View source for Social:Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas

This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the [[Social:Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous languages of the Americas]]. The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however, the classifications do not correspond to these divisions.

[[Image:Langs N.Amer.png|thumb|300px|Pre-contact distribution of North American language families north of Mexico]]
[[Image:Map of the languages of Mexico.png|300px|thumb|The indigenous languages of Mexico that have more than 100,000 speakers]]
[[File:Chibcha lang.png|thumb|right|300px|The Chibchan languages]]

==North America==

===''Glottolog'' 4.1 (2019)===
''[[Social:Glottolog|Glottolog]]'' 4.1 (2019) recognizes 42 independent families and 31 isolates in North America (73 total).<ref name="Glottolog-4-1">{{cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog |version=4.1 |editor1-last=Hammarström |editor1-first=Harald |editor2-last=Forkel |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Haspelmath |editor3-first=Martin |date=2019 |location=Jena |publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History}}</ref> The vast majority are (or were) spoken in the United States, with 26 families and 26 isolates (52 total).

;North American languages families proposed in ''[[Social:Glottolog|Glottolog]]'' 4.1
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families (42)
#Otomanguean (180)
#[[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] (78)
#[[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] (69)
#[[Social:Algic languages|Algic]] (46)
#Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (45)
#[[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]] (33)
#[[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] (27)
#[[Social:Salishan languages|Salishan]] (25)
#Mixe-Zoque (19)
#[[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]] (18)
#[[Social:Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] (12)
#[[Social:Totonacan languages|Totonacan]] (12)
#Cochimi-Yuman (11)
#[[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] (11)
#Miwok-Costanoan (11)
#Kiowa-Tanoan (8)
#[[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] (7)
#[[Social:Pomoan languages|Pomoan]] (7)
#[[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] (6)
#[[Social:Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] (6)
#[[Biology:Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] (5)
#[[Social:Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]] (5)
#[[Social:Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]] (5)
#[[Social:Xincan languages|Xincan]] (5)
#[[Social:Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] (4)
#Huavean (4)
#[[Social:Maiduan languages|Maiduan]] (4)
#[[Social:Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]] (4)
#[[Social:Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuyan]] (3)
#[[Social:Shastan languages|Shastan]] (3)
#[[Social:Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]] (3)
#Tsimshian (3)
#[[Social:Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]] (2)
#[[Social:Coosan languages|Coosan]] (2)
#Haida (2)
#[[Social:Jicaquean languages|Jicaquean]] (2)
#Keresan (2)
#[[Social:Lencan languages|Lencan]] (2)
#[[Social:Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] (2)
#Tarascan (2)
#[[Social:Wintuan languages|Wintuan]] (2)
#Yuki-Wappo (2)

{{col-break}}
;Isolates (31)
#Adai
#Alsea-Yaquina
#Atakapa
#Beothuk
#[[Social:Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
#Chimariko
#Chitimacha
#Coahuilteco
#Comecrudan
#Cotoname
#[[Social:Cuitlatec language|Cuitlatec]]
#Esselen
#Guaicurian
#Karankawa
#Karok
#Klamath-Modoc
#[[Biography:Kutenai language|Kutenai]]
#Maratino
#Molale
#Natchez
#Salinan
#Seri
#Siuslaw
#Takelma
#Timucua
#Tonkawa
#Tunica
#Washo
#[[Social:Yana language|Yana]]
#[[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
#Zuni
{{col-end}}

===Gallatin (1836)===

An early attempt at North American language classification was attempted by A. A. Albert Gallatin published in 1826, 1836, and 1848. Gallatin's classifications are missing several languages which are later recorded in the classifications by Daniel G. Brinton and John Wesley Powell. (Gallatin supported the assimilation of indigenous peoples to Euro-American culture.)

: (Current terminology is indicated parenthetically in ''italics''.)

'''Families'''
# Algonkin-Lenape ''&nbsp;<small>(=Algonquian)</small>''
# Athapascas ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]])</small>''
# Catawban ''&nbsp;<small>(=Catawba&nbsp;+&nbsp;Woccons)</small>''
# Eskimaux ''&nbsp;<small>(=Eskimoan)</small>''
# Iroquois ''&nbsp;<small>(=Northern Iroquoian)</small>''
# Cherokees ''&nbsp;<small>(=Southern Iroquoian)</small>''
# Muskogee ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Muskogean languages|Eastern Muskogean]])</small>''
# Chahtas  ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Muskogean languages|Western Muskogean]])</small>''
# Sioux ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]])</small>''

'''Languages'''
{|
| valign="top" width="65%" |
# Adaize ''&nbsp;<small>(=Adai)</small>''
# Attacapas ''&nbsp;<small>(=Atakapa)</small>''
# Salmon River ''&nbsp;<small>(=Bella Coola)</small>''
# Black Feet ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]])</small>''
# Pawnees ''&nbsp;<small>(=Pawnee)</small>''
# Caddoes ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Biology:Caddo language|Caddo]])</small>''
# Chinooks ''&nbsp;<small>(=Chinookan)</small>''
# Chetimachas ''&nbsp;<small>(=Chitimacha)</small>''
# Fall Indians ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Gros Ventre language|Gros Ventre]])</small>''
# Queen Charlotte's Island ''&nbsp;<small>(=Haida)</small>''
| valign="top" |
11. Straits of Fuca ''&nbsp;<small>(=Makah)</small>'' <br> 
12. Natches ''&nbsp;<small>(=Natchez)</small>'' <br>
13. Wakash ''&nbsp;<small>(=Nootka)</small>'' <br>
14. Salish ''&nbsp;<small>(=Salishan)</small>'' <br>
15. Shoshonees ''&nbsp;<small>(=Shoshone)</small>'' <br>
16. Atnahs ''&nbsp;<small>(=Shuswap)</small>'' <br>
17. Kinai ''&nbsp;<small>(=Tanaina)</small>'' <br>
18. Koulischen ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Biography:Tlingit language|Tlingit]])</small>'' <br>
19. Utchees ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]])</small>''
|}

===Gallatin (1848)===
'''Families'''

# [[Social:Algonquian languages|Algonquian languages]]
# [[Social:Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan languages]]
# Catawban languages
# Eskimoan languages
# [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian languages]] (Northern)
# [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian languages]] (Southern)
# [[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean languages]]
# [[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan languages]]

'''Languages'''
{|
| valign="top" width="55%" |
&nbsp;&thinsp;1. Adai <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;2. Alsean <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;3. Apache <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;4. Arapaho <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;5. Atakapa <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;6. Caddoan, Northern <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;7. [[Biology:Caddo language|Caddoan, Southern]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;8. [[Social:Cayuse language|Cayuse]]-Molala <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;9. Chinookan <br>
10. Chitimacha <br>
11. [[Social:Comanche language|Comanche]] <br>
12. Haida <br>
13. Kalapuyan <br>
14. Kiowa <br>
15. Klamath <br>
16. [[Social:Koasati language|Koasati]]-[[Social:Alabama language|Alabama]] <br>
17. Kootenai <br>
| valign="top" |  
18. Kutchin <br>
19. Maricopa (Yuman) <br>
20. Natchez <br>
21. [[Social:Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] <br>
22. Plains Apache <br>
23. [[Social:Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]] <br>
24. [[Social:Salishan languages|Salishan]] <br>
25. [[Social:Shastan languages|Shasta]] <br>
26. Shoshone <br>
27. Tanaina <br>
28. [[Biography:Tlingit language|Tlingit]] <br>
29. Tsimshian <br>
30. Ute <br>
31. [[Social:Wakashan languages|Wakashan, Southern]] <br>
32. Wichita <br>
33. [[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]] <br>
|}

===Powell's (1892) "Fifty-eight"===
John Wesley Powell, an explorer who served as director of the [[History:Bureau of American Ethnology|Bureau of American Ethnology]], published a classification of 58 "[[Social:Language family#Subdivision|stocks]]" that is the "cornerstone" of genetic classifications in North America. Powell's classification was influenced by Gallatin to a large extent.

John Wesley Powell was in a race with Daniel G. Brinton to publish the first comprehensive classification of North America languages (although Brinton's classification also covered South and Central America). As a result of this competition, Brinton was not allowed access to the linguistic data collected by Powell's fieldworkers.

: ''(More current names are indicated parenthetically.)''

{| style="font-size: 95%;"
| valign="top" width="34%" |
&nbsp;&thinsp;1. Adaizan <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;2. [[Social:Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;3. [[Social:Athabaskan languages|Athapascan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;4. Attacapan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Atakapa)</small>''<br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;5. Beothukan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Beothuk)</small>''<br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;6. [[Biology:Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;7. [[Social:Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;8. Chimarikan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Chimariko)</small>''<br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;9. Chimmesyan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Tsimshian)</small>''<br>
10. [[Social:Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] <br>
11. Chitimachan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Chitimacha)</small>''<br>
12. [[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] <br>
13. [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]] <br>
14. Copehan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Wintuan)</small>''<br>
15. Costanoan <br>
16. Eskimauan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Eskimoan)</small>''<br>
17. Esselenian ''&nbsp;<small>(=Esselen)</small>''<br>
18. [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] <br>
19. Kalapooian ''&nbsp;<small>(=Kalapuyan)</small>''<br>
20. Karankawan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Karankawa)</small>''<br>
| valign="top" width="34%" |
21. Keresan <br>
22. Kiowan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Kiowa)</small>''<br>
23. Kitunahan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Biography:Kutenai language|Kutenai]])</small>''<br>
24. Koluschan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Biography:Tlingit language|Tlingit]])</small>''<br>
25. Kulanapan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Pomoan languages|Pomoan]])</small>''<br>
26. Kusan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Coosan languages|Coosan]])</small>''<br>
27. Lutuamian ''&nbsp;<small>(=Klamath-Modoc)</small>''<br>
28. Mariposan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]])</small>''<br>
29. Moquelumnan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Miwokan)</small>''<br>
30. Muskhogean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean]])</small>''<br>
31. Natchesan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Natchez)</small>''<br>
32. [[Social:Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] <br>
33. [[Social:Piman languages|Piman]] ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]])</small>''<br>
34. Pujunan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Maiduan languages|Maiduan]])</small>''<br>
35. Quoratean ''&nbsp;<small>(=Karok)</small>''<br>
36. Salinan <br>
37. [[Social:Salishan languages|Salishan]] <br>
38. Sastean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Shastan languages|Shastan]])</small>''<br>
39. Shahaptian ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]])</small>''<br>
| valign="top" |
40. Shoshonean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Numic languages|Uto-Azetcan]])</small>''<br>
41. Siouan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Siouan–Catawba)</small>''<br>
42. Skittagetan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Haida)</small>''<br>
43. Takilman ''&nbsp;<small>(=Takelma)</small>''<br>
44. Tañoan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Tanoan languages|Tanoan]])</small>''<br>
45. Timuquanan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Timucua)</small>''<br>
46. Tonikan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Tunica)</small>''<br>
47. Tonkawan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Tonkawa)</small>''<br>
48. Uchean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]])</small>''<br>
49. Waiilatpuan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Cayuse language|Cayuse]]&nbsp;&&nbsp;Molala)</small>''<br>
50. [[Social:Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] <br>
51. Washoan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Washo)</small>''<br>
52. Weitspekan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Social:Yurok language|Yurok]])</small>''<br>
53. Wishoskan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Wiyot)</small>''<br>
54. Yakonan ''&nbsp;<small>(=Siuslaw&nbsp;&&nbsp;Alsean)</small>''<br>
55. [[Social:Yana language|Yanan]] <br>
56. Yukian <br>
57. Yuman <br>
58. Zuñian ''&nbsp;<small>(=Zuni)</small>''<br>
|}

===Rivet (1924)===
Paul Rivet (1924) lists a total of 46 independent language families in North and Central America. Olive and Janambre are extinct languages of Tamaulipas, Mexico.<ref name="Rivet-1924"/>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;North American families
#[[Social:Algonquian languages|Algonkin]]
#''Beothuk''
#Eskimo
#[[Social:Hokan languages|Hoka]]
#[[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquois (Irokwa)]]
#''[[Biology:Caddo language|Kaddo]]''
#''[[Social:Keres language|Keres]]''
#''Kiowa''
#''Klamath''
#''[[Biography:Kutenai language|Kutenai]]''
#[[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskhogi]]
#[[Social:Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]
#[[Social:Penutian languages|Penutia]]
#Sahaptin
#Salish
#[[Social:Siouan languages|Siou (Syu)]]
#[[Social:Tanoan languages|Tano]]
#''Timukua''
#''Chimakum''
#''Tunika''
#[[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Azten]]
#''[[Social:Cayuse language|Waiilatpu]]''
#[[Social:Wakashan languages|Wakash]]
#''Yuki''
#''[[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]]''
#''Zuñi''
{{col-break}}
;Central American families
#''Amusgo''
#''Kuikatec''
#''[[Social:Cuitlatec language|Kuitlatek]]''
#[[Social:Lencan languages|Lenka]]
#Maya
#[[Social:Misumalpan languages|Miskito-Sumo-Matagalpa]]
#Mixe-Zoke
#[[Social:Mixtecan languages|Mixtek]]
#''Olive''
#Otomi
#''[[Social:Paya language|Paya]]''
#''Subtiaba''
#''Tarask (Michoacano)''
#[[Social:Totonacan languages|Totonak]]
#Chinantek
#''[[Social:Waikuri language|Waїkuri]]''
#''Xanambre (Janambre)''
#Xikake (Jicaque)
#[[Social:Xincan languages|Xinka (Jinca, Sinca)]]
#Zapotek
{{col-end}}

===Sapir (1929): ''Encyclopædia Britannica''===
Below is Edward Sapir's (1929) famous ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' classification. Note that Sapir's classification was controversial at the time and it additionally was an original proposal (unusual for general encyclopedias). Sapir was part of a "lumper" movement in Native American language classification. Sapir himself writes of his classification: "A more far-reaching scheme than Powell's [1891 classification], suggestive but not demonstrable in all its features at the present time" (Sapir 1929: 139). Sapir's classifies all the languages in North America into only 6 families: [[Social:Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]], Algonkin–Wakashan, [[Social:Na-Dene languages|Nadene]], [[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]], [[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]]–[[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]], and [[Social:Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]. Sapir's classification (or something derivative) is still commonly used in general languages-of-the-world type surveys. (Note that the question marks that appear in Sapir's list below are present in the original article.)

: "Proposed Classification of American Indian Languages North of Mexico (and Certain Languages of Mexico and Central America)"

{| style="font-size: 95%;"
| valign="top" width="40%" |

'''I. ''[[Social:Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]'''''

'''II. ''Algonkin–Wakashan'''''
: 1. ''Algonkin–Ritwan''
:: (1) [[Social:Algonquian languages|Algonkin]]
:: (2) Beothuk (?)
:: (3) Ritwan
::: (a) Wiyot
::: (b) [[Social:Yurok language|Yurok]]
: 2. ''[[Biography:Kutenai language|Kootenay]]''
: 3. ''[[Social:Mosan languages|Mosan]] (Wakashan–Salish)''
:: (1) Wakashan (Kwakiutl–Nootka)
:: (2) Chimakuan
:: (3) [[Social:Salishan languages|Salish]]

'''III. ''[[Social:Na-Dene languages|Nadene]]'''''
: 1. ''Haida''
: 2. ''Continental Nadene''
:: (1) [[Biography:Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
:: (2) Athabaskan

'''IV. ''[[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]]'''''
: 1. ''Californian Penutian''
:: (1) [[Social:Utian languages|Miwok-Costanoan]]
:: (2) [[Social:Yokutsan languages|Yokuts]]
:: (3) [[Social:Maiduan languages|Maidu]]
:: (4) [[Social:Wintuan languages|Wintun]]
: 2. ''Oregon Penutian''
:: (1) Takelma
:: (2) [[Social:Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Coast Oregon Penutian]]
::: (a) [[Social:Coosan languages|Coos]]
::: (b) Siuslaw
::: (c) Yakonan
:: (3) [[Social:Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuya]]
: 3. ''[[Social:Chinookan languages|Chinook]]''
: 4. ''[[Social:Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]''
: 5. ''Plateau Penutian''
:: (1) Sahaptin
:: (2) Waiilatpuan (Molala–Cayuse)
:: (3) Lutuami (Klamath-Modoc)
: 6. ''Mexican Penutian''
:: (1) Mixe–Zoque
:: (2) Huave
| valign="top" width="40%" |

'''V. ''Hokan–Siouan'''''
: 1. ''Hokan–Coahuiltecan''
:: A. [[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]]
::: (1) Northern Hokan
:::: (a) Karok, Chimariko, [[Social:Shastan languages|Shasta]]–Achomawi
:::: (b) [[Social:Yana language|Yana]]
:::: (c) [[Social:Pomoan languages|Pomo]]
::: (2) Washo
::: (3) Esselen–Yuman
:::: (a) Esselen
:::: (b) Yuman
::: (4) Salinan–Seri
:::: (a) Salinan
:::: (b) [[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumash]]
:::: (c) Seri
::: (5) [[Social:Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]] (Chontal)
:: B. Subtiaba–Tlappanec
:: C. [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]]
::: (1) Tonkawa
::: (2) [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuilteco]]
:::: (a) Coahuilteco proper
:::: (b) Cotoname
:::: (c) Comecrudo
::: (3) Karankawa
: 2. ''Yuki''
: 3. ''[[Social:Keres language|Keres]]''
: 4. ''Tunican''{{anchor|Tunican}}
:: (1) Tunica–Atakapa
:: (2) Chitimacha
: 5. ''Iroquois''
:: (1) [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
:: (2) [[Biology:Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
: 6. ''Eastern group''
:: (1) Siouan–Yuchi
::: (a) [[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]]
::: (b) [[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
:: (2) [[Social:Gulf languages|Natchez–Muskogian]]
::: (a) Natchez
::: (b) [[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogian]]
::: (c) Timucua (?)
| valign="top" width="40%" |

'''VI. ''[[Social:Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]'''''
: 1. ''[[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztekan]]''
:: (1) [[Social:Nahuan languages|Nahuatl]]
:: (2) [[Social:Piman languages|Piman]]
:: (3) Shoshonean
: 2. ''Tanoan–Kiowa''
:: (1) [[Social:Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]
:: (2) Kiowa
: 3. ''Zuñi (?)''
|}

===Voegelin & Voegelin (1965): The "Consensus" of 1964===
[[Image:Early Localization Native Americans USA.jpg|thumb|300px]]
[[Image:Early Indian Languages Alaska.jpg|thumb]]

The Voegelin & Voegelin (1965)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voegelin |first1=C. F. |last2=Voegelin |first2=F. M. |date=October 1965 |title=Languages of the World: Native America Fascicle Two |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022559 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=139–145 |doi= |jstor=30022559 |access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref> classification was the result of a conference of Americanist linguists held at Indiana University in 1964. This classification identifies 16 main genetic units.

{| style="font-size: 95%;" cellpadding="7"
| valign="top" width="50%" |
# '''American Arctic-Paleosiberian''' phylum
#* [[Social:Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]
#* Chukchi–Kamchatkan
# '''[[Social:Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]''' phylum
#* [[Social:Athabaskan languages|Athapascan]]
#* [[Biography:Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
#* Haida
# '''Macro-Algonquian''' phylum
#* [[Social:Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
#* [[Social:Yurok language|Yurok]]
#* Wiyot
#* [[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
#* Natchez
#* Atakapa
#* Chitimacha
#* Tunica
#* Tonkawa
# '''[[Social:Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]''' phylum
#* [[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]]
#* Catawba
#* [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
#* [[Biology:Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
#* [[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
# '''[[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]]''' phylum
#* Yuman
#* Seri
#* [[Social:Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
#* [[Social:Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]]
#* [[Social:Shastan languages|Shastan]]
#* [[Social:Yana language|Yanan]]
#* Chimariko
#* Washo
#* Salinan
#* Karok
#* [[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumashan]]
#* [[Social:Comecrudan languages|Comecrudan]]
#* [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]]
#* Esselen
#* [[Social:Jicaquean languages|Jicaque]]
#* Tlapanecan
#* [[Social:Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]]
| valign="top" width="60%" |
&nbsp;6. '''Penutian''' phylum
* [[Social:Yokutsan languages|Yokuts]]
* [[Social:Maiduan languages|Maidu]]
* [[Social:Wintuan languages|Wintun]]
* [[Social:Utian languages|Miwok–Costanoan]]
* Klamath–Modoc
* Sahaptin–Nez Perce
* [[Social:Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
* Molale
* [[Social:Coosan languages|Coos]]
* Yakonan
* Takelma
* Kalapuya
* Chinookan
* [[Social:Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]
* Zuni
* [[Social:Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
* [[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]]
* Chipaya–Uru
* [[Social:Totonacan languages|Totonacan]]
* Huave
&nbsp;7. '''[[Social:Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]''' phylum
* Kiowa–Tanoan
* [[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
&nbsp;8. '''Keres''' <br>
&nbsp;9. '''Yuki''' <br>
10. '''Beothuk''' <br>
11. '''[[Biography:Kutenai language|Kutenai]]''' <br>
12. '''Karankawa''' <br>
13. '''[[Social:Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]''' <br>
14. '''[[Social:Salishan languages|Salish]]''' <br>
15. '''Wakashan''' <br>
16. '''Timucua''' <br>
|}

[[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumashan]], [[Social:Comecrudan languages|Comecrudan]], and [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]] are included in Hokan with "reservations". Esselen is included in [[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]] with "strong reservations". Tsimshian and Zuni are included in [[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]] with reservations.

===Campbell & Mithun (1979): The "Black Book"===
Campbell & Mithun's 1979 classification is more conservative, since it insists on more rigorous demonstration of genetic relationship before grouping. Thus, many of the speculative phyla of previous authors are "split".

===Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), Mithun (1999)===
(preliminary)

{{collapse top|Classification by Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), Mithun (1999)}}
'''Families'''
# [[Social:Algic languages|Algic]]
## [[Social:Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
## Wiyot (> Ritwan?)
## [[Social:Yurok language|Yurok]] (> Ritwan?)
# [[Social:Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]
## Eyak-Athabaskan
### Eyak
### [[Social:Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
## [[Biography:Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
# [[Biology:Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] (> [[Social:Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]?)
# [[Social:Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]
# [[Social:Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] (> [[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]]?)
# [[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] [chúmash]
# [[Social:Comecrudan languages|Comecrudan]]
# [[Social:Coosan languages|Coosan]] [kus] (> [[Social:Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# [[Social:Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]
## Eskimoan
## [[Biography:Aleut language|Aleut]] = Unangan
# [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
# [[Social:Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuyan]] [kalapúyan]
# Kiowa–Tanoan
# [[Social:Maiduan languages|Maiduan]]
# [[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
# [[Social:Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] (Achumawi–Atsugewi)
# [[Social:Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
# [[Social:Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]]
# [[Social:Salishan languages|Salishan]]
# [[Social:Shastan languages|Shastan]]
# Siouan–Catawban
## [[Social:Western Siouan languages|Siouan]]
## Catawban
# [[Social:Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshianic]]
# [[Social:Utian languages|Utian]]
## Miwok
## Costanoan
# Utaztecan
## [[Social:Numic languages|Numic]] = Plateau
## [[Social:Tübatulabal language|Tübatulabal]] = Kern
## [[Social:Takic languages|Takic]] = Southern California
## [[Biography:Hopi language|Hopi]] = Pueblo
## Tepiman = Pimic
## Taracahitic
## [[Social:Tubar language|Tubar]]
## Corachol
## Aztecan
# [[Social:Wakashan languages|Wakashan]]
## Kwakiutlan
## Nootkan
# [[Social:Wintuan languages|Wintuan]] (> [[Social:Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# [[Social:Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]]
# Yuman–Cochimi
## Yuman
## Cochimi

'''Isolates'''
# Adai
# Alsea [alsi] (> [[Social:Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# Atakapa (> Tunican?)
# Beothuk (unclassifiable?)
# [[Social:Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
# Chimariko
# Chitimacha (> Tunican?)
# Coahuilteco
# Cotoname = Carrizo de Camargo
# Esselen
# Haida
# Karankawa
# Karuk
# [[Social:Keres language|Keres]]
# Klamath-Modoc
# Kootenai
# Molala
# Natchez
# Salinan
# Siuslaw (> [[Social:Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# Takelma
# Timucua
# Tonkawa
# Tunica (> Tunican?)
# Wappo (> [[Social:Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]])
# Washo
# [[Social:Yana language|Yana]]
# [[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]] (> [[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]])
# Yuki (> [[Social:Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]])
# Zuni

'''Stocks'''

* [[Social:Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]], supported by Elmendorf (1981, 1997)

The unity of Penutian languages outside Mexico is considered probably by many linguists:
* [[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]]
# [[Social:Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshianic]]
# [[Social:Chinookan languages|Chinookan]]
# Takelma
# Kalapuya (not close to Takelma: Tarpent & Kendall 1998)
# Maidun
# Oregon Coast-Wintu (Whistler 1977, Golla 1997)
## Alsea
## [[Social:Coosan languages|Coosan]]
## Siuslaw
## [[Social:Wintuan languages|Wintuan]]
# [[Social:Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau]]
## [[Social:Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]]
## Klamath
## Molala
## [[Social:Cayuse language|Cayuse]] ? (poor data)
# [[Social:Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]] ?
## [[Social:Yokuts language|Yana]]
## [[Social:Utian languages|Yana]]

Siouan–Yuchi "probable"; [[Social:Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]] likely:
* [[Social:Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]
# Iroquoian–Caddoan
## Iroquoian
## Caddoan
# Siouan–Yuchi
## Siouan–Catawban
## [[Social:Yuchi language|Yuchi]]

Natchez–Muskogean most likely of the [[Social:Gulf languages|Gulf hypothesis]]
* Natchez–Muskogean
# Natchez
# [[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]

Hokan: most promising proposals
* [[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]]
# Karok
# Chimariko
# [[Social:Shastan languages|Shastan]]
# [[Social:Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]]
# [[Social:Yana language|Yana]]
# Washo
# [[Social:Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
# Esselen
# Salinan
# Yuman–Cochimi
# Seri

"Unlikely" to be Hokan:
:[[Social:Chumashan languages|Chumashan]]
:Tonkawa
:Karankawa
{{collapse bottom}}

Subtiaba–Tlapanec is likely part of Otomanguean (Rensch 1977, Oltrogge 1977).

[[Social:Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]] is "undemonstrated"; [[Social:Mosan languages|Mosan]] is a Sprachbund.

==Mesoamerica==
(Consensus conservative classification)

'''Families'''
* [[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] (Other branches outside Mesoamerica. See North America) languages
:# Corachol (Cora–Huichol)
:# Aztecan (Nahua–Pochutec)

* Totonac–Tepehua
* Otomanguean
:# Otopamean
:# Popolocan–Mazatecan
:# Subtiaba–Tlapanec
:# Amuzgo
:# [[Social:Mixtecan languages|Mixtecan]]
:# [[Social:Chatino language|Chatino]]–Zapotec
:# Chinantec
:# Chiapanec–Mangue (extinct)

* [[Social:Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatec]]-[[Social:Jicaquean languages|Jicaque]]
* [[Social:Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
* [[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]]
* [[Social:Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]] (Outside Mesoamerica proper. See South America)
* [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] (Outside Mesoamerica proper. See South America)
:# [[Social:Paya language|Paya]]

'''Isolates'''
* [[Social:Purépecha language|Purépecha]]
* [[Social:Cuitlatec language|Cuitlatec]] (extinct)
* Huave
* [[Social:Xincan languages|Xinca]] (extinct?)
* [[Social:Lencan languages|Lenca]] (extinct)

'''Proposed stocks'''
* [[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]] (see North America)
:# [[Social:Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatec]]-[[Social:Jicaquean languages|Jicaque]]
* [[Social:Macro-Mayan languages|Macro-Mayan]] ([[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]] affiliation now considered doubtful.)
:# Totonac–Tepehua
:# Huave
:# [[Social:Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
:# [[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]]
* [[Social:Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan]]
:# [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
:# [[Social:Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
:# [[Social:Paya language|Paya]] (sometimes placed in [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] proper)
:# [[Social:Xincan languages|Xinca]]
:# [[Social:Lencan languages|Lenca]]

==South America==
{{further|Social:Indigenous languages of South America}}

Notable early classifications of classifications of indigenous South American language families include those by [[Biography:Filippo Salvatore Gilii|Filippo Salvatore Gilii]] (1780–84),<ref name="Gilij">Gilij, Filippo Salvatore. 1965. ''Ensayo de historia Americana''. Spanish translation by Antonio Tovar. (Fuentes para la Historia Colonial de Venezuela, Volumes 71–73.) Caracas: Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la Historia. First published as Saggio di storia americana; o sia, storia naturale, civile e sacra de regni, e delle provincie spagnuole di Terra-Ferma nell’ America Meridionale descritto dall’ abate F. S. Gilij. Rome: Perigio [1780–1784].</ref> Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1784–87),<ref name="Hervas-1784">Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo. 1784–87. ''Idea dell’universo: che contiene la storia della vita dell’uomo, elementi cosmografici, viaggio estatico al mondo planetario, e storia de la terra e delle lingue''. Cesena: Biasini.</ref><ref name="Hervas-1800">Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo. 1800–1805. ''Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas y numeracion, division, y clases de estas segun la diversidad de sus idiomas y dialectos'', Volume I (1800): ''Lenguas y naciones Americanas''. Madrid: Administracion del Real Arbitrio de Beneficencia.</ref> Daniel Garrison Brinton (1891),<ref name="Brinton-1891">Brinton, Daniel G. 1891. ''The American race''. New York: D. C. Hodges.</ref> Paul Rivet (1924),<ref name="Rivet-1924">Rivet, Paul. 1924. Langues Américaines III: Langues de l’Amérique du Sud et des Antilles. In: Antoine Meillet and Marcel Cohen (ed.), ''Les Langues du Monde'', Volume 16, 639–712. Paris: Collection Linguistique.</ref> John Alden Mason (1950),<ref name="Mason-1950">Mason, J. Alden. 1950. The languages of South America. In: Julian Steward (ed.), ''Handbook of South American Indians'', Volume 6, 157–317. (Smithsonian Institution, [[History:Bureau of American Ethnology|Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143.) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</ref> and Čestmír Loukotka (1968).<ref name="Loukotka"/> Other classifications include those of Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño (1940–45),<ref name="Jijon">Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1998. ''El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana''. Quito: Abya-Yala. First published Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana [1940–1945].</ref> Antonio Tovar (1961; 1984),<ref name="Tovar-1961">Tovar, Antonio. 1961. ''Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur: enumeración, con indicaciones tipológicas, bibliografía y mapas''. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana.</ref><ref name="Tovar-1984">Tovar, Antonio and Consuelo Larrucea de Tovar. 1984. ''Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur''. Madrid: Gredos.</ref> and Jorge A. Suárez (1974).<ref name="Suarez-1974">Suárez, Jorge. 1974. South American Indian languages. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 15th edition, Macropaedia 17. 105–112.</ref><ref name="Campbell-SAmerica"/>

===''Glottolog'' 4.1 (2019)===
''[[Social:Glottolog|Glottolog]]'' 4.1 (2019) recognizes 44 independent families and 64 isolates in South America.<ref name="Glottolog-4-1" />

;South American languages families proposed in ''[[Social:Glottolog|Glottolog]]'' 4.1
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families (44)
#[[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] (78)
#[[Social:Tupian languages|Tupian]] (71)
#[[Social:Pano-Tacanan languages|Pano-Tacanan]] (45)
#[[Biography:Quechuan languages|Quechuan]] (45)
#[[Social:Cariban languages|Cariban]] (42)
#[[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]] (33)
#Nuclear-Macro-Je (30)
#[[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] (27)
#[[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]] (26)
#[[Social:Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]] (12)
#Chocoan (9)
#Huitotoan (7)
#[[Social:Matacoan languages|Matacoan]] (7)
#[[Social:Arawan languages|Arawan]] (6)
#[[Social:Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]] (6)
#Nambiquaran (6)
#[[Social:Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]] (6)
#Guahiboan (5)
#[[Social:Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] (5)
#Lengua-Mascoy (5)
#Yanomamic (5)
#[[Social:Aymaran languages|Aymaran]] (4)
#[[Social:Chicham languages|Chicham]] (4)
#[[Social:Chonan languages|Chonan]] (4)
#Jodi-Saliban (4)
#Kamakanan (4)
#Naduhup (4)
#[[Social:Bororoan languages|Bororoan]] (3)
#[[Social:Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]] (3)
#[[Social:Charruan languages|Charruan]] (3)
#Kawesqar (3)
#Peba-Yagua (3)
#[[Social:Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]] (3)
#[[Social:Araucanian languages|Araucanian]] (2)
#[[Social:Boran languages|Boran]] (2)
#Harakmbut (2)
#Hibito-Cholon (2)
#[[Social:Huarpean languages|Huarpean]] (2)
#Kakua-Nukak (2)
#[[Social:Katukinan languages|Katukinan]] (2)
#Otomaco-Taparita (2)
#Puri-Coroado (2)
#Ticuna-Yuri (2)
#Uru-Chipaya (2)

{{col-break}}
;Isolates (64)
#Aewa
#[[Social:Aikanã language|Aikanã]]
#Andaqui
#Andoque
#Arutani
#Atacame
#Betoi-Jirara
#Camsá
#Candoshi-Shapra
#Canichana
#Cayubaba
#Chiquitano
#Chono
#Cofán
#Culli
#Fulniô
#Guachi
#Guamo
#Guató
#Irántxe-Münkü
#Itonama
#Jirajaran
#Kanoê
#Kariri
#Kunza
#Kwaza
#Leco
#Lule
#Máku
#Matanawí
#[[Social:Mato Grosso Arára language|Mato Grosso Arára]]
#Mochica
#Mosetén-Chimané
#Movima
#Muniche
#Mure
#Omurano
#Oti
#Páez
#Pankararú
#Payagua
#[[Social:Pirahã language|Pirahã]]
#Puelche
#Puinave
#Pumé
#Puquina
#Ramanos
#Sapé
#Sechuran
#Tallán
#Taruma
#Taushiro
#Timote-Cuica
#Tinigua
#Trumai
#Tuxá
#Urarina
#Vilela
#Waorani
#[[Social:Warao language|Warao]]
#Xukurú
#Yámana
#Yuracaré
#[[Social:Yurumanguí language|Yurumanguí]]
{{col-end}}

===Rivet (1924)===
Paul Rivet (1924) lists 77 independent language families of South America.<ref name="Rivet-1924"/>

{{columns-list |colwidth=25em|
#''Alakaluf''
#''Al'entiak''
#''Amuesha''
#''[[Social:Araucanian languages|Araukan]]''
#[[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawak]]
#''Arda'' (spurious)
#''Atakama''
#''Atal'an''
#''Auaké''
#''[[Social:Aymara language|Aymará]]''
#[[Social:Bororoan languages|Bororó]]
#Diagit
#''Enimaga''
#''Esmeralda''
#Guahibo
#''[[Social:Warao language|Guarauno]]''
#''Guató''
#[[Social:Guaicuruan languages|Guaykurú]]
#''Het (Chechehet)''
#''Huari''
#''Itonama''
#[[Social:Cahuapanan languages|Kahuapana]]
#''Kaliána''
#''Kañari''
#''Kanichana''
#Karajá (Karayá)
#[[Social:Cariban languages|Karib]]
#[[Social:Kariri languages|Karirí]]
#Katukina
#''Kayuvava''
#[[Biography:Quechuan languages|Kichua]]
#''Koche (Mokóa)''
#''Kofane''
#''Leko''
#[[Social:Nadahup languages|Maku]]
#[[Social:Mascoian languages|Maskoi]]
#''Mashubi''
#[[Social:Matacoan languages|Matako-Mataguayo]]
#''Mobima''
#Moseten
#Múra
#[[Social:Nambikwaran languages|Nambikuára]]
#Otomak
#Pano
#''Puelche''
#''Puinave''
#Puruhá
#Sáliba
#[[Social:Zamucoan languages|Samuku]]
#''Sanaviron''
#''Shavanté''
#Sek
#''Shirianá''
#Timote
#''Trumaí''
#[[Social:Chapacuran languages|Chapakura]]
#[[Social:Charruan languages|Charrúa]]
#[[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibcha]]
#Chikito
#''Chirino''
#[[Social:Choco languages|Choko]]
#Cholona
#Chon
#[[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tukáno]]
#Tupi-Guaraní
#''Tuyuneiri''
#Vilela-''Chulupí''
#[[Social:Witotoan languages|Witóto]]
#[[Social:Jivaroan languages|Xíbaro (Shiwora, Shuara)]]
#Xiraxara
#''[[Social:Yaghan language|Yahgan]]''
#''Yaruro''
#''Yunka''
#''Yurakáre''
#''Yuri''
#[[Social:Zaparoan languages|Záparo]]
#Je (Ge)
}}

===Mason (1950)===
Classification of South American languages by J. Alden Mason (1950):<ref name="Mason-1950"/>

{{collapse top|Classification of South American languages by Mason (1950)}}
; [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
* Western
** Talamanca
** Barbacoa
*** Pasto
*** Cayapa-Colorado
** Guatuso
** Cuna
* Pacific
** Isthmian (Guaymí)
** Colombian
* Inter-Andine
** Páez
** Coconuco
** Popayanense
* Eastern
** Cundinamarca
** [[Social:Arhuaco language|Arhuaco]]
** Central America
** ? Andakí (Andaquí)
** ? Betoi group

;Languages probably of Chibchan affinities
* Panzaleo
* Cara, Caranki
* Kijo (Quijo)
* [[Social:Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
* Cofán (Kofane)

;Languages of doubtful Chibchan relationships
* Coche (Mocoa)
* Esmeralda
* Tairona, Chimila
* [[Social:Yurumanguí language|Yurumanguí]]
* [[Social:Timote language|Timote]]
* Candoshi, Chirino, Murato
* Cholón
* [[Social:Hibito language|Híbito]]
* Copallén
* Aconipa (Akonipa)

;Language families of central South America
* Yunca-Puruhán
** Yunca
** Puruhá
** Cañari (Canyari)
** Atalán
** Sec (Sechura, Tallán)
* Kechumaran
** Quechua
** [[Social:Aymara language|Aymara]]
* Chiquitoan
* Macro-Guaicuruan
** [[Social:Matacoan languages|Mataco-Macá]]
*** Mataco
*** Macá (Enimagá, Cochaboth)
** Guaicurú (Waicurú)
* Lule-Vilelan
** Tonocoté, Matará, Guacará

; [[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]
* Chané, Chaná

;Languages of probable Arawakan affinities
* [[Social:Arawan languages|Arauá group]]
* Apolista (Lapachu)
* Amuesha
* Tucuna (Tikuna)
* Tarumá
* Tacana

;Languages of possible Arawakan relationships
* Tuyuneri
* Jirajara
* Jívaro
* Uru-Chipaya-Pukina
** Ochosuma
** Chango, Coast Uru

;[[Social:Cariban languages|Cariban]]

;Languages of probable Cariban affiliations
* Chocó, Cariban of Colombia
* Peba-Yagua
** Arda
* Yuma
* Palmella
* Yuri (Juri)
* [[Social:Pimenteira language|Pimenteira]]

;Macro-Tupí-Guaranian
* Tupí-Guaranian
** Yurimagua (Zurimagua)
* Arikem
* [[Social:Boran languages|Miranyan (Boran)]]
* [[Social:Witotoan languages|Witotoan]]
** Nonuya
** Muenane
** Fitita
** Orejón
** Coeruna
** Andoke
** Resigero
* [[Social:Zaparoan languages|Záparoan]]
** Omurano (Roamaina?)
** Sabela
** Canelo
** Awishira

;Northern tropical lowland independent families
* [[Social:Warao language|Warrauan]]
* Auakéan
* Calianan
* Macuan
* Shirianán
* Sálivan, Macu, Piaróa
* Pamigua, Tinigua
* Otomacan, Guamo (Guama), Yaruran
* Guahiban
* Puinavean (Macú)
* [[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan (Betoyan)]]
** Coto
* [[Social:Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]]
** Muniche
* Panoan
** Chama languages
** Cashibo
** Mayoruna
** Itucale, Simacu, Urarina
** Aguano
** Chamicuro

;Southern tropical lowland independent families
* Unclassified languages of Eastern Perú: Alon, Amasifuin, Carapacho, Cascoasoa, Chedua, Cholto, Chunanawa, Chusco, Cognomona, Chupacho, Huayana, Kikidcana (Quiquidcana), Moyo-pampa, Nindaso, Nomona, Pantahua, Payanso, Tepqui, Tingan, Tulumayo, Zapazo
* Small "families" of Bolivia: Itonama, Canichana, Cayuvava, Movima, Moseten, Leco, Yuracare
* Small languages of the Brazil-Bolivia border: Huari, Masáca, Capishaná, Puruborá, Mashubi, Kepikiriwat, Sanamaicá, Tuparí, Guaycarú, Aricapu, Yaputi, Aruashí, Canoa
* Catukinan
* [[Social:Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]]: Wanyam (Huañam), Cabishí (Kabichi)
* [[Social:Mascoian languages|Mascoian]]
* [[Social:Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]]
* Guatoan
* [[Social:Bororoan languages|Bororoan]], Otuke
** Coraveca, Covareca
** Curucaneca, Curuminaca
* Nambicuaran
** Cabishí
* Muran
** Matanawí
* Trumaian
* Caraján
* Caririan

;Macro-Ge
* Ge
* Caingang
* Camacán, Mashacalí, Purí (Coroado)
** Camacán
** Mashacalí
** Purí (Coroado)
* Patashó
* Malalí
* Coropó
* Botocudo

;Other language families of eastern Brazil
* Shavanté (Chavanté, Šavante)
** Otí
** Opayé
** Cucurá
* Guaitacán
* Small languages of the Pernambuco region: Fulnió, Natú, Pancãrurú, Shocó, Shucurú, Tushá, Carapató, Payacú, Teremembé, Tarairiu (Ochucayana)

;Southernmost languages
* Ataguitan
** Atacama
** Omawaca (Omahuaca)
** Diaguita (Calchaquí)
* Charrua, Kerandí, Chaná, etc.
* Allentiac (Huarpean)
* Sanavirón, Comechingónan
** Sanavirón
** Comechingón
* Araucanian
** Chono
* Puelchean
** Het (Chechehet)
* [[Social:Chonan languages|Chonan]] (Tewelche, Tehuelche), Ona
* [[Social:Yahgan language|Yahganan]]
* [[Social:Alacalufan languages|Alacalufan]]
{{collapsebottom}}

===Loukotka (1968)===
Čestmír Loukotka (1968) proposed a total of 117 indigenous language families (called ''stocks'' by Loukotka) and isolates of South America.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Languages of Paleo-American tribes
*A. Southern Division
**1. ''Yámana''
**2. ''Alacaluf''
**3. Aksanás
**4. ''Patagon''
**5. ''Gennaken''
**6. Chechehet
**7. ''Sanaviron''
*B. Chaco Division
**8. Guaicuru
**9. Vilela
**10. Mataco
**11. Lengua
**12. Zamuco
**13. Chiquito
**14. ''Gorgotoqui''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the areas of Divisions A and B.
*C. Division of Central Brazil
**15. Charrua
**16. Kaingán
**17. ''Opaie''
**18. Puri
**19. Mashakali
**20. Botocudo
**21. ''[[Social:Baenan language|Baenan]]''
**22. Kamakan
**23. Fulnio
**24. Ge
**25. ''Kukura'' (spurious)
**26. ''Otí''
**27. Boróro
**28. Karajá
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of Division C.
*D. Northeastern Division
**29. ''Katembri''
**30. ''Tushá''
**31. ''Pankarurú''
**32. ''Chocó''
**33. ''Umán''
**34. ''Natú''
**35. Shukurú
**36. Kiriri
**37. Tarairiú
**38. Gamela
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of Division D.
*E. Northwestern Division
**39. Múra
**40. ''Matanawí''
**41. ''Erikbaktsa''
**42. Nambikwára
**43. ''Iranshe''
**44. Yabutí
{{col-break}}
;Languages of tropical forest tribes
*A. North Central Division
**45. Tupi
**46. Arawak
**47. Otomac
**48. Guamo
**49. ''Taruma''
**50. Piaroa
**51. Tinigua
**52. ''Máku''
**53. ''Tucuna''
**54. Yagua
**55. Kahuapana
**56. Munichi
**57. Cholona
**58. Mayna
**59. Murato
**60. ''Auishiri''
**61. ''Itucale''
**62. Jíbaro
**63. Sabela
**64. Záparo
**65. Chapacura
**66. Huari
**67. ''Capixana''
**68. ''Koaiá''
**69. ''Purubora''
**70. ''Trumai''
**71. ''Cayuvava''
**72. ''Mobima''
**73. ''Itonama''
**74. ''Canichana''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the North Central Division.
*B. South Central Division
**75. Pano
**76. Tacana
**77. ''Toyeri''
**78. ''Yuracare''
**79. Mosetene
**80. ''Guató''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the South Central Division.
*C. Languages of the Central Division
**81. Tucano
**82. ''Andoque''
**83. Uitoto
**84. Bora
**85. ''Yuri''
**86. [[Social:Nadahup languages|Makú]]
**87. Catuquina
**88. Arawa
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the Central Division.
*D. Northeastern Division
**89. Karaib
**90. Yanoama
**91. Uarao
**92. ''Auaké''
**93. ''Kaliána''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the North Eastern Division.
{{col-break}}
;Languages of Andean tribes
*A. Northern Division
**94. Chibcha
**95. Timote
**96. Jirajara
**97. Chocó
**98. ''Idabaez''
**Unclassified or unknown division.
*B. North Central Division
**99. Yurimangui
**100. ''Cofán''
**101. Sechura
**102. Catacao
**103. ''Culli''
**104. ''Tabancale''
**105. ''Copallén''
**106. Chimú
*C. South Central Division
**107. Quechua
**108. Aymara
**109. Puquina
**110. Uro
**111. Atacama
**112. ''Leco''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the Ancient Inca Empire.
*D. Southern Division
**113. Mapuche
**114. Diaguit
**115. Humahuaca
**116. Lule
**117. Huarpe
{{col-end}}

===Kaufman (1990)===

====Families and isolates====

Terrence Kaufman's classification is meant to be a rather conservative genetic grouping of the languages of South America (and a few in Central America). He has 118 ''genetic units''. Kaufman believes for these 118 units "that there is little likelihood that any of the groups recognized here will be broken apart". Kaufman uses more specific terminology than only ''language family'', such as ''language area'', ''emergent area'', and ''language complex'', where he recognizes issues such as partial [[Social:Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligibility]] and dialect continuums. The list below collapses these into simply ''families''. Kaufman's list is numbered and grouped by "geolinguistic region". The list below is presented in alphabetic order. Kaufman uses an anglicized orthography for his genetic units, which is mostly used only by himself. His spellings have been retained below.<ref>Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.</ref>

{|
| valign="top" width="65%" |
'''Families:'''
# [[Social:Aymaran languages|Aimoré]]
# Arawán
# [[Social:Barbacoan languages|Barbakóan]]
# Bóran
# Boróroan
# [[Social:Chapacuran languages|Chapakúran]]
# Charrúan
# [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chíbchan]]
# [[Social:Chimuan languages|Chimúan]]
# Chipaya
# [[Social:Choco languages|Chokó]]
# Cholónan
# Chon
# Haki
# [[Social:Harákmbut languages|Harákmbut]]
# Hiraháran
# [[Social:Jivaroan languages|Hívaro]]
# Jabutían
# Je
# Kamakánan
# Karajá
# [[Social:Cariban languages|Káriban]]
# Katakáoan
# Katukínan
# Kawapánan
# Kawéskar
# [[Biography:Quechuan languages|Kechua]]
# [[Social:Arawakan languages|Maipúrean]]
# Mashakalían
# Maskóian
# [[Social:Matacoan languages|Matákoan]]
# [[Social:Misumalpan languages|Misumalpa]]
# Mosetén
# Múran
# Nambikuara
# [[Social:Otomákoan languages|Otomákoan]]
# [[Social:Paezan languages|Páesan]]
# Pánoan
# Puinávean
# [[Social:Purian languages|Purían]]
# Sálivan
# Samúkoan
# [[Social:Zaparoan languages|Sáparoan]]
# Takánan
# Timótean
# Tiníwan
# [[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tukánoan]]
# [[Social:Tupian languages|Tupían]]
# [[Social:Guajiboan languages|Wahívoan]]
# [[Social:Guaicuruan languages|Waikurúan]]
# Warpe
# [[Social:Witotoan languages|Witótoan]]
# [[Social:Yanomaman languages|Yanomáman]]
# Yáwan
| valign="top" width="65%" |
'''Isolates or unclassified:'''
# Aikaná
# Andoke
# Awaké
# Baenã
# Betoi
# Chikitano
# Ezmeralda
# Fulnió
# Gamela
# Gorgotoki
# Guató
# Hotí
# Iranshe
# Itonama
# Jaruro
# Jeikó
# Jurí
# Kaliana
# Kamsá
# Kanichana
# Kapishaná
# Karirí
# Katembrí
# Kayuvava
# Koayá
# Kofán
# Kandoshi
# Kolyawaya jargon
# [[Social:Kukurá language|Kukurá]]
# Kulyi
# Kunsa
# Leko
# Lule
# Maku
# Mapudungu
# Matanawí
# Movima
# [[Social:Munichi language|Munichi]]
# Natú
# Ofayé
# Omurano
# Otí
# Pankararú
# Puelche
# Pukina
# Rikbaktsá
# Sabela
# Sechura
# Shokó
# Shukurú
# Tarairiú
# Taruma
# Tekiraka
# Tikuna
# Trumai
# Tushá
# Urarina
# Vilela
# Wamo
# Wamoé
# [[Social:Warao language|Warao]]
# Yámana
# Yurakare
# Yurimangi
|}

====Stocks====
In addition to his conservative list, Kaufman list several larger "stocks" which he evaluates. The names of the stocks are often obvious hyphenations of two members; for instance, the Páes-Barbakóa stock consists of the Páesan and Barbakóan families. If the composition is not obvious, it is indicated parenthetically. Kaufman puts question marks by Kechumara and Mosetén-Chon stocks.

'''"Good" stocks:'''
* Awaké–Kaliana (Arutani–Sape)
* Chibcha–Misumalpa
* Ezmeralda–Jaruro
* Jurí–Tikuna
* Kechumara  ''(=[[Biography:Quechuan languages|Kechua]] + Haki)'' (good?)
* [[Social:Lule–Vilela languages|Lule–Vilela]]
* Mosetén–Chon (good?)
* Páes–Barbakóa
* Pano–Takana
* Sechura–Katakao
* Wamo–Chapakúra

'''"Probable" stocks:'''
* Macro-Je ''(=Chikitano + [[Social:Bororoan languages|Boróroan]] + Aimoré + Rikbaktsá + Je + Jeikó + [[Social:Kamakã languages|Kamakánan]] + Mashakalían + [[Social:Purian languages|Purían]] + Fulnío + Karajá + Ofayé + Guató)''
* Mura–Matanawí

'''"Promising" stocks:'''
* Kaliánan ''(=Awaké + Kaliana + Maku)''

'''"Maybe" stocks:'''
* [[Social:Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]]
* Hívaro–Kawapana
* [[Social:Macro-Paesan languages|Kunsa–Kapishaná]] (now abandoned)
* Pukina–Kolyawaya
* Sáparo–Yawa

====Clusters and networks====

Kaufman's largest groupings are what he terms ''clusters'' and ''networks''. Clusters are equivalent to macro-families (or phyla or superfamilies). Networks are composed of clusters. Kaufman views all of these larger groupings to be hypothetical and his list is to be used as a means to identify which hypotheses most need testing.

===Campbell (2012)===
Lyle Campbell (2012) proposed the following list of 53 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 55 isolates of South America – a total of 108 independent families and isolates.<ref name="Campbell-SAmerica">{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |editor1-last=Grondona |editor1-first=Verónica |editor2-last=Campbell |editor2-first=Lyle |date=2012 |title=The Indigenous Languages of South America |chapter=Classification of the indigenous languages of South America |series=The World of Linguistics |volume=2 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=59–166 |isbn=978-3-11-025513-3}}</ref> Language families with 9 or more languages are highlighted in '''bold'''. The remaining language families all have 6 languages or fewer.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families
#'''[[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]''' (Maipurean, Maipuran) (~65) – widespread
#'''[[Social:Cariban languages|Cariban]]''' (~40) – Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, etc.
#'''[[Social:Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]]''' (Txapakúran) (9) – Brazil, Bolivia
#'''[[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]''' (23) – Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica
#'''Jêan''' (12) – Brazil
#'''Pano–Takanan''' (~30) – Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
#'''[[Social:Macro-Puinavean languages|Makúan]]''' (Makú–Puinavean, Puinavean, Guaviaré–Japurá) (8) – Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
#'''[[Biography:Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]''' (23 ?) – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
#'''Tukanoan''' (Tucanoan) (~20) – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
#'''Tupían''' (~55) – Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, etc.
#[[Social:Arawan languages|Arawan]] (Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán) (6) – Brazil, Peru
#[[Social:Aymaran languages|Aymaran]] (2) – Bolivia, Peru
#[[Social:Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]] (5) – Colombia, Ecuador
#[[Social:Bororoan languages|Bororoan]] (3) – Brazil
#[[Social:Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]] (2) – Peru
#Cañar–Puruhá (2; uncertain) – Ecuador
#[[Social:Charruan languages|Charruan]] (3) – Uruguay, Argentina
#Chipaya–Uru (3) – Bolivia
#Chocoan (2–6) – Colombia, Panama
#Cholonan (2) – Peru
#[[Social:Chonan languages|Chonan]] (Chon) (3) – Argentina
#[[Social:Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] (Waykuruan) (5) – Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
#[[Social:Guajiboan languages|Guajiboan]] (4) – Colombia
#[[Social:Harákmbut–Katukinan languages|Harákmbut–Katukinan]] (3; uncertain) – Peru, Brazil
#[[Social:Huarpean languages|Huarpean]] (Warpean) (2) – Argentina
#Jabutían (2) – Brazil
#[[Social:Jirajaran languages|Jirajaran]] (3) – Venezuela
#[[Social:Jivaroan languages|Jivaroan]] (4 ?) – Peru, Ecuador
#Kamakanan (5 ?) – Brazil
#Karajá (2 ?) – Brazil
#Karirian (Karirí) (4) – Brazil
#Krenákan (Botocudoan, Aimoré) (3) – Brazil
#Lule–Vilelan (2) – Argentina
#Mascoyan (4) – Paraguay
#[[Social:Matacoan languages|Matacoan]] (4) – Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
#Maxakalían (3) – Brazil
#Mosetenan (2) – Bolivia
#Muran (4, only 1 living) – Brazil
#[[Social:Nambikwaran languages|Nambikwaran]] (5 ?) – Brazil
#Qawasqaran (Kaweskaran, Alacalufan) (2–3) – Chile
#Otomacoan (2) – Venezuela
#[[Social:Paezan languages|Paezan]] (1–3; isolate ?) – Colombia
#Purían (2) – Brazil
#Sáliban (Sálivan) (3 ?) – Venezuela, Colombia
#Sechura–Catacaoan (3) – Peru
#[[Social:Timotean languages|Timotean]] (2) – Venezuela
#Tikuna–Yuri – Peru, Colombia, Brazil
#[[Social:Tiniguan languages|Tiniguan]] (2) – Colombia
#Yaguan (3) – Peru
#[[Social:Witotoan languages|Witotoan]] (Huitotoan) (5) – Colombia, Peru
#[[Social:Yanomaman languages|Yanomaman]] (4) – Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Social:Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]] (2) – Paraguay, Bolivia
#[[Social:Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]] (3) – Peru, Ecuador
{{col-break}}
;Isolates
#Aikaná – Brazil
#Andaquí – Colombia
#Andoque (Andoke) – Colombia, Peru
#Atacameño (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe) – Chile, Bolivia, Argentina
#Awaké (Ahuaqué, Uruak) – Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Social:Baenan language|Baenan]] – Brazil
#Betoi – Colombia (small family ?)
#Camsá (Sibundoy, Coche) – Colombia
#Candoshi (Candoxi, Maina, Shapra, Murato) – Peru
#Canichana – Bolivia
#Cayuvava (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba) – Bolivia
#Chiquitano – Bolivia
#Chono – Chile
#Cofán (A’ingaé) – Colombia, Ecuador
#Culle – Peru
#Gamela – Brazil
#Guachí – Brazil
#Guató – Brazil
#Irantxe (Iranche, Münkü) – Brazil
#Itonama (Saramo, Machoto) – Bolivia, Brazil
#Jeikó (Jeicó, Jaiko) – Brazil (Macro–Jêan ?)
#Jotí (Yuwana) – Venezuela
#Kaliana (Sapé, Caliana, Cariana, Chirichano) – Venezuela
#Kapixaná (Kanoé) – Brazil
#Koayá (Kwaza, Koaiá, Arara) – Brazil
#Máku (Mako) – Brazil
#Mapudungu (Mapudungun, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo) – Chile, Argentina
#Matanauí – Brazil
#Mochica (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic) – Peru
#Movima – Bolivia
#[[Social:Munichi language|Munichi]] (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe) – Peru
#Natú (Peagaxinan) – Brazil
#Ofayé (Opayé, Ofayé–Xavante) – Brazil (Macro–Jêan ?)
#Omurano (Humurana, Numurana) – Peru
#Otí – Brazil
#Pankararú (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararu) – Brazil
#Payaguá – Paraguay
#Puquina – Bolivia
#Rikbaktsá (Aripaktsá, Eribatsa, Eripatsa, Canoeiro) – Brazil (Macro–Jêan ?)
#Sabela (Huao, Auca, Huaorani, Auishiri) – Ecuador
#Taruma (Taruamá) – Brazil, Guyana
#Taushiro (Pinchi, Pinche) – Peru
#Tequiraca (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri) – Peru
#Trumai (Trumaí) – Brazil
#Tuxá – Brazil
#Urarina (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale) – Peru
#Wamoé (Huamoé, Huamoi, Uamé, Umã; Araticum, Atikum) – Brazil
#[[Social:Warao language|Warao]] (Guarao, Warau, Guaruno) – Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
#Xokó – Brazil
#Xukurú – Brazil
#Yagan (Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana) – Chile
#Yaruro (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín) – Venezuela
#Yaté (Furniô, Fornió, Carnijó; Iatê) – Brazil
#Yuracaré – Bolivia
#Yurumangui – Colombia
{{col-end}}

Campbell (2012) leaves out the classifications of these languages as uncertain.

*[[Social:Boran languages|Boran]] – Brazil, Colombia
*''Esmeralda'' – Ecuador
*''Guamo'' – Venezuela
*''Leko'' – Bolivia
*''Mure'' – Bolivia
*''Puinave'' – Colombia, Venezuela

===Jolkesky (2016)===

Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>{{rp|783–806}}

*† = extinct

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families
#Andoke-Urekena
#Arawa
#Barbakoa
#Bora-Muinane
#Chacha-Cholon-Hibito
#Chapakura-Wañam
#Charrua
#Chibcha
#Choko
#Chon
#[[Social:Duho languages|Duho]]
#Guahibo
#Harakmbet-Katukina
#Jaqi
#Jirajara †
#Jivaro
#Karib
#Kawapana
#Kechua
#Lengua-Maskoy
#Macro-Arawak
#Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru
#[[Social:Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
#Mapudungun
#Moseten-Tsimane
#Mura-Matanawi
#Nambikwara
#Otomako-Taparita †
#Pano-Takana
#Peba-Yagua
#Puinave-Nadahup
#Puri †
#Tallan †
#Timote-Kuika
#Tinigua-Pamigua
#Tukano
#Tupi
#Uru-Chipaya
#Warpe †
#Witoto-Okaina
#Yanomami
#Zamuko
#Zaparo
{{col-break}}
;Isolates and unclassified languages
#[[Social:Aikanã language|Aikanã]]
#Andaki †
#Arara do Rio Branco
#Arutani
#Atakame †
#Atikum †
#Aushiri †
#Chono †
#Guamo †
#Guato
#Gününa Këna
#Iranche/Myky
#Itonama
#Kakan †
#Kamsa
#Kañari †
#Kanichana
#Kanoe
#Kawesqar
#Kayuvava
#Kerandi †
#Kimbaya †
#Kingnam †
#Kofan
#Komechingon †
#Koraveka †
#Kueva †
#Kulle †
#Kunza †
#Kuruminaka †
#Kwaza
#Leko
#Lule †
#Maku
#Malibu †
#Mochika †
#Mokana †
#Morike †
#Movima
#Muzo-Kolima †
#Omurano
#Oti †
#Paez
#Panche †
#Pijao †
#Puruha †
#Sanaviron †
#Sape
#Sechura †
#Tarairiu †
#Taruma
#Taushiro
#Tekiraka
#Trumai
#Tuxa †
#Umbra
#Urarina
#Vilela
#Waorani
#[[Social:Warao language|Warao]]
#Xukuru †
#Yagan
#Yaruro
#Yurakare
#Yurumangui †
#Zenu †
{{col-break}}
;Creoles, pidgins, and secret languages
#Kallawaya
#Maskoy Pidgin
#Media Lengua
#Ndyuka-Tiriyo
{{col-end}}

==All of the Americas==

===Swadesh (1960 or earlier)===
Morris Swadesh further consolidated Sapir's North American classification and expanded it to group all [[Social:Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous languages of the Americas]] in just 6 families, 5 of which were entirely based in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book| author = Mauricio Swadesh| title = Tras la huella lingüística de la prehistoria| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IYQkVkdsKXgC&pg=PA114| year = 1987| publisher = UNAM| isbn = 978-968-36-0368-5| page = 114 }}</ref>

# Vasco-Dene languages included the Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dene, Wakashan and Kutenai families along with most of the languages of Eurasia.
# Macro-Hokan roughly comprised a combination of Sapir's Hokan–Siouan and Almosan families and expanded into Central America including the Jicaque language.
# Macro-Mayan comprising Mayan along with Sapir's Penutian and Aztec-Tanoan families, the Otomanguean languages and various languages of Central and South America including the [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan languages]], the [[Social:Paezan languages|Paezan languages]] and the [[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan languages]].
# Macro-Quechua comprising the Zuni language, the [[Social:Purépecha language|Purépecha language]] and various languages of South America including Quechua, the [[Social:Aymara language|Aymara language]], the Panoan languages and most of the various other languages of Patagonia and the Andes.
# Macro-Carib, an almost entirely South American family including the Carib languages, the Macro-Je languages and the Jirajara languages, albeit including some Caribbean languages.
# Macro-Arawak, a family primarily confined to South America and its component families included the [[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan languages]] and the [[Social:Tupian languages|Tupian languages]]. However, it also was proposed to include the Taíno language in the Caribbean and the Timucua language in Florida.

===Greenberg (1960, 1987)===
Joseph Greenberg's classification<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbEBricFRUC |title = Language in the Americas|isbn = 9780804713153|last1 = Greenberg|first1 = Joseph Harold|year = 1987}}</ref> in his 1987 book ''Language in the Americas'' is best known for the highly controversial assertion that all North, Central and South American language families other than Eskimo–Aleut and Na-Dene including Haida, are part of an Amerind [[Social:Macrofamily|macrofamily]].  This assertion of only three major American language macrofamilies is supported by DNA evidence,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/science/earliest-americans-arrived-in-3-waves-not-1-dna-study-finds.html|title = Earliest Americans Arrived in Waves, DNA Study Finds|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 11 July 2012|last1 = Wade|first1 = Nicholas}}</ref> although the DNA evidence does not provide support for the details of his classification.

{{collapse top|Amerind [[Social:Macrofamily|macrofamily]] proposed by Greenberg}}
# [[Social:Amerind languages|Northern Amerind]]
## Almosan–Keresiouan
### Almosan
#### [[Social:Algic languages|Algic]]
#### [[Biography:Kutenai language|Kutenai]]
#### [[Social:Mosan languages|Mosan]]
##### [[Social:Wakashan languages|Wakashan]]
##### Salish
##### [[Social:Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]
### [[Biology:Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
### Keres
### [[Social:Siouan languages|Siouan]]
### [[Social:Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
## [[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]]
### California [[Social:Penutian languages|Penutian]]
#### Maidu
#### Miwok–Costanoan
#### Wintun
#### Yokuts
### Chinook
### Mexican Penutian (=Macro-Mayan)
#### Huave
#### [[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]]
#### [[Social:Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
#### Totonac
### Oregon Penutian
### [[Social:Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]]
### Tsimshian
### Yukian
### [[Social:Gulf languages|Gulf]]
#### Atakapa
#### Chitimacha
#### [[Social:Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
#### Natchez
#### Tunica
### Zuni
## [[Social:Hokan languages|Hokan]]
### [[Social:Hokan languages|Nuclear Hokan]]
#### [[Social:Hokan languages|Northern]]
##### Karok–Shasta
##### [[Social:Yana language|Yana]]
##### Pomo
#### Washo
#### Esselen–Yuman
#### Salinan–Seri
#### Waicuri
#### Maratino
#### Quinigua
#### Tequistlatec
### [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]]
#### Tonkawa
#### [[Social:Coahuiltecan languages|Nuclear Coahuiltecan]]
#### Karankawa
### Subtiaba
### Jicaque
### Yurumangui
# Central Amerind
## Kiowa–Tanoan
## Otomanguean
## [[Social:Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
# Chibchan–Paezan
## [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
### [[Social:Chibchan languages|Nuclear Chibchan]]
#### [[Social:Chibchan languages|Antioquia]]
#### Aruak
#### Chibcha
#### Cuna
#### Guaymi
#### Malibu
#### [[Social:Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
#### Motilon
#### Rama
#### Talamanca
### [[Social:Paya language|Paya]]
### [[Social:Purépecha language|Purépecha]]
### [[Social:Xincan languages|Xinca]]
### Yanomam
### Yunca–Puruhan
## [[Social:Paezan languages|Paezan]]
### Allentiac
### Atacama
### Betoi
### Chimu
### Itonama
### Jirajara
### Mura
### Nuclear Paezan
#### Andaqui
#### Barbacoa
#### [[Social:Choco languages|Choco]]
#### Paez
### Timucua
### Warrao
# Andean (Greenberg (1960) joined Andean and Equatorial, but Greenberg (1987) did not)
## [[Social:Aymara language|Aymara]]
## Itucale–Sabela
### Itucale
### Mayna
### Sabela
## Cahuapana–Zaparo
### Cahuapano
### Zaparo
## Northern
### Catacao
### Cholona
### Culli
### Leco
### Sechura
## Quechua
## Southern
### Qawesqar
### Mapundungu
### Gennaken
### Patagon
### Yamana
# Equatorial–Tucanoan
## Equatorial
### [[Social:Macro-Arawakan languages|Macro-Arawakan]]
#### [[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]
#### Guahibo
#### Katembri
#### Otomaco
#### Tinigua
### Cayuvava
### Coche
### Jivaro–Kandoshi
#### Cofan
#### Esmeralda
#### Jivaro
#### Kandoshi
#### Yaruro
### Kariri–Tupi
#### [[Social:Kariri languages|Kariri]]
#### [[Social:Tupian languages|Tupian]]
### Piaroa
### Taruma
### [[Social:Timote language|Timote]]
### Trumai
### Tusha
### Yuracare
### [[Social:Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]]
## [[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]]
### Auixiri
### Canichana
### Capixana
### Catuquina
### Gamella
### Huari
### Iranshe
### Kaliana–Maku
#### Auake
#### Kaliana
#### Maku
### Koaia
### Movima
### Muniche
### Nambikwara
### Natu
### Pankaruru
### Puinave
### [[Social:Xukuruan languages|Shukura]]
### [[Social:Ticuna–Yuri languages|Ticuna–Yuri]]
#### [[Social:Ticuna language|Ticuna]]
#### Yuri
### [[Social:Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]]
### Uman
# Ge–Pano–Carib
## Macro-Ge
### Bororo
### Botocudo
### Caraja
### Chiquito
### Erikbatsa
### Fulnio
### Ge–Kaingang
#### Ge
#### [[Social:Kaingang language|Kaingang]]
### Guato
### Kamakan
### Mashakali
### Opaie
### Oti
### Puri
### Yabuti
## [[Social:Macro-Panoan languages|Macro-Panoan]]
### [[Social:Charruan languages|Charruan]]
### Lengua
### [[Social:Lule–Vilela languages|Lule–Vilela]]
#### Lule
#### Vilela
### [[Social:Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]]
#### Guaicuru
#### Mataco
### Moseten
### Pano–Tacanan
#### Panoan
#### Tacanan
## [[Social:Cariban languages|Macro-Carib]]
### Andoke
### Bora–Uitoto
#### [[Social:Boran languages|Boro]]
#### Uitoto
#### Carib
#### Kukura
#### Yagua
{{collapse bottom}}

==Mixed languages==
In ''American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America'', Lyle Campbell describes various pidgins and trade languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of the Americas.<ref>{{cite book| author = Lyle Campbell| title = American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America| date = 1997-10-23| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-509427-5| pages = 18–25 }}</ref> Some of these mixed languages have not been documented and are known only by name.

* [[Social:Medny Aleut language|Medny Aleut]] (Copper Island Aleut)
* Chinook Jargon
* Broken Slavey (Slavey Jargon)
* Loucheux Jargon
* Michif (French Cree, Métis, Metchif)
* Broken Oghibbeway (Broken Ojibwa)
* Basque-Algonquian Pidgin (spoken by the Basques, Micmacs, and Montagnais in eastern Canada)
* Delaware Jargon
* Pidgin Massachusett
* Jargonized Powhatan
* Lingua Franca Creek
* Lingua Franca Apalachee
* Mobilian Jargon
* Güegüence-Nicarao (formerly spoken in Nicaragua)
* Carib Pidgin or Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin (Ndjuka-Trio)
* Carib Pidgin-Arawak mixed language
* Media Lengua
* Catalangu
* Callahuaya (Machaj-Juyai, Kallawaya)
* Nheengatú or Lingua Geral Amazonica ("Lingua Boa," Lingua Brasílica, Lingua Geral do Norte)
* Lingua Geral do Sul or Lingua Geral Paulista (Tupí Austral)
* Labrador Eskimo Pidgin
* Hudson Strait Pidgin Eskimo (spoken from 1750–1850)
* Nootka Jargon (18th–19th centuries; later replaced by Chinook Jargon)
* Trader Navajo
* Yopará (Guaraní-Spanish pidgin)
* Afro-Seminole Creole (variety of Gullah)
* Haida Jargon
* Kutenai Jargon
* Guajiro-Spanish mixed language

'''Lingua francas'''
* Ocaneechi (spoken in Virginia and the Carolinas in early colonial times)
* Tuscarora language
* Plains sign language

==Linguistic areas==
{{main|Social:Linguistic areas of the Americas}}

==See also==
*[[Social:Indigenous languages of South America|Indigenous languages of South America]]
**[[Social:List of indigenous languages of South America|List of indigenous languages of South America]]
*[[Social:List of extinct languages of South America|List of extinct languages of South America]]
**Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin
**List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
*[[Social:List of unclassified languages of South America|List of unclassified languages of South America]]
*[[Social:Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
*Classification of Southeast Asian languages
*[[Social:Intercontinental Dictionary Series|Intercontinental Dictionary Series]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* See: [[Social:Indigenous languages of the Americas#Bibliography|Indigenous languages of the Americas]]

==External links==
*[http://native-languages.org/ Native American Language Net]
*{{cite web |url=http://geocities.ws/indiosbr_nicolai/menu.html |title=Vocabulários e dicionários de línguas indígenas brasileiras |first=Renato |last=Nicolai |date=2006}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.oocities.org/indianlanguages_2000/index.html |first=Victor A. |last=Petrucci |title=Línguas Indígenas |date=2007}}
*[https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Language/Index Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL)]
*[https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/ Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors], The University of Texas at Austin
*[https://ids.clld.org/ The Intercontinental Dictionary Series]

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