷拉乡谷桃念楞|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> These villages are known collectively as ''Buyang Bazhai'' 布央八寨, or "the eight Buyang villages." Together, they make up the largest group of Buyang speakers, numbering about 1,000 speakers collectively. Li further splits the Funing County Buyang dialects into 3 groups (listed from north to south):
** '''Maguan 马贯'''
** '''Ecun 峨村''', Dugan 度干, Zhelong 者龙, Nada 那达, Longna 龙纳
** '''Langjia 郎架''', Nianlang 念郎
* Central Pohe Township 坡荷乡, Napo County, western Guangxi. More than 300 speakers reside in Rongtun 荣屯村 and Gonghe 共合村 villages, while over 100 live in Shanhe 善合, Yong'an 永安, and Guoba 果巴 villages; also in Renhe village 仁合村. 400 speakers total.

'''Western''' ([[Social:Paha language|Paha]])
* In Guangnan County, Yanglian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213502|title=广南县底圩乡普龙村民委员会央联自然村|website=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> has around 500 [[Social:Paha language|Paha]] speakers, and Anshe only has about 100 speakers left. 600 speakers total.

Languages closely related to Buyang include [[Social:Qabiao language|Qabiao]], [[Social:En language|En]], and also [[Social:Paha language|Paha]] if considered a separate language.

==Phonology==

==Diachronic evolution of consonants==
Pre-Buyang, the stage in the evolution of the language that can be reconstructed from internal evidence, appears to have had a slightly different phonemic inventory than the modern dialects: a voiced stop *ɢ paired with *q,<ref>"the ancient Buyang language must have had a voiced stop *''G'' contrasting to *''q''. The Duolo dialect of Gelao, a language related to Buyang, now still has ... ''G''." (Li & Zhou, p. 116, § 2)</ref> as well as voiced *ɦ alongside *h,<ref>"Ancient Buyang had ... *''ɦ''." (Li & Zhou, p. 125, § 4)</ref> and a pair of sibilants *s, *z.<ref>"Ancient Buyang had a contrastive pair of voiceless and voiced ... *''s'', *''z'', which are very common in modern Ge–Yang" (Li & Zhou, p. 124, § 4)</ref> In addition, it doesn't appear to have had a series of aspirated consonants, a condition still found in the Ecun dialect.<ref>"Ancient Buyang didn't have any aspirated consonants. Later, ... aspirated consonants were created in some dialects, but in Ecun dialect, no aspirated consonants appeared at all." (Li & Zhou, p. 132, § 8)</ref> Thus reconstructed pre-Buyang is more similar in its phonemic inventory to reconstructed [[Social:Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] than is any modern dialect of Buyang.{{Explain|date=February 2020}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Li Jinfang. 1999. ''Studies on the Buyang Language'' [布央语研究]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press.
* Li, J., & Luo, Y. (2006). ''[http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=213756853487236;res=IELHSS Notes on Paha Buyang].'' Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, Vol. 29, No. 1, p.&nbsp;1-40.
* Liang Min. (1990). The Buyang Language, ''Kadai'' 2:13-21.

==Further reading==
*Li, J., & Zhou, G. (1998). ''Diachronic evolution of initial consonants in Buyang.'' MON-KHMER STUDIES 28:115-135. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110809095135/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/28/li1998diachronic.pdf pdf])
*Mo Haiwen [莫海文] (2016). ''A reference grammar of Rongtun Buyang'' [荣屯布央语参考语法]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press [中国社会科学出版社]. {{ISBN|9787516175347}}
*Sagart, Laurent. 2018. [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01795830/documen OC *-r in early Chinese loans to Bùyāng, and related issues]. Old Chinese and friends, Apr 2018, Jena, Germany.

==External links==
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tai–Kadai_languages Buyang-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160518054533/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=351 ABVD: Buyang (Langjia) word list]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520213932/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=693 ABVD: Buyang (Ecun) word list]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160518113336/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=694 ABVD: Paha word list]

{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyang Language}}
[[Category:Languages of China]]

{{Sourceattribution|Buyang language|1}}