View source for Social:Guajiboan languages

{{Short description|Macro-Arawakan language family spoken in Colombia}}
{{Infobox language family
  |name=Guajiban
  |altname=Wahívoan, Guajiboan
  |region=Colombian and Venezuelan Llanos
  |familycolor=American
  |fam1=[[Social:Macro-Arawakan languages|Macro-Arawakan]] (?)
  |glotto=guah1252
  |glottorefname=Guahiboan
  |map=Guahiban languages.png
  |mapcaption=
}}

'''Guajiboan''' (also '''Guahiban''', '''Wahívoan''', '''Guahiboan''') is a [[Social:Language family|language family]] spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, a [[Earth:Savanna|savanna]] region known as the Llanos.

==Family division==

Guajiboan consists of 5 languages:

{{tree list}}
* '''Guajiboan'''
** '''Macaguane''' (also known as Hitnü, Macaguán, Makawane, Agualinda, Agualinda Guahibo, Támude)
** Southwest Guajiboan
*** '''Guayabero''' (also known as Cunimía, Mítiwa, Mitúa, Mitu, Hiw, Jiw, Wayavero, Guaviare)
*** '''Churuya''' (also known as Bisanigua, Guaigua) ''(†)''
** Central Guajiboan
*** '''Guajibo''' (also known as Guahibo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Chiricoa, Hiwi, Jiwi, Jivi, Wahivo, Wahibo, Guaybo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Goahiva)
**** '''Waü''' (west)
**** '''Newütjü''' (also known as Tigrero)
**** '''Parawá''' (east)
**** '''Hamorúa''' (also known as Amorúa, Jamorúa)
**** '''Dome''' (also known as Playero, Cajaro)
*** '''Cuiva''' (also known as Wamonae, Cuiba, Kuiba, Deja, Cuiba-Wámonae)
**** '''Pimenepiwi''' (Meta river)
**** '''Aitopiwi''' (Ariporo river)
**** '''Yaraüraxi''' (Capanaparo river)
**** '''Waüpiwi''' (also known as Wipiwi, Yomati)
**** '''Siripuxi''' (also known as Tsiripu, Siripu)
**** '''Mayaraxi''' (also known as Mariposo, Mayalero)
{{tree list/end}}

Churuya is now [[Social:Extinct language|extinct]]. It was formerly spoken in Meta, Colombia.

Macaguane is listed as a [[Social:Dialect|dialect]] of Guajibo in Kaufman (1994) and Campbell (1997). Gordon (2005) lists Playero (also Rio Arauca Guahibo), a dialect of Guajibo, as a separate language with a "low intelligibility of other Guahibo".

Guajibo and Cuiva form a dialect continuum.

Guajibo has the most speakers (over 23,000) and is the largest indigenous group in eastern Colombia. Approximately 9,000 in Venezuela.

Guayabero is the most divergent language of the family.

==Genetic relations==
Guajiboan has often been grouped together with Arawakan, Arauan, and Candoshi by many classifiers. However, this now seems unlikely as the similarity between Guajiboan and Arawakan has been attributed to language contact.

==Language contact==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Yanomami, Arawak, [[Social:Nadahup languages|Nadahup]], Puinave-Kak, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>

Meléndez-Lozano (2014)<ref>Meléndez-Lozano, M. A. (2014). Préstamos arawak (achagua, piapoco y piapocoachagua) a la familia lingüística guahibo (sikuani). ''LIAMES'', 14:173-218.</ref> has also noted that Guahiban has borrowed from [[Social:Arawakan languages|Arawakan languages]], especially the Achagua and Piapoco languages.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>{{rp|357-358}}

An automated computational analysis ([[Social:Automated Similarity Judgment Program|ASJP]] 4) by Müller et al. (2013)<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)]''.</ref> found that there are apparent lexical similarities with Yanomami and Ticuna-Yuri. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the similarities could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing, genetic inheritance, or chance resemblances.

==Proto-language==<!---[[Social:Proto-Guajiboan|Proto-Guajiboan]] redirects here--->
{{Infobox proto-language
| name             = Proto-Guajiboan
| altname          = Proto-Guahiban
| familycolor      = American
| ancestor         = 
| target          = Cariban languages
}}
Below are Proto-Guahiban reconstructions by Christian and Matteson (1972):<ref>Christian, Diana R., and Esther Matteson. 1972. Proto-Guahiban. In Esther Matteson (ed.), ''[https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/3972 Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages]'', 150-159. The Hague: Mouton.</ref>

{{collapse top|Proto-Guahiban reconstructions by Christian and Matteson (1972)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Guahiban
|-
| 1. || 'abdomen' || *-khoto(-wita)
|-
| 2. || '[[Medicine:Adam's apple|Adam's apple]]' || *-kuaY(-bo-kará/batɨ)-to
|-
| 3. || '[[Biology:Agouti|agouti]]' || *bɨnɨ, *bɨNɨ
|-
| 4. || 'all' || *daxɨ́-ta
|-
| 5. || '[[Biology:Anaconda|anaconda]]' || *homo-wábi
|-
| 6. || 'ant' || *pɨbɨ
|-
| 7. || 'ant' || *kha-kha-ra-wa
|-
| 8. || '[[Biology:Anteater|anteater]]' || *tsóNi (pre-Guahiban)
|-
| 9. || 'arm' || *-ma-xi/xa-si-pa-to
|-
| 10. || 'armadillo' || *tahaú-bi
|-
| 11. || 'arrow' || *pú/ku-yani (pre-Guahiban)
|-
| 12. || 'ash' || *i/a-pu-ma-na/Na
|-
| 13. || 'axe' || *sipá-li-a-
|-
| 14. || 'bad' || *a-béhe
|-
| 15. || 'bark' || *-bauko-
|-
| 16. || 'bat' || *hai-wi/si-ri-to (pre-Guahiban)
|-
| 17. || 'beard' || *-bixi/o-pina/piNa
|-
| 18. || 'bee (honey)' || *habi/bara-moNɨ
|-
| 19. || 'big' || *pinihí-yi/nV
|-
| 20. || 'bite' || *síne, *síNe
|-
| 21. || 'black' || *-tsaebía-hawa
|-
| 22. || 'blood' || *háNa
|-
| 23. || 'bow (n.)' || *bitsá-bi
|-
| 24. || 'breast' || *-mí-pa/pi-to
|-
| 25. || 'brush, woods' || *uéNu
|-
| 26. || 'buzzard' || *ké-ke-re
|-
| 27. || 'cane' || *mu/ba-se-bo
|-
| 28. || 'canoe' || *héra
|-
| 29. || '[[Biology:Capybara|capybara]]' || *húmo-ko-bi-to
|-
| 30. || 'chili pepper' || *noN-hi
|-
| 31. || 'chin' || *bɨxi-
|-
| 32. || 'cold' || *a-ke
|-
| 33. || 'come' || *patao-ho-pa
|-
| 34. || 'corn' || *hétsa
|-
| 35. || 'crocodile' || *makhiNe-he
|-
| 36. || 'cultivated clearing' || *pábi
|-
| 37. || 'curassow' || *iɨhɨ-bɨrɨ
|-
| 38. || 'day' || *mata-kái-bi
|-
| 39. || 'die' || *tɨpa
|-
| 40. || 'dig' || *kúa
|-
| 41. || 'doorway' || *bau-pha-ka
|-
| 42. || 'down' || *bé-reka
|-
| 43. || 'drink' || *ápa
|-
| 44. || 'dry' || *tséawa
|-
| 45. || 'dull' || *a-wóno-bi
|-
| 46. || 'ear (inner)' || *muxu/mi-Yó-lo/ri-to
|-
| 47. || 'earth' || *íra
|-
| 48. || 'eat' || *xáne, *xáNe
|-
| 49. || 'egg' || *tobɨ
|-
| 50. || 'eye' || *takhú
|-
| 51. || 'far' || *tahɨ
|-
| 52. || 'father' || *p-áxa
|-
| 53. || 'fear' || *ku-húnawa, *ku-húNawa
|-
| 54. || 'finger' || *ko-besí/tíya
|-
| 55. || 'fire' || *iso, nawa
|-
| 56. || 'firewood' || *íso
|-
| 57. || 'first' || *kopiaya-pita
|-
| 58. || 'fish' || *duhuaY
|-
| 59. || 'fish hook' || *kulupú-bo
|-
| 60. || 'flesh' || *-wúi
|-
| 61. || 'flower' || *-ma-tóNo-to
|-
| 62. || 'fly (n.)' || *dáina-, *dáiNa-
|-
| 63. || 'foot' || *tákhua
|-
| 64. || 'forehead' || *-ta-pa-thái-
|-
| 65. || 'fruit' || *bobo-kuí
|-
| 66. || 'full' || *wiNíka
|-
| 67. || 'fur' || *-ná-i
|-
| 68. || 'gourd' || *dére-bɨ
|-
| 69. || 'grease' || *-nasí-tsi-/-wa, *-Na-sí-tsi/wa
|-
| 70. || '[[Biology:Guan (bird)|guan]]' || *kuYu-wi
|-
| 71. || 'hair' || *ma-ta-nao
|-
| 72. || 'hammock' || *buu
|-
| 73. || 'hand' || *-kóbe
|-
| 74. || 'he' || *khum-po-ni
|-
| 75. || 'hear' || *húme-tane, *húme-taNe
|-
| 76. || 'heart' || *-humata-bɨ-ɨthɨ-to
|-
| 77. || 'heavy' || *a-réwi
|-
| 78. || 'hen' || *wakará
|-
| 79. || 'here' || *hó-ta
|-
| 80. || 'his' || *pE-
|-
| 81. || 'hold' || *xáina, *xáiNa
|-
| 82. || 'hot' || *a-táhu-enik
|-
| 83. || 'house' || *bau
|-
| 84. || 'how' || *pa-kuénia, *pa-kuéNia
|-
| 85. || 'huge rocks' || *p-ĩbo-to
|-
| 86. || 'hummingbird' || *se-si-bá-ri/-u/-Ci-to
|-
| 87. || 'husband' || *-amuNa-to
|-
| 88. || 'husband' || *-pébi
|-
| 89. || 'I' || *xá-ni
|-
| 90. || 'iguana' || *matíbi
|-
| 91. || 'imperative' || *-ma
|-
| 92. || 'imperative' || *-re
|-
| 93. || 'in, at' || *-ta
|-
| 95. || 'intestines' || *-ɨ́nɨ
|-
| 96. || 'island' || *tuanái-to
|-
| 97. || 'jaguar' || *neúthɨ
|-
| 98. || 'kill' || *beaxú-a-ba
|-
| 99. || 'knee' || *-ma-ta-baókao
|-
| 100. || 'know' || *yapí-tane, *yapí-taNe
|-
| 101. || 'lake' || *púka
|-
| 102. || 'he down' || *rúka
|-
| 103. || 'lightning' || *Yáamaxɨ
|-
| 104. || 'lip' || *Ci-uphi-Yólo/ri
|-
| 105. || 'liver' || *pa-hapa-
|-
| 106. || 'long' || *a-pía
|-
| 107. || 'long hair' || *ã-ma-tao-ná-pia, *ã-ma-tao-Ná-pia
|-
| 108. || 'louse' || *talí
|-
| 109. || 'lower arm' || *ma-xi-sí-pa-pa
|-
| 110. || 'lower leg' || *sí-to
|-
| 111. || 'lungs' || *ka-fo-fóbi
|-
| 112. || 'macaw' || *máha
|-
| 113. || 'man' || *pébĩ
|-
| 114. || 'manioc' || *bawá
|-
| 115. || 'manioc flour' || *matsúka
|-
| 116. || 'many' || *na-wi-ta
|-
| 117. || 'miriti palm' || *ino-hóa-bo/to
|-
| 118. || 'monkey, howler' || *níhẽ
|-
| 119. || 'mosquito' || *wéasɨ
|-
| 120. || 'mother' || *p-éna
|-
| 121. || 'mouth' || *kui-bo-to
|-
| 122. || 'my' || *ta-x
|-
| 123. || 'my' || *taha-
|-
| 124. || 'name' || *-wɨ́-ni
|-
| 125. || 'near' || *imokhó-yo
|-
| 126. || 'neck' || *Ce-i-sí-to
|-
| 127. || 'new' || *ha-na-ha-wa, *ha-Na-ha-wa
|-
| 128. || 'night' || *meráwi
|-
| 129. || 'nose' || *phúmu
|-
| 130. || 'old man' || *perú-hu-ni/wa-yo
|-
| 131. || 'old woman' || *perú-hu-wa
|-
| 132. || 'one' || *kaé-haewa
|-
| 133. || 'otter' || *bohóNao-wi
|-
| 134. || 'our' || *wa-ha
|-
| 135. || 'our' || *pa-ta
|-
| 136. || '[[Biology:Paca|paca]]' || *opheá-bi
|-
| 137. || 'paddle' || *ka-téna-pa, *ka-téNa-pa
|-
| 138. || '[[Biology:Parakeet|parakeet]]' || *tsé-le/Ci-to
|-
| 139. || 'parrot' || *óNau
|-
| 140. || 'path, trail, road' || *nã-mue-to
|-
| 141. || 'pebbles' || *síki-ibo-to-xi/tiyo
|-
| 142. || 'white-lipped peccary' || *habítsa
|-
| 143. || 'collared peccary' || *tsamaú-li
|-
| 144. || 'people' || *híwi
|-
| 145. || '[[Biology:Piranha|piranha]]' || *kowára-bo
|-
| 146. || 'piranha' || *fe-le-le-va-
|-
| 147. || 'push' || *to-ró-/tá-ba
|-
| 148. || 'rain' || *éma
|-
| 149. || 'rattle' || *tsi-tsí-bu
|-
| 150. || 'rattlesnake' || *yaa-sí-to
|-
| 151. || 'red' || *tsobía
|-
| 152. || 'river, stream' || *méne, *méNe
|-
| 153. || 'river turtle' || *hála
|-
| 154. || 'root' || *-tabú-topa
|-
| 155. || 'rope' || *-amí-to
|-
| 156. || 'saliva' || *-i-óne, *-i-óNe
|-
| 157. || 'sand' || *tahita-atsa
|-
| 158. || 'see' || *tá-Ne/naɨ/ne-kota
|-
| 159. || 'seed' || *-xú-
|-
| 160. || 'sew' || *horáuka
|-
| 161. || 'she' || *pó-wa
|-
| 162. || 'shoulder' || *-wɨ/o-tá-kura
|-
| 163. || 'shoulder' || *kóf-ia/eri
|-
| 164. || 'sing' || *na-xɨ́ana, *na-xɨ́aNa
|-
| 165. || 'sit' || *éka
|-
| 166. || 'skin' || *pera-bo/i
|-
| 167. || 'sky' || *itá-bokhau
|-
| 168. || 'sleep' || *mahí-ta/teka
|-
| 169. || 'smell' || *tuxú-ne/na/Ne/Na 
|-
| 170. || 'smooth' || *kóni-hai
|-
| 171. || 'snake' || *hómo
|-
| 172. || 'spider' || *khaumɨ-bɨ-to
|-
| 173. || 'split' || *waúkoba
|-
| 174. || 'stand' || *Núka
|-
| 175. || 'stick' || *náe-hava/wa-ta
|-
| 176. || 'stomach' || *kó-to/so-to/-ro
|-
| 177. || 'stone' || *ibó-
|-
| 178. || 'sun' || *húami-to
|-
| 179. || '[[Biology:Sweet potato|sweet potato]]' || *dáithi
|-
| 180. || 'swell' || *ya-hín/Na
|-
| 181. || 'tail' || *bosó-to
|-
| 182. || '[[Biology:Tapir|tapir]]' || *métsa-ha
|-
| 183. || 'termite' || *ophó
|-
| 184. || 'that' || *bahará-xua
|-
| 185. || 'their' || *pe-
|-
| 186. || 'their' || *pi-ha/yeníhi-
|-
| 187. || 'they' || *po-món/Nae
|-
| 188. || 'thick' || *aitayáɨ
|-
| 189. || 'thigh' || *-topa-thái
|-
| 190. || 'think' || *nahunatabi xáin/Na
|-
| 191. || 'this' || *xuá
|-
| 192. || 'thou' || *xámɨ
|-
| 193. || 'toad' || *busɨ-to
|-
| 194. || 'tobacco' || *tséma
|-
| 195. || 'tongue tip' || *e-bá-rɨ-to-kopi-a
|-
| 196. || 'tooth' || *-a-wáuno
|-
| 197. || 'toucan' || *tuikuékue
|-
| 198. || 'tree, stick' || *náe-hava, *hae-wa
|-
| 199. || 'upper back' || *-hu-ma
|-
| 200. || 'village' || *tómara
|-
| 201. || 'vomit' || *y/n-akába
|-
| 202. || 'walk' || *póna-pona
|-
| 203. || 'wash' || *ki-á-ta
|-
| 204. || 'water' || *mé-ra
|-
| 205. || 'we' || *waxái-tsi
|-
| 206. || 'when' || *detsa/eta-pao-kuín/Naehi
|-
| 207. || 'whip' || *détsa/éta hóta
|-
| 208. || 'wife' || *piha-wa
|-
| 209. || 'wind' || *hoibóa
|-
| 210. || 'wing' || *kúarau-fe
|-
| 211. || 'woman' || *pe-tíri-wa
|-
| 212. || 'worm' || *oro
|-
| 213. || 'wrist' || *kóbe-ya-vére/hóri-to
|-
| 214. || 'ye' || *pa-xá-mi
|-
| 215. || 'year' || *wái
|-
| 216. || 'your (pl.)' || *pa-n/Ne-
|-
| 217. || 'your (sg.)' || *ni-hi
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). ''The languages of the Andes''. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
*Berg, Marie L. and Isabel J. Kerr. (1973) ''The Cuiva language: Grammar''. Language Data, Amerindian Series, 1. Santa Ana, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). ''Language in the Americas''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Keels, Jack. (1985). "Guayabero: Phonology and morphophonemics." In Ruth M. Brend (ed.), ''From phonology to discourse: Studies in six Colombian languages'': 57-87. Language Data, Amerindian Series, 9. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Queixalós, Francisco. (1988). "Presentación"; ''Diccionario sikuani–español'': i-xiii. Bogotá: CCELA Universidad de los Andes. ISN 0121-0963. {{in lang|es}}
* Rivet, Paul (1948) "La famille linguistique Guahibo"; ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'' XXXVII: 191-240. Paris. {{in lang|fr}}

==External links==
* Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/wahivoan.htm Sub-Familia Guajiboana]

{{language families}}

[[Category:Language families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Guajiboan languages}}