View source for Social:East Baltic languages

{{Short description|Group of languages belonging to the Baltic language family}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = East Baltic
| region        = In [[Place:Northern Europe|Northern Europe]], [[Place:Baltic region|Baltic region]]
| familycolor   = Indo-European
| fam2          = Balto-Slavic
| fam3          = Baltic
| child1        = [[Social:Latvian language|Latvian]]
| child2        = [[Social:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
| child3        = [[Social:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]
| child4        = [[Social:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]
| child5        = [[Social:Selonian language|Selonian]] †
| child6        = [[Social:Semigallian language|Semigallian]] †
| map           = Baltic languages in Europe.svg
| mapcaption    = Extent of Baltic languages in present day Europe with languages traditionally considered to be dialects mentioned in ''Italics''<br />
'''East Baltic languages'''
{{legend|#31e6b4|''[[Social:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]}}''
{{legend|#38A6A5|[[Social:Latvian language|Latvian]]}}
{{legend|#005251|[[Social:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]}}
{{legend|#4e87c7|''[[Social:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]}}''
| iso5          = bat
| glotto        = east2280
| glottorefname = East Baltic
| lingua        = 54=
| ancestor      = 
| glottoname    = 
| notes         = 
}}
The '''East Baltic languages''' are a group of languages that along with the extinct West Baltic languages belong to the Baltic branch of the [[Social:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. The East Baltic branch has only four living languages—[[Social:Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Social:Latgalian language|Latgalian]],  [[Social:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], and  [[Social:Samogitian language|Samogitian]].<ref>Gimbutas, Marija (1963). ''The Balts''. Ancient peoples and places 33. London: Thames and Hudson. Retrieved 3 December 2011.</ref> It also includes now-extinct [[Social:Selonian language|Selonian]], [[Social:Semigallian language|Semigallian]], and possibly [[Social:Curonian language|Old Curonian]].<ref>Östen Dahl (ed.) 2001, ''The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact,'' vol. 1</ref>

Lithuanian is the most-spoken East Baltic language, with more than 3 million speakers worldwide, followed by Latvian, with 1.75 million native speakers, then Samogitan with 500,000 native speaker, and lastly Latgalian with 150,000 native speakers. <ref>Lithuanian language at ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016)</ref><ref>Latvian at ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), Standard Latvian language at ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), Latgalian language at ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)</ref>

== History ==
Originally, East Baltic was presumably native to the north of [[Place:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]], which included modern Latvia, Lithuania, northern parts of current European Russia and {{wipe|Belarus}}. Dnieper Balts lived in the current territory of [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], which was the furthest undisputed eastern territory inhabited by the Baltic people.

Traditionally, it is believed that Western and Eastern Baltic people had already possessed certain unique traits that separated them in the middle of the last millennium BC and began to permanently split between [[History:5th century BC|5th]] and [[History:3rd century BC|3rd century BC]].<ref name=":0">Zinkevičius, Zigmas, Luchtanas, Aleksiejus, Česnys, Gintautas (2006). [http://www.xn--altiniai-4wb.info/files/istorija/IA00/Zinkevi%C4%8Dius,_Luchtanas,_%C4%8Cesnys_apie_skirtumus_tarp_balt%C5%B3.IA0603.pdf ''Apie skirtumus tarp rytų ir vakarų baltų''] [''About the Differences Between Eastern and Western Balts''] (in Lithuanian).</ref> During this time, Western and Eastern Balts adopted different traditions and customs. They had separate ceramics and housebuilding traditions. In addition, both groups had their own burial customs: unlike their Western counterparts, it is believed that Eastern Balts would burn the remains of the dead and scatter the ashes on the ground or nearby rivers and lakes. It is also known that Eastern Balts were much more susceptible to the cultural influences coming from their Baltic Finnic neighbours in the northeast.<ref name=":0" />

== Linguistic features ==
The East Baltic languages are less archaic than their Western counterparts with Latvian being the most innovative Baltic language. In part due to the influence of Baltic Finnic languages on their development, such as in the case of stress retraction. The extinct languages of the Eastern family group are poorly understood as they are practically unattested.<ref name=":1">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120507121844/http://www.musicalia.lt/meli/index1.php?id=53 Rytų ir vakarų baltai. Du baltų tarimų junginiai]'' [''Eastern and Western Balts. Two Compounds of Baltic Spelling''] (in Lithuanian). Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre.</ref> However, from the analysis of hydronyms and retained loanwords, it is known that Selonian and Old Curonian languages possessed the retention of nasal vowels ''*an'', ''*en'', ''*in'', ''*un''. It is noted that Selonian, Semigallian and Old Latgalian palatalised soft velars ''*k'', ''*g'' into ''*c'', ''*dz'' while also depalatalising the sounds ''*š'', ''*ž'' into ''*s, *z'' respectively. This is observed in hydronyms and oeconyms (e.g. ''Zirnajai'', ''Zalvas'', ''Zarasai'') as well as loanwords preserved in Lithuanian and Latvian dialects.<ref>Zinkevičius, Zigmas (1984). ''Lietuvių kalbos istorija'' [''History of Lithuanian Language''] (in Lithuanian). I. Vilnius: Mokslas. p.&nbsp;361. {{ISBN|5-420-00102-0}}.</ref> It is believed that Semigallian possessed an uninflected pronoun, which was the equivalent to the Lithuanian ''savo'' (e.g. Sem. ''Savazirgi'', Lith. ''savo žirgai'', meaning 'one's horses').<ref>Dini, P.U. (2000). ''Baltų kalbos. Lyginamoji istorija'' [''Baltic Languages. Comparative History''] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre. p.&nbsp;235. {{ISBN|5-420-01444-0}}.</ref> East Baltic would in many cases turn the diphthong ''*ei'' into a monophthong, pronounced like the contemporary Latvian ''jē'' and Lithuanian ''ė.'' This would further develop in Lithuanian and Latvian to become the present diphthong ''*ie'' (e.g. Lat. ''dievs'', Lith. ''dievas'' 'god').<ref name=":1" /> This innovation becomes obvious when comparing ablauted words of the same root, where o-grade words do not reflect this change (e.g. Lat. ''ciems'', Lith. ''kaimas'' 'village')''.'' Unlike their Western counterparts, East Baltic languages usually tend to keep their short vowels ''*o'' and ''*a'' separately (e.g. Lat. ''duot'', Lith. ''duoti'' 'give' as opposed to Lat. ''māte'', Lith. ''motina'' 'mother').<ref>Schmalstieg, W. R. (1974). ''[https://dokumen.pub/an-old-prussian-grammar-the-phonology-and-morphology-of-the-three-catechisms-9780271011714-0271011718.html An Old Prussian Grammar: The Phonology and Morphology of the Three Catechisms].'' The Pennsylvania State University, University Park and London, p. 17.</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Baltic languages}}
[[Category:East Baltic languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|East Baltic languages}}