View source for Social:Chittagonian language

{{Short description|Language spoken in parts of Bangladesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Chittagonian
| altname          = Chittagonian Bengali
| nativename       = চাটগাঁইয়া<ref name="b" /><br>চিটাইঙ্গা<ref name="pro" />
| pronunciation    = [saŋʈgaiyaŋ]<br/>[siʈaiŋga]
| states           = Bangladesh
 |last              = Gordon Jr.
 |first             = Raymond G.
 |title             = Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th edition)
 |publisher         = SIL International
 |year              = 2005
 |location = Dallas, Texas
 |url               = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cit
 |isbn              = 978-1-55671-159-6
 |url-status           = dead
 |archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20070224034812/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cit
 |archive-date       = 24 February 2007
}}</ref>
| region           = Chittagong region
| image            = চাটগাঁইয়া.svg
| imagescale       = 
| speakers         = 13 million
| date             = 2006
| ref              = e25
| speakers2        = to {{sigfig|15.9|2}} million (2007)<ref name="NE100">[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = Eastern
| fam5             = [[Social:Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| fam6             = Gauda–Bangla
| fam7             = Southeastern Bengali
| script           = * Bengali-Assamese
* [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://omniglot.com/writing/chittagonian.htm#:~:text=Chittagonian%20(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE),Rangamati%2C%20Bandarban%20and%20Khagrachhari%20districts | title=Chittagonian language and alphabet | access-date=1 August 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801143218/https://omniglot.com/writing/chittagonian.htm#:~:text=Chittagonian%20(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE),Rangamati%2C%20Bandarban%20and%20Khagrachhari%20districts | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Social:Latin|Latin]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://omniglot.com/writing/chittagonian.htm#:~:text=Chittagonian%20(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE),Rangamati%2C%20Bandarban%20and%20Khagrachhari%20districts | title=Chittagonian language and alphabet | access-date=1 August 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801143218/https://omniglot.com/writing/chittagonian.htm#:~:text=Chittagonian%20(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE),Rangamati%2C%20Bandarban%20and%20Khagrachhari%20districts | url-status=live }}</ref>
| iso3             = ctg
| glotto           = chit1275
| glottorefname    = Chittagonian
| linglist         = ctg
| lingua           = 73-DEE-aa
| notice           = IPA
}}
[[File:Bengali dialects political map.svg|thumb|{{Legend|green|Chittagonian Language speaking area}}]]

'''Chittagonian''' ({{lang|ctg|চাটগাঁইয়া}} ''saṭgãia'' or {{lang|ctg|চিটাইঙ্গা}} ''siṭaiṅga'')<ref name="b">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Chittagong_City}}</ref><ref name="pro">{{cite web |title=চট্টগ্রামের আঞ্চলিক স্বকীয়তা |url=https://nagorik.prothomalo.com/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE |website=Prothomalo |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731135049/https://nagorik.prothomalo.com/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE |url-status=live }}</ref> or '''Chittagonian Bengali'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_bec|title= Bengali (Chittagong) at wals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.language-archives.org/language/ctg|title=Olac resources in and about Chittagonian}}</ref> is an [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in parts of the Chittagong Division in Bangladesh.<ref name=e25/> Its speakers identify with Bengali culture and the [[Social:Bengali language|Bengali]] language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=25}}</ref>  Chittagonian and Standard Bengali are not inherently [[Social:Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]], although it is considered as a nonstandard Bengali dialect.<ref name=e25/> Chittagonian is considered to be a separate language by some linguists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=16}} "The dialect of Chittagong, in southeast Bangladesh, is different enough to be considered a separate language."</ref> It is mutually intelligible with [[Social:Rohingya language|Rohingya]] and to a lesser extent with Noakhailla. It is estimated (2006) that Chittagonian has 13 million speakers, principally in Bangladesh.<ref name=e25/>

==Classification==
Chittagonian is a member of the Bengali-Assamese sub-branch of the Eastern group of [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan languages]], a branch of the wider Indo-European language family. It is derived through an Eastern Middle Indo-Aryan from Old Indo-Aryan, and ultimately from [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].<ref name=e25/> {{harvp|Grierson|1903}} grouped the dialects of Chittagong under ''Southeastern Bengali'', alongside the dialects of Noakhali and [[Social:Rohingya language|Akyab]]. {{harvp|Chatterji|1926}} places Chittagonian in the eastern Vangiya group of [[Social:Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi Prakrit]] and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and did not emanate from the literary Bengali called "sadhu bhasha".<ref>"Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East  Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects (with which Assamese is to be associated) and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."{{harvcol|Chatterji|1926|p=108}}</ref> Among the different dialect groups of these eastern dialects, Chittagonian has phonetic and morphological properties that are not present in standard Bengali and other western dialects of Bengali.{{sfnp|Chatterji|1926|p=[https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1/page/n233/mode/2up 138]}}

==Phonology==
{{Listen|filename=Audio by Shah Mohammad Tayeb.opus||title=<span align="center">
Shah Mohammad Tayeb share his travel story in America, in Chittagonian.</span>|type=speech}}
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental/<br>Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="4" |Stop
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Affricate
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|
|{{IPA link|tɕ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|dʑ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}~{{IPA link|ɸ}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|x}}
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill/Tap
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!<small>lateral</small>
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>central</small>
|({{IPA link|w}})
|
|
|({{IPA link|j}})
|
|
|}

* Approximants {{IPA|[w j]}} are only heard as allophones of vowels {{IPA|/i u/}}.
* {{IPA|/ts/}} can have a post-alveolar allophone of {{IPA|[tʃ]}}.
*{{IPA|/ʃ/}} can have an allophone of {{IPA|[ç]}}.
* {{IPA|/f/}} can have a bilabial allophone of {{IPA|[ɸ]}} .<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hai|first=Muhammad A.|title=A study of Chittagong dialect|year=1965|location=In Anwar S. Dil (ed.), Studies in Pakistani Linguistics|pages=17–38}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|- align="center"
!High
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
!High-mid
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
!Low-mid
|({{IPA link|ɛ}})
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
!Low
|{{IPA link|æ}}
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

* Nasalization occurs for seven vowels {{IPA|/ĩ ẽ æ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/}}.
* {{IPA|[ɛ]}} is heard as an allophone of {{IPA|/æ/}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moniruzzaman|first=M.|title=Dialect of Chittagong|publisher=Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|year=2007|location=In Morshed, A. K. M.; Language and Literature}}</ref>

==Writing system==
The Arabic script has historically been used to write this language.

The Bengali script (''Bangla Lipi'') and Latin script are used to write this language. 

[[Software:Gboard|Gboard]] for [[Software:Android (operating system)|Android]] has added Chittagongian Keyboard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gboard for Android Adds Support for Over 20 New Languages|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/gboard-android-new-language-support-chinese-korean-1820677|access-date=2021-05-25|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525061151/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/gboard-android-new-language-support-chinese-korean-1820677|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* Chittagong
* [[Social:Rohingya language|Rohingya language]]
* Chittagong Division
* Chittagong Hill Tracts

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1 |publisher=Calcutta University Press }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Grierson |editor-first=G A |year=1903 |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-1&pages=463#page/1/mode/1up |volume=V |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627162842/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-1&pages=463#page/1/mode/1up |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=ctg}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chittagonian phrasebook|Chittagonian|a phrasebook}}


[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Chittagonian language}}