View source for Social:Hodï language

{{Short description|Unclassified language spoken in Venezuela}}
{{Infobox language
|name          = Hodï
|nativename    = ''Jojodö tjįwęnę''
|region        = central Venezuela
|speakers      = 640
|date          = 2007
|ref           = e18
|familycolor   = American
|fam1          = [[Social:Duho languages|Duho]] ?
|iso3          = yau
|glotto        = yuwa1244
|glottorefname = Hoti
|notice=IPA
}}

The '''Hodï''' (Jodï, Jotí, Hoti) language, also known as '''Yuwana''' (Yoana), '''Waruwaru''', or '''Chikano''' (Chicano), is a small [[Social:Unclassified language|unclassified language]] spoken by the Hodï people of Venezuela. Very little is known of it; its several hundred speakers are monolingual hunter-gatherers. The people call themselves ''Jojodö'' ('the people') or ''Wįlǫ̈'', and their language ''Jojodö tjįwęnę''.<ref>Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada (2013) ''Reciprocal constructions in Mako''. 6th Oklahoma Workshop in Native American Languages.</ref> The two communities with the most speakers are San José de Kayamá and Caño Iguana, with several hundred speakers total.<ref name="Amazonian isolates 1">{{cite book |editor-last=Epps |editor-first=Patience |editor-last2=Michael |editor-first2=Lev |title=Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-11-041940-5}}</ref>{{rp|550}}

Sources are inconsistent with nasals, varying between e.g. ''nV'' and ''lṼ''.<ref>Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada (2019) 'Jodï-Sáliban: A linguistic family of the northwest Amazon. ''IJAL'' 85.3.</ref>

==Classification==
No classification of Hodï has yet been established to the satisfaction of linguists.

Attempts have been made to link Hodï with the nearby Piaroa–Saliban languages. A recent proposal classifies Hodï and (Piaroa–)Saliban as the branches of a single Jodï–Saliban [[Social:Macrofamily|macrofamily]].<ref> Labrada, Rosés; Emilio, Jorge (2015). [http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jodi1234 "Jodi-Saliban"]. ''[[Social:Glottolog|Glottolog 2.7]]''. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</ref> However, similarities in vocabulary with the Piaroa–Saliban languages may in fact be due to sprachbunding: Henley, Mattéi-Müller and Reid (1996) argue that the apparent cognates between Hodï and Piaroa–Saliban are rather [[Social:Loanword|loanword]]s.

Henley et al., based on limited data, said that Hodï may be related to the [[Social:Nadahup languages|Nadahup languages]].<ref>Henley, Paul; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller y Howard Reid 1996. "Cultural and linguistic affinities of the foraging people of North Amazonia: a new perspective"; ''Antropológica'' 83: 3-37. Caracas.</ref> The only linguist to speak Hodï and Piaroa, Stanford Zent, has collected more reliable data and said that it is "probably" related to the Piaroa–Saliban languages.<ref>{{cite book|title=El estado de la salud indígena en Venezuela|editor-last1=Freire|editor-first1=Germán|editor-last2=Tillett|editor-first2=Aimé|last1=Zent|first1=Stanford|last2=Zent|first2=Egleé L.|location=Caracas|language=es|page=77-130|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela|chapter=Los Jodï|date=2007|url=https://www.academia.edu/164960|access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

Since 1985 a relationship to the [[Social:Yanomaman languages|Yanomaman languages]] has also been suggested, in part on the grounds that Hodï shares 20% of its vocabulary with this family.<ref>Migliazzi, Ernesto C. 1985. "Languages of the Orinoco-Amazon region"; H.M.Klein & L. Stark (eds.): ''South American Indian Languages'': 17-139. Austin: University of Texas Press.</ref>

==Phonology==
The first phonological analysis is Vilera Díaz (1985). She largely retains the vocalic description of earlier researchers, apart from finding vowel length is a product of emphasis, but does not state whether vowel nasalization is phonemic, and does not provide a minimal pair for /o/ vs /u/.<ref>Vilera Díaz, Diana C. 1985. "Introducción morfológica de la lengua Hoti". Thesis in Anthropology. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.</ref>

The mid central vowel is written {{angbr|ö}}.

;Vowels
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels (Vilera Díaz 1985)
!
! colspan="3" | oral
! colspan="3" | nasal
|-
!
|front
|central
|back
|front
|central
|back
|- align=center
!close
| {{IPA|i [i]}}
| {{IPA|ɨ [ɨ]}}
| {{IPA|u [u]}}
| {{IPA|ĩ}}
| {{IPA|ɨ̃}}
| {{IPA|ũ}}
|- align=center
!mid
| {{IPA|e [e, ɛ]}}
| {{IPA|ɘ [ɘ, ʌ]}}
| {{IPA|o [o, ɔ]}}
| {{IPA|ẽ}}
| {{IPA|ɘ̃}}
| {{IPA|õ}}
|- align=center
!open
|
| {{IPA|a [æ, a, ɑ]}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ã}}
|
|-
|}

Quatra (2008) maintains that [ɛ] and [ɑ] are distinct phonemes, but does not provide any minimal pairs to demonstrate that. He also maintains that [ɘ] and [ɑ] are only nasalized following nasal consonants. 

;Consonants
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants (Vilera Díaz 1985)
! colspan="2" |
! Bil.
! Dent.
! Alv.
! Alv-pal
! Pal.
! Post-pal.
! Vel.
! Lab-vel
! Glot.
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3" align="left" |Obstruent
!<small>voiceless</small>
| p
| t
| 
| tʃ
| colspan=2| tʃʲ ~ kʲ
| k
| kʷ
| 
|- align="center"
!<small>voiced</small>
| b (ɓ?)
| ɗ
| 
| 
| rowspan=2| dʒ ~ ɲ
| 
| 
|
|
|- align="center"
! <small>fricative</small>
| β?
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h hʷ
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
| 
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Continuant
| w
| 
| l
| 
| hʲ j
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

There is no minimal pair for /β/, so it is not clear that it's a separate phoneme. 

/n/ is [ŋ] before a velar. /k/ and /kʲ/ are [ɡ, ɡʲ] after a nasal and occasionally intervocalicly. Intervocalic /l/ is [ɺ]. /b/ (perhaps ɓ) is [ɓʷ] before /i e o/. /ɗ/ was written 'd' due to lack of typewriter support. It's not clear why /w/ is placed in the labial rather than the labio-velar column, nor why it isn't paired with /hʷ/. 

[kʲ] varies as [tʃʲ], and [dʒ] varies as [ɲ] in all contexts, not just adjacent to nasal vowels. 

Phonetic aspiration occurs at boundaries, often before voiceless consonants and always before /l/.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants (Quatra 2008)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Bilabial
! colspan="2"|Alveolar
! colspan="2"|Alv-pal
! colspan="2"|Velar
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>preasp.</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>preasp.</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>preasp.</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>preasp.</small>
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" align="left" |Obstruent
!<small>voiceless</small>
| 
| 
| 
| jt
| ky
| jky
| k
| jk
| 
|- align="center"
!<small>voiced</small>
| b
| 
| d
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Nasal
| m
|
| n
| jn 
| ñ 
| jñ
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" align="left" |Continuant
| w
| jw
| l
| jl
| y [j]
| jy
| 
|
| j [h]
|}

The voiced stops are realized as nasals [m n] between nasal vowels. From the orthography, it is assumed that the 'aspirated' consonants are pre-aspirated, but there are no minimal pairs to establish them as phonemic.

==Bibliography==
*Guarisma P., V.; Coppens, W. (1978). Vocabulario Hoti. Antropológica, 49:3-27. GUDSCHINSKY, S. C. (1974). Fragmentos de Ofaié: a descrição de uma língua extinta. Série Lingüística, 3:177-249. Brasília: SIL.
*Krisólogo B., P. J. (1976). Manual glotológico del idioma wo'tiheh. (Lenguas indígenas de Venezuela, 16.) Caracas: Centro de lenguas Indigenas, Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas, Universidad Católica "Andrés Bello".
*Mattei-Müller, M. (1981). Vocabulario Hodï (Hoti). (Manuscript).
*Quatra, M. M. (2008). Bajkewa jkwïkïdëwa-jya jodï ine - Dodo ine. Diccionario básico Castellano - Jodï. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Alain Fabre 2005. ''Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos'': [http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Hoti.pdf HOTI]
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/250 Yuwana] ([[Social:Intercontinental Dictionary Series|Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])

{{language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodi language}}

[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hodï language}}