View source for Social:D with stroke

{{Short description|Variant of the letter D, used in Sámi alphabets, Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet, and Vietnamese}}

{{Infobox grapheme
|letter      = Đ đ
|image       = File:Latin letter D with stroke.svg
|name        = D with stroke
|fam1        = <hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero><hiero>O31</hiero>
|fam2        = [[Image:Proto-semiticD-02.svg|20px|Dalet]]
|fam3        = [[File:PhoenicianD-01.svg|20px|Early Phoenician Dalet]]
|fam4        = [[Image:Phoenician daleth.svg|20px|Dalet]]
|fam5        = Δ δ
|fam6        = [[Social:Old Italic scripts|𐌃]]
|fam7        = D d
|equivalents = {{hlist
  |Ђ ђ
  |Ѓ ѓ
  |Dj dj
  |Џ џ
  |[[Social:French language|D` d`]]
}}
|phonemes = {{grid list
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>dʑ<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>dz<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |[{{IPAlink|ð}}]
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>dʒ<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>ɗe˧<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |[{{IPAlink|ɗ}}]
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>ʔd<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |[{{IPAlink|z}}]
  |[{{IPAlink|j}}]
  |[{{IPAlink|θ}}]
}}
|image2=File:D with stroke through bowl - uppercase and lowercase.svg|typedesc=ic|type=alphabet}}

'''Đ''' (lowercase: '''đ''', Latin alphabet), known as '''crossed D''' or '''dyet''', is a letter formed from the base character D/d overlaid with a crossbar. Crossing was used to create eth (ð), but eth has an uncial as its base whereas ''đ'' is based on the straight-backed roman ''d,'' like in Sámi Languages and [[Social:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]. Crossed ''d'' is a letter in the alphabets of several languages and is used in [[Social:Linguistics|linguistics]] as a voiced dental fricative.

== Appearance ==
In the lowercase, the crossbar is usually drawn through the ascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the bowl, in which case it is known as a barred ''d''.<ref name="unicode">{{cite book |author=The Unicode Consortium |year=2003 |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Addison-Wesley Developers Press |page=432}}</ref> In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of Moro, the barred ''d'' is preferred.<ref>[http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n2847.pdf ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2  Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Character JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2847R]</ref>

In the uppercase, the crossbar normally crosses just the left stem, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.<ref name="Le Ba Khanh">Example: {{cite book|author=Lê Bá Khanh|author2=Lê Bá Kông|title=Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese Dictionary|edition=7th printing|location={{wipe|New York City}}|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=1991|isbn=0-87052-924-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780870529245}}</ref>

The ''DE'' ligature should not be confused with the ''Đ''. That ligature was used stylistically in pre-19th century Spanish as a contraction for {{lang|es|de}}, as a D with an E superimposed. For example, {{lang|es|Universidad}} <span lang="es" style="font-variant-ligatures: historical-ligatures">DE</span> {{lang|es|Guadalajara}}.

== Uses by language ==

[[File:Constellations9thcentury(p.31)Text2.png|thumb|left|upright|A 9th century Latin manuscript. The abbreviation '''{{lang|la|ſcđo}}''' ({{lang|la|secundo}}, "second") occurs on the third line.]]

=== African languages ===
A lowercase ''đ'' appeared alongside a lowercase retroflex D in a 1982 revision of the African reference alphabet. This revision of the alphabet eliminated uppercase forms, so there was no conflict between ''ɖ'' and ''đ''.

=== Latin ===
''Đ'' was used in [[Social:Medieval Latin|Medieval Latin]] to mark abbreviations of words containing the letter ''d''. For example, {{lang|la|hđum}} could stand for {{lang|la|h<u>ere</u>dum}} "of the heirs". Similar crossbars were added to other letters to form abbreviations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bischoff |first=Bernhard |year=1990 |title=Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/latinpalaeograph00bisc |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinpalaeograph00bisc/page/n159 150]}}</ref>

=== South Slavic languages<!-- This section is linked from [[Social:Serbian language|Serbian language]] --> ===

The crossed ''d'' was introduced by the Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić in 1878 for use in Serbo-Croatian in his ''Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language'', replacing the older digraphs ''dj'' and ''gj''.<ref name="Maretić">Maretić, Tomislav. ''Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika'', p. 14-15. 1899.</ref> Daničić modeled the letter after the Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon letter eth, albeit representing a different sound, the affricate {{IPAblink|dʑ}}.<ref name="Maretić" /> In 1892 it was officially introduced in Croatian and [[Place:Slavonia|Slavonia]]n schools (in the Habsburg [[History:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] where the Croatian language was official) and so definitively added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet.<ref name="Maretić" /> The letter thereafter gradually entered daily use,<ref name="Maretić" /> spreading throughout Serbo-Croatian and then to [[Social:Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (its Latin transliterations are heavily influenced by Serbo-Croatian from the Yugoslav period).

The crossed ''d'' is today considered a distinct letter, and is placed between Dž and E in [[Social:Alphabetical order|alphabetical order]]. Its [[Social:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] equivalent is Ђ ђ.<ref name="Maretić" /> Its partial equivalent in [[Social:Macedonian language|Macedonian]] is Ѓ ѓ (because only some dialects contain the {{IPA|/dʑ/}} sound). When a true ''đ'' is not available or desired, it is transcribed as ''dj'' in modern Serbo-Croatian, and as ''gj'' in Macedonian. The use of ''dj'' in place of ''đ'' used to be more common in Serbo-Croatian texts, but it is falling out of practice.
[[Image:Wright germanic spirants.gif|350px|thumb|right|An example of '''đ''' being used for a voiced dental fricative in the phonetic transcription of early Germanic languages, alongside ƀ for bilabial and ʒ for velar, from Joseph Wright's ''Old High German Primer'' (1906).]]

=== Sámi languages ===
In the present-day orthographies of Northern Sámi, Inari Sámi and Skolt Sámi, ''đ'' represents the fricative {{IPAblink|ð}}. It is considered a distinct letter and placed between D and E in [[Social:Alphabetical order|alphabetical order]].

=== Vietnamese ===
[[File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=95|thumb|right|upright|A page from the '''đ''' section of de Rhodes's {{lang|la|Dictioniarum Annamiticum}}, a 1651 Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary. As with the B with flourish, Đ only appears in lowercase in de Rhodes's works.]]

''Đ'' is the seventh letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, after ''D'' and before ''E''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bài Tập Tại Nhà #1|trans-title=Homework Practice #1|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Lạc Hồng Vietnamese Language School|page=1|date=August 7, 2009|access-date=November 17, 2013|url=http://www.vscso.org/lachong/Classes/2007/Cap2A/Bai%20Tap%20Tai%20Nha%201%20-%20Hoc%20on.pdf|archive-date=January 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105202904/http://www.vscso.org/lachong/Classes/2007/Cap2A/Bai%20Tap%20Tai%20Nha%201%20-%20Hoc%20on.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Traditionally, digraphs and trigraphs like ''CH'' and ''NGH'' were considered letters as well, making ''Đ'' the eighth letter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tài Liệu Cho Giáo Viên|trans-title=Teaching Materials|publisher=La Vang Vietnamese Language School|date=October 28, 2011|access-date=November 18, 2013|page=1|url=http://truongvietngu.cdmelavang.com/downloads/TaiLieuGVFall2011.pdf|language=vi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Đ'' is a letter in its own right, rather than a ligature or letter-diacritic combination; therefore, ''đá'' would come after ''dù'' in any alphabetical listing.

''Đ'' represents a voiced alveolar implosive ({{IPA|/ɗ/}}) or, according to Thompson (1959), a preglottalized voiced alveolar stop ({{IPA|/ʔd/}}).<ref name="Thompson 1959">{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Laurence|title=Saigon phonemics|journal=Language|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|volume=35|issue=3|year=1959|pages=458–461|doi=10.2307/411232|jstor=411232}}</ref> Whereas ''D'' is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned ''D'' in Vietnamese represents either {{IPA|/z/}} (Hanoian) or {{IPA|/j/}} (Saigonese).

The Vietnamese alphabet was formally described for the first time in the 17th-century text {{lang|la|Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem}}, attributed to a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, possibly Francisco de Pina<ref>{{cite book|title=Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics|first=Roland|last=Jacques|location=Bangkok|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2002|isbn=9748304779}}</ref> or Filipe Sibin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gesammelte Studien|series=Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I.|publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute|year=1963|volume=21|page=12|language=pt|quote=…e a «&nbsp;Manuductio ad linguam Tunckinensem&nbsp;» do Padre Filipe Sibin SI…}}</ref> This passage about the letter ''Đ'' was later incorporated into Alexandre de Rhodes' seminal {{lang|la|Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum}}:<ref name="Hon Viet">{{cite journal|title=Alexandre de Rhodes có phải là cha đẻ của chữ Quốc ngữ?|trans-title=Was Alexandre de Rhodes the father of the Vietnamese alphabet?|author=Nguyễn Minh Hoàng|journal=Hồn Việt|access-date=November 17, 2013|url=http://honvietquochoc.com.vn/bai-viet/3028-alexandre-de-rhodes-co-phai-la-cha-de-cua-chu-quoc-ngu.aspx|language=vi|archive-date=October 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017173357/http://honvietquochoc.com.vn/bai-viet/3028-alexandre-de-rhodes-co-phai-la-cha-de-cua-chu-quoc-ngu.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Quotation|Another letter written with the symbol đ is completely different than our own and is pronounced by raising the tip of the tongue to the palate of the mouth, immediately removing it, without in any way touching the teeth, for example ''đa đa'': partridge. And this letter is very commonly used at the beginning of a word.|{{lang|la|Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem}}{{refn|group=note|As printed in ''Hồn Việt'':<ref name="Hon Viet" /> {{lang|la|Alterum đ notatur eo signo, quia est omnino diversù à nostro et pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguae ad palatum oris illamque statim amovendo absque eo, quod ullo modo dentes attingat, ùt}} {{lang|vi|đa đa}}: {{lang|la|perdrix. Et haec littera est valde in usu in principio dictionis.}}<p>As paraphrased by de Rhodes:<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Lingue annamiticæ seu tunchinensis brevis declaratio|title=Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanicum, et latinum|first=Alexandre|last=de Rhodes|location=Rome|publisher=Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith|year=1651|page=3|url={{fullurl:File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=493}}|language=la}}</ref> {{lang|la|...estque vitium linguæ, aliud đ notatur eo signo quia est omninò diversum à nostro & pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguæ ad palatum oris, illamque statim amovendo, absque eo quod ullo modo dentes attingat ut}} {{lang|vi|đa đa}}, {{lang|la|perdix: & hæc litera est valdè in usu in principio dictionis.}}}}}}

On older typewriters, {{key press|Đ}} was located where {{key press|Z}} would be in the French AZERTY layout.<ref>{{flickr-inline2|photos/13712099@N05/1503345730/|VietNamese Typewriter}}</ref> Alternatively, a hyphen can be overstruck onto a D.

On computers without support for a Vietnamese character set or [[Unicode]], ''Đ'' is encoded as <code>DD</code> and ''đ'' as <code>dd</code> according to the [[Vietnamese Quoted-Readable]] standard. Vietnamese computer users typically input ''Đ'' as {{key press|D}}{{key press|D}} in the Telex and VIQR input methods or as {{key press|D}}{{key press|9}} in the [[Company:VNI|VNI]] input method. In the absence of an input method, the TCVN 6064:1995 and [[Software:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]] Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 ({{key press|0}} on a U.S. keyboard) to ''đ'', or ''Đ'' when holding down {{key press|shift}}. The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 ({{key press|1==}}) to ₫.

Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of ''Đ''. In Vietnamese Braille, it is {{Braille cell|145}}, which corresponds to ''D'' in French Braille. In the Vietnamese manual alphabet, ''Đ'' is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In [[Engineering:Morse code|Morse code]], it is rendered –&nbsp;·&nbsp;·&nbsp;–&nbsp;·&nbsp;·, corresponding to Telex's "DD".<ref>{{cite web|title=Morse Code|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|publisher=Our Lady of La Vang Eucharistic Youth Society|year=2011|access-date=October 12, 2014|url=http://tntt.lavangnm.org/morsecode.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022053116/http://tntt.lavangnm.org/morsecode.shtml|archive-date=October 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Spanish ===
The Spanish language uses Đ as a ligature of the word "de" (Spanish for "of"). It is rarely typed, but commonly used on signs and in handwritten text.<gallery>
File:DE ligature.JPG|Sign with the letter Đ, in Oaxaca, Mexico
File:DE ligature.svg|Spanish letter Đ, in the font Coruña
</gallery>

== Other uses ==

=== Phonetic transcription ===

The lowercase ''đ'' is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative {{IPA|[ð]}} (English ''th'' in '''''th'''is''). Eth (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but the crossed ''d'' has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter, by overlaying a hyphen over a ''d''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |author2=Ladusaw, William A. |year=1996 |title=Phonetic Symbol Guide |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=36–37}}</ref>

=== Currency symbols ===

A minuscule form of the letter, đ, is the symbol of the [[Finance:Vietnamese đồng|đồng]], the currency of Vietnam, by a 1953 decree by Hồ Chí Minh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sắc lệnh của Chủ tịch Nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa số 162/SL|trans-title=Decree number 162/SL of the President of Vietnam|author=Ho Chi Minh|publisher=Democratic Republic of Vietnam|date=May 20, 1953|url=http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=1119|language=vi}}</ref> The South Vietnamese đồng, on the other hand, was symbolized "Đ.", in majuscule. In Unicode, the Vietnamese đồng symbol is properly represented by {{unichar|20ab|Dong sign}}, but {{unichar|0111|Latin small letter D with stroke}} is often used instead. In Vietnamese, the đồng sign is written after the amount in superscript, often underlined.

The uppercase form, Ð, is used as the currency symbol for the [[Finance:Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrency]] [[Social:Dogecoin|Dogecoin]].

=== Chemistry ===

[[Chemistry:Dispersity|Dispersity]] is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.

=== Disambiguation ===

In Japanese handwriting, the letter D may be written as {{lang|ja-Latn|Đ}} to clearly distinguish it from the letter O or the digit 0. This is similar to writing Z or 7 with a bar to distinguish them from 2 and 1 respectively.

== Computer encoding ==
{{charmap
|0110
|name1 = LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE
|0111
|name2 = LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE
|map1 = ISO Latin-2, -4, -10
|map1char1 = D0
|map1char2 = F0
|map2 = Latin-6
|map2char1 = A9
|map2char2 = B9
|namedref1 = [[PostScript]]
|ref1char1 = Dcroat, Dslash
|ref1char2 = dcroat, dmacron
|namedref2 = [[Software:LaTeX|LaTeX]]
|ref2char1 = \DJ
|ref2char2 = \dj
}}
In Unicode, both crossed ''d'' and barred ''d'' are considered glyph variants of U+0111.<ref name="unicode"/>

Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital eth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.

As part of WGL4, ''Đ'' and ''đ'' can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.

== See also ==
* Eth (Ð, ð), used in the [[Social:Faroese language#Alphabet|Faroese]] and Icelandic languages
* African D (Ɖ, ɖ)
* I with bar (Ɨ, ɨ)
* U with bar (Ʉ, ʉ)

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Latin script|D|stroke}}

[[Category:Palaeography]]

{{Sourceattribution|D with stroke}}