View source for Social:Drahomanivka

{{short description|Proposed reform of the Ukrainian alphabet}}

'''Drahomanivka''' ({{lang-uk|драгоманівка}}, {{IPA-uk|drɐɦoˈmɑn⁽ʲ⁾iu̯kɐ|IPA}}) was a proposed reform of the [[Social:Ukrainian alphabet|Ukrainian alphabet]] and orthography, promoted by Mykhailo Drahomanov.  This orthography was used in a few publications and in Drahomanov's correspondence, but due to cultural resistance and political persecution it was never able to catch on.

This phonemic orthography was developed in [[Place:Kyiv|Kyiv]] in the 1870s by a group of cultural activists led by Pavlo Zhytetsky and including Drahomanov, for the compilation of a Ukrainian dictionary.  The 1876 Ems Ukaz banned Ukrainian-language publications and public performances in the Russian Empire, so cultural activity was forced to move abroad before this reform had a chance to be published.

Zhytetsky named this alphabet the ''Hertsehovynka'', after the influence of the recent [[Social:Serbian language|Serbian]] orthography of Vuk Karadžić, from Herzegovina.  But Drahomanov first used it in a publication (''Hromada'', Geneva 1878), and it came to be popularly referred to as the ''Drahomanivka''.  It was used in Drahomanov's publications and personal correspondence, as well as in publications in Western Ukraine (Austro-Hungarian Galicia) by Drahomanov's colleagues Ivan Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk (''Hromadskyi Druh, Dzvin,'' and ''Molot'', Lviv 1878).  But these publications were opposed by conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians and Russophiles) and persecuted by the Polish-dominated Galician authorities, and the orthography fell into obscurity.

==The alphabet==
[[File:20-Hryvnia-2003-front.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ukrainian twenty-hryvnia banknote, bearing an example of Ivan Franko's poetry handwritten in the Drahomanivka]]

[[File:20-Hryvnia-2003-detail.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Detail of the banknote]]

The Drahomanivka was based on the phonemic principle, with each [[Social:Grapheme|letter]] representing exactly one Ukrainian [[Social:Phoneme|phoneme]] (one meaningful unit of sound).  The letter {{angle bracket|щ}}, which represents the sequence {{IPA-uk|ʃtʃ|}}, was replaced by {{angle bracket|шч}}.  Palatalization was represented by the soft sign {{angle bracket|ь}}, so after softened consonants {{angle bracket|я, є, ю}} were replaced with {{angle bracket|ьа, ье, ьу}}.  The semivowel {{IPA-uk|j|}}, written {{angle bracket|й}}, was replaced with the Latin {{angle bracket|j}}; the sequences {{IPA-uk|jɑ, jɛ, ju, ji|}} were to be written {{angle bracket|ја, је, ју, јі}} instead of with the iotated vowels {{angle bracket|я, є, ю, ї}}.  Due to these changes the hard sign—then written {{angle bracket|ъ}} but later as an apostrophe {{angle bracket|'}}—was superfluous and to be abandoned.  The verb ending ''‑ться'' was written ''‑тцьа''.

Examples:
* шчука (щука in the modern orthography, ''ščuka'', 'pike')
* јаблуко (яблуко, ''jabluko'', 'apple')
* свьатиј (святий, ''svjatyj'', 'saint')
* сподівајетцьа (сподівається, ''spodivajet'sja'', 'anticipates')

An example of the use of Drahomanivka was presented on the 2003 Ukrainian twenty-hryvnia  banknote. It shows a fragment of Ivan Franko's poem "Veselka", written in the Drahomanivka, beside the poet's portrait:
{{poemquote|''Земле, {{tooltip|2=моя|моја}} {{tooltip|2=всеплодючая|всеплодьучаја}} мати!
''Сили, {{tooltip|2=що|шчо}} в {{tooltip|2=твоїй|твојіј}} движесь глубині,
''Краплоу, {{tooltip|2=щоб|шчоб}} в {{tooltip|2=бою|боју}} {{tooltip|2=смілійше|сміліјше}} {{tooltip|2=стояати|стојати}},
''{{tooltip|2=дай|дај}} і міні!''}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103122746/http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=21186 Drahomanivka] at the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabets]]

{{Sourceattribution|Drahomanivka}}