View source for Social:Central Indo-Aryan languages

{{short description|Central Indo-Aryan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Central Indo-Aryan
|altname=Hindi languages
|region=[[Place:South Asia|South Asia]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|child1=Western Hindi
|child2=Eastern Hindi
|glotto=none
|glotto2=west2812
|glottoname2=Western Hindi
|glotto3=east2726
|glottoname3=Eastern Hindi
|map=Hindi Indoarisch.png
|mapcaption=
}}

The '''Central Indo-Aryan languages''' or '''Hindi languages''' are a group of [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken across Northern and Central India. These language varieties form the central part of the Indo-Aryan language family, itself a part of the Indo-European language family. They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Middle [[Social:Prakrit|Prakrit]]s. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the [[Social:Kauravi dialect|Dehlavi]] (Delhi) dialect (one of several called '[[Social:Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]') of the [[Social:Hindustani language|Hindustani language]], the lingua franca of Northern India that is the basis of the Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu literary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi languages will be considered.

== Languages ==
If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: ''Western'' and ''Eastern Hindi''.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=276}} ''Western Hindi'' evolved from the [[Social:Apabhraṃśa|Apabhraṃśa]] form of [[Social:Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni Prakrit]], ''Eastern Hindi'' from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=305}}

[[File:Western Hindi.png|thumb|'''Western Hindi''' languages.  Clockwise from the top: Hindustani, Kannauji, Bundeli, Braj, Haryanvi.<br/>The '''Eastern Hindi''' languages are not shown individually.  They are Awadhi in the north, east of Hindustani and Kannauji; Bagheli in the center, to the east of Bundeli, and Chhattisgarhi to the southeast of Bundeli.]]
{{Tree list}}
*'''Western Hindi'''<ref>{{Linguistic Survey of India|9|1|chapter=Western Hindi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/download/rosettaproject_hin_detail-2/rosettaproject_hin_detail-2.pdf}}</ref>
**Braj (1.6 m), spoken in western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Rajasthan and Haryana.
** Haryanvi (8 m), spoken in [[Place:Chandigarh|Chandigarh]], Haryana,  and as a minority in Punjab and [[Place:Delhi|Delhi]].
** Bundeli (3 m), spoken in south-western Uttar Pradesh and west-central Madhya Pradesh.
** Kannauji (9.5 m), spoken in west-central Uttar Pradesh.
** [[Social:Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (250 m), spoken in western Uttar Pradesh, [[Place:Delhi|Delhi]], and after partition in {{wipe|Pakistan}}.
***Deccani
***Hyderabadi
***Dhakaiya
***Rekhta
***Kauravi
***Bombay Hindi
***Bihari Hindi{{efn|Not to be confused with the Bihari languages, a group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.}}
***Andaman Creole Hindi
***Haflong Hindi
***Judeo-Urdu
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list}}
* '''Eastern Hindi'''{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=277}}
**Awadhi (4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the Caribbean, Fiji, [[Earth:Mauritius|Mauritius]] and {{wipe|South Africa}}
***[[Social:Caribbean Hindustani|Caribbean Hindustani]] (300 k) {{small|(mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)}}
***Fiji Hindi (460 k) {{small|(mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)}}
**Bagheli (8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
** Chhattisgarhi (18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central Chhattisgarh.
***[[Social:Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]] (1.7 m), spoken in Chhattisgarh
{{Tree list/end}}

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for mere political reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari. But they are languages way older than Hindi.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=277}} 

[[Social:Seb Seliyer language|Seb Seliyer]] (or at least its ancestor) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]] and [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] ca. 500–1000 CE. [[Social:Parya language|Parya]] is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.

To Western Hindi ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' adds Sansi, Bagheli, Chamari (a [[Social:Spurious languages|spurious language]]), [[Social:Bhaya language|Bhaya]], Gowari (not a separate language), and [[Social:Ghera language|Ghera]].

== Use in non-Hindi regions ==

* Bihari Hindi is a dialect of Hindustani greatly influenced by Bihari languages such as Bhojpuri and [[Social:Magahi language|Magahi]], spoken in urban areas in Bihar.
* Bombay Hindi ("Bombay Baat"), the dialect of the city of {{wipe|Mumbai}} (Bombay); it is based on [[Social:Hindustani language|Hindustani]] but heavily influenced by [[Social:Marathi language|Marathi]]. Technically it is a [[Social:Pidgin|pidgin]], i.e. neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the educated and upper social strata. However, it is often used in the films of Hindi cinema (Bollywood) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
* Dakhini, including Hyderabadi Urdu, and Bangalori Urdu, a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhile [[History:Hyderabad State|Hyderabad State]], and the historical Deccan region. There is a small but distinct difference between Dakhini and standard [[Social:Hindustani language|Hindustani]], which is bigger the further south it is spoken.
* Andaman Creole Hindi is a trade language of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
* Arunachali Hindi is a trade language of Arunachal Pradesh
* Haflong Hindi is a trade language of the areas adjacent to Haflong in Assam
* Fiji Hindi is an Eastern Hindi-Bihari lingua-franca that developed among Indo-Fijians.
*[[Social:Caribbean Hindustani|Caribbean Hindustani]] is an Bihari-Eastern Hindi lingua-franca that developed among Indo-Caribbeans.
*Domari and [[Social:Romani language|Romani]] are both central Indo-Aryan languages, although deriving from separate origins within the family.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herin |first1=Bruno |title=Elements of Domari Dialectology |journal=Mediterranean Language Review |date=2016 |volume=23 |pages=33–73 |doi=10.13173/medilangrevi.23.2016.0033 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/medilangrevi.23.2016.0033 |issn=0724-7567}}</ref>

== Comparison ==
The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations {{IPA|[ɛː, ɔː]}} commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from {{IPA|[əɪ]}} to {{IPA|[ɑɪ]}} and from {{IPA|[əu]}} to {{IPA|[ɑu]}}, respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western Hindi varieties.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=283}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation
 |last=Shapiro
 |first=Michael C.
 |year=2003
 |chapter=Hindi
 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
 |publisher=Routledge
 |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
 |pages=276–314
}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Central Indo-Aryan languages}}