View source for Social:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic

{{Short description|Variety of Tunisian Arabic}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
|states=Beit Shemesh, Jerusalem District, [[Place:Israel|Israel]]<ref name="ethn">Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed.  2005.  ''Ethnologue:  Languages of the World''.  15th edition.  Dallas:  Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref><br  /> Houmt Souk, Djerba, Tunisia<ref name="Djerba">{{in lang|he}} Henschke, J. (1991). Hebrew elements in the Spoken Arabic of Djerba. ''Massorot'', 5-6, 77-118.</ref><br />[[Place:Tunis|Tunis]], Tunisia<ref name="cohend">{{in lang|fr}} Cohen, D. (1975). ''Le parler arabe des Juifs de Tunis: Étude linguistique''. La Haye: Mouton.</ref><br />Gabes, Tunisia<ref name="digizeitschriften.de">{{cite journal|last1=Sumikazu|first1=Yoda|title="Sifflant" and "Chuintant" in the Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Gabes (south Tunisia)|journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik|volume=46|pages=21 |url= http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PID=PPN513339353_0046%7CLOG_0010 |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>
|speakers={{sigfig|10,500|2}}
|date=2011–2018
|ref=e23
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=South Central Semitic
|fam5=[[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]]
|fam6=Maghrebi Arabic
|fam7=Pre-Hilalian Arabic
|script=Arabic script<ref name="ethn" /><br/>[[Social:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew alphabet]]<ref name="ethn" /><ref name="jasher" />
|iso3=ajt
|iso3comment=(retired); subsumed in {{code|aeb}} (Tunisian Arabic)
|glotto=jude1263
|glottorefname=Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
}}

'''Judeo-Tunisian Arabic''', also known as '''Judeo-Tunisian''', is a variety of Tunisian Arabic mainly spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Tunisia.<ref name="jasher">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1996_num_18_1_2454 Bar-Asher, M. (1996). La recherche sur les parlers judéo-arabes modernes du Maghreb: état de la question. ''Histoire épistémologie langage'', 18(1), 167-177.]</ref> Speakers are older adults, and the younger generation has only a passive knowledge of the language.<ref name="ethn"/>

The vast majority of Tunisian Jews have relocated to Israel and have [[Social:Language shift|shifted]] to [[Social:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as their home language.<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="judeoa">Bassiouney, R. (2009). ''Arabic sociolinguistics''. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 104.</ref> Those in France typically use [[Social:French language|French]] as their primary language, while the few still left in Tunisia tend to use either French or Tunisian Arabic in their everyday lives.<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="judeoa" />

Judeo-Tunisian Arabic is one of the Judeo-Arabic languages, a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in the Arab world.<ref name="jasher" />

==History==

===Before 1901===
A Jewish community existed in what is today Tunisia even prior to Roman rule in Africa.<ref name="leddyc" /> After the [[Place:Umayyad Caliphate|Arabic conquest]] of [[Place:North Africa|North Africa]], this community began to use Arabic for their daily communication.<ref name="cohend" /> They had adopted the pre-Hilalian dialect of Tunisian Arabic as their own dialect.<ref name="cohend" /> As Jewish communities tend to be close-knit and isolated from the other ethnic and religious communities of their countries,<ref name="jasher" /> their dialect spread to their coreligionists all over the country<ref name="Djerba" /><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Saada, L. (1956). Introduction à l'étude du parler arabe des juifs de Sousse.</ref> and had not been in contact with the languages of the communities that invaded Tunisia in the middle age.<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="vnmalt" /> The primary language contact with regard to Judeo-Tunisian Arabic came from the languages of Jewish communities that fled to Tunisia as a result of persecution like Judeo-Spanish.<ref name="leddyc" /> This explains why Judeo-Tunisian Arabic lacks influence from the dialects of the [[Place:Banu Hilal|Banu Hilal]] and Banu Sulaym, and has developed several phonological and lexical particularities that distinguish it from Tunisian Arabic.<ref name="vnmalt">{{in lang|fr}} Vanhove, M. (1998). [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009708/document De quelques traits préhilaliens en maltais]. ''Peuplement et Arabisation au Maghreb Occidental (Dialectologie et Histoire)'', 97-108.</ref><ref name="cohen9">{{in lang|fr}} Cohen, D. (1970). Les deux parlers arabes de Tunis. Notes de phonologie comparee. In his ''Etudes de linguistique semitique et arabe'', 150(7).</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Caubet, D. (2000). Questionnaire de dialectologie du Maghreb (d'après les travaux de W. Marçais, M. Cohen, GS Colin, J. Cantineau, D. Cohen, Ph. Marçais, S. Lévy, etc.). ''Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí, EDNA'', (5), 73-90.</ref> This also explains why Judeo-Tunisian words are generally less removed from their etymological origin than Tunisian words.<ref>Aslanov, C. (2016). Remnants of Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic among French-born Jews of North-African Descent. ''Journal of Jewish Languages'', 4(1), 69-84.</ref>

The most famous author in Judeo-Arabic is Nissim B. Ya‘aqov b. Nissim ibn Shahin of Kairouan (990-1062)[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nissim-ben-jacob-ben-nissim-ibn-shahin]. An influential rabbinical personality of his time, Nissim of Kairouan wrote a collection of folks stories intended for moral encouragement, at the request of his father-in-law on the loss of his son. Nissim wrote "An Elegant Compilation concerning Relief after Adversity" (''Al-Faraj ba‘d al-shidda)''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schippers|first=A|date=2012|title=Stories about women in the collections of Nissim ibn Shāhīn, Petrus Alphonsi, and Yosef ibn Zabāra, and their relation to medieval European narratives - Frankfurter Judaistische Beiträge|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1882694/122135_FJB_StoriesAboutWomen.PDF|website=pure.uva.nl}}</ref> first in an elevated Judeo-Arabic style following Sa‘adia Gaon's coding and spelling conventions and later translated the work into Hebrew.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tobi|first=Yosef Yuval|date=2007|title=L'ouverture de la littérature judéo-arabe tunisienne à la littérature arabo-musulmane - in "Entre orient et occident" p 255-275|url=https://www.cairn.info/entre-orient-et-occident--9782841621446-page-255.htm|website=www.cairn.info}}</ref>

The first Judeo-Arabic printing house opens in Tunis in 1860. A year after, the 1856 Fundamental Pact is translated and printed in Judeo-Arabic (in 1861<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fontaine|first=Jean|title=Histoire de la littérature tunisienne du XIII siècle à l'indépendance. Chap XXième siècle, textes en judéo-arabe et hébreu|publisher=Cérès Editions|year=1999|isbn=9973-19-404-7|location=Tunis, Tunisia|pages=229}}</ref> before its translation into Hebrew in 1862).

===After 1901===
In 1901, Judeo-Tunisian became one of the main spoken Arabic dialects of Tunisia, with thousands of speakers.<ref name="leddyc" /> Linguists noted the unique character of this dialect, and subjected it to study.<ref name="leddyc" /> Among the people studying Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, Daniel Hagege<ref>{{cite web|last=Malul|first=Chen|date=7 September 2020|title=The Story of Daniel Hagège: Judeo-Arabic Author and Documenter of Tunisian Jewry|url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/lbh_hagege/|website=blog.nli.org.il/}}</ref> listed a significant amount of Judeo-Tunisian Arabic newspapers from the early 1900s in his essay ''The Circulation of Tunisian Judeo-Arabic Books''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Judeo-Arabic Literature In Tunisia, 1850-1950|last=Tobi|first=Joseph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8143-2871-2|location=Detroit, Michigan|pages=241–320}}</ref> in 1903, David Aydan prints in Judeo-Arabic ''"Vidu-i bel arbi"'', a translation of the ritual text recited by the community on Yom Kippur's eve. The text is printed in Djerba, a significant point to mention as many works published by the Tunisian Jewish community in Hebrew are printed in Livorno, Italy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fontaine|first=Jean|title=Histoire de la littérature tunisienne du XIIIième siècle à l'indépendance. Chap XXième siècle, textes en judéo-arabe et en hébreu|publisher=Cérès Editions|year=1999|isbn=9973-19-404-7|location=Tunis, Tunisia|pages=230}}</ref> Educated leaders within the Tunisian Jewish community like ceramic merchant Jacob Chemla translated several works into Judeo-Tunisian, including The Count of Monte Cristo. 
[[File:Le Comte de Monte-Cristo in Judeo-Arabic.png|thumb|right|The first page of the Count of Monte Cristo in Judeo-Tunisian Arabic]]
However, its emergence has significantly declined since 1948 due to the creation of Israel.<ref name="leddyc" /> In fact, the Jewish community of Tunisia has either chosen to leave or was forced to leave Tunisia and immigrate to {{wipe|France}} or [[Place:Israel|Israel]].<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="judeoa" /> Nowadays, the language is largely extinct throughout most of Tunisia, even if it is still used by the small Jewish communities in Tunis, Gabes and Djerba,<ref name="Djerba" /><ref name="cohend" /><ref name="digizeitschriften.de" /> and most of the Jewish communities that have left Tunisia have chosen to change their language of communication to the main language of their current country.<ref name="cohend" />

===Current situation===
'''Language vitality:''' Judeo-Tunisian Arabic is believed to be vulnerable with only 500 speakers in Tunisia<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/|website=Unesco.org|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> and with about 45,000 speakers in [[Place:Israel|Israel]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajt|website=Ethologue Languages of the World|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

'''Language variations:''' In Tunisia, geography plays a huge role in how Judeo-Tunisian Arabic varies between speakers.<ref name="henshke">{{cite journal|last1=Henshke|first1=Yehudit|title=Different Hebrew Traditions: Mapping Regional Distinctions in the Hebrew Component of Spoken Tunisian Judeo-Arabic|journal=Studies in the History and Culture of North African Jewry|date=2010|page=109 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10336681|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>  In fact, Tunisian Judeo-Arabic can vary depending on the region in which it is spoken.<ref name="henshke" /> Accordingly, the main dialects of Judeo-Tunisian Arabic are:<ref name="henshke" />
* The dialect of the North of Tunisia (Mainly spoken in Tunis)
* The dialect of the South of Tunisia (Mainly Spoken in Gabes)
* The dialect of the islands off the coast of the country (Mainly spoken in Djerba)
In addition, Judeo-Tunisian can vary within the same region based on the town in which it is spoken.<ref name="henshke" />

==Distinctives from Tunisian Arabic==
Like all other Judeo-Arabic languages, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic does not seem to be very different from the Arabic dialect from which it derives, Tunisian Arabic.<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="jasher" /><ref name="talmoudi" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hammet|first1=Sandra|title=Irregular verbs in Maltese and Their Counterparts in The Tunisian and Moroccan Dialects|journal=Romano-Arabica|date=2014|volume=14|pages=193–210 |url=http://araba.lls.unibuc.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Romano-Arabica-Nr.-XIV-2014.pdf|access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arevalo|first1=Tania Marica Garcia|title=The General Linguistic Features of Modern Judeo-Arabic Dialects in the Maghreb|journal=Zutot|date=2014|volume=11|pages=54–56 |doi=10.1163/18750214-12341266}}</ref>
* '''Phonology:''' There are three main differences between Tunisian Arabic phonology and Judeo-Tunisian Arabic phonology:
**'''Substitution of phonemes:''' Unlike most dialects of Tunisian Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic has merged Tunisian Arabic's glottal [{{IPA link|ʔ}}] and [{{IPA link|h}}] into [<nowiki/>∅],<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="leddyc" /> Interdental [{{IPA link|ð}}] and [{{IPA link|θ}}] have respectively been merged with [{{IPA link|d}}] and [{{IPA link|t}}],<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="leddyc" /> Ḍah and Ḍād have been merged as [{{IPA link|dˤ}}] and not as [{{IPA link|ðˤ}}],<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="leddyc" /> Prehilalian /aw/ and /ay/ diphthongs have been kept<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="leddyc" /> (except in Gabes<ref name="digizeit01" />), and [{{IPA link|χ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʁ}}] have been respectively substituted by [{{IPA link|x}}] and [{{IPA link|ɣ}}].<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="leddyc" /> This is mainly explained by the difference between the language contact submitted by Jewish communities in Tunisia and the one submitted by other Tunisian people.<ref name="leddyc">[https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/sites/www.ldc.upenn.edu/files/leddy-cecere-thesis.pdf Leddy-Cecere, T. A. (2010). ''Contact, Restructuring, and Decreolization: The Case of Tunisian Arabic''. University of Pennsylvania, pp. 47-71.]</ref>
** '''Sibilant conversion:''' 
*** [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] are realized as [{{IPA link|sˤ}}] and [{{IPA link|zˤ}}] if there is an emphatic consonant or [{{IPA link|q}}] later in the word (however in Gabes this change takes effect if [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] are either before or after an emphatic consonant or [{{IPA link|q}}]).<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" /> For example, راجل rājil (meaning man) is pronounced in Gabes dialect of Judeo-Tunisian Arabic as /rˤa:zˤel/ and حجرة ḥajra (meaning stone) is pronounced in all Judeo-Tunisian dialects as /ħazˤrˤa/.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" /> 
*** [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] are realized as [{{IPA link|s}}] and [{{IPA link|z}}] if there is an [{{IPA link|r}}] later in the word (Not applicable to the dialect of Gabes).<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" /> For example, جربة jirba (meaning Djerba) is pronounced in all Judeo-Tunisian dialects except the one of Gabes as /zerba/.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" />
** '''Chibilant conversion:''' Unlike in the other Judeo-Arabic languages of the [[Place:Maghreb|Maghreb]],<ref name="cohen1" /> [{{IPA link|sˤ}}], [{{IPA link|s}}] and [{{IPA link|z}}] are realized as [{{IPA link|ʃ}}], [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] in several situations.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" /> 
*** [{{IPA link|sˤ}}] is realized as [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] if there is not another emphatic consonant or a [{{IPA link|q}}] within the word (only applicable to Gabes dialect) or if this [{{IPA link|sˤ}}] is directly followed by a [{{IPA link|d}}].<ref name="digizeit01" /> For example, صدر ṣdir (meaning chest) is pronounced as /ʃder/<ref name="digizeit01">{{cite journal|last1=Sumikazu|first1=Yoda|title="Sifflant" and "Chuintant" in the Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Gabes (south Tunisia)|journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik|volume=46|pages=16 |url= http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PID=PPN513339353_0046%7CLOG_0010 |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> and صف ṣaff (meaning queue) is pronounced in Gabes dialect of Judeo-Tunisian Arabic as /ʃaff/.
*** [{{IPA link|s}}] and [{{IPA link|z}}] are respectively realized as [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] if there is no emphatic consonant, no [{{IPA link|q}}] and no [{{IPA link|r}}] later in the word (In Gabes, this change takes effect if there is no [{{IPA link|q}}] and no emphatic consonant within the word). For example, زبدة zibda (meaning [[Chemistry:Butter|butter]]) is pronounced as /ʒebda/.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" />
** '''Emphasis of [s] and [z]:''' Further than the possible conversion of [{{IPA link|s}}] and [{{IPA link|z}}] by [{{IPA link|sˤ}}] and [{{IPA link|zˤ}}] due to the phenomenon of the assimilation of adjacent consonants (also existing in Tunisian Arabic),<ref name="talmoudi" /> [{{IPA link|s}}] and [{{IPA link|z}}] are also realized as [{{IPA link|sˤ}}] and [{{IPA link|zˤ}}] if there is an emphatic consonant or [{{IPA link|q}}] later in the word (however in Gabes this change takes effect if [{{IPA link|ʃ}}] and [{{IPA link|ʒ}}] are either before or after an emphatic consonant or [{{IPA link|q}}]).<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" /> For example, سوق sūq (meaning market) is pronounced in Judeo-Tunisian Arabic as /sˤu:q/.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de" />
** '''[q] and [g] phonemes:''' Unlike the Northwestern, Southeastern and Southwestern dialects of Tunisian Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic does not systematically substitute Classical Arabic [{{IPA link|q}}] by [{{IPA link|g}}].<ref name="cohen1" /> Also, the [{{IPA link|g}}] phoneme existing in Tunis, Sahil and Sfax dialects of Tunisian Arabic is rarely maintained<ref>Cohen, D. (1973). Variantes, variétés dialectales et contacts linguistiques en domaine arabe. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 68(1), 233.</ref> and is mostly substituted by a [{{IPA link|q}}] in Judeo-Tunisian.<ref name="cohend" /> For example, بقرة (cow) is pronounced as /bagra/ in Tunis, Sahil and Sfax dialects of Tunisian Arabic and as /baqra/ in Judeo-Tunisian.<ref name="cohend" />
* '''Morphology:''' The morphology is quite the same as the one of Tunisian Arabic.<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="jasher" /><ref name="talmoudi">Talmoudi, Fathi (1979) ''The Arabic Dialect of Sûsa (Tunisia)''. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.</ref> However:
** Judeo-Tunisian Arabic sometimes uses some particular morphological structures such as typical clitics like qa- that is used to denote the progressivity of a given action.<ref name="cohend" /><ref>Cuvalay, M. (1991). The expression of durativity in Arabic. ''The Arabist, Budapest studies in Arabic'', 3-4, 146.</ref> For example, ''qayākil'' means he is eating.
** Unlike Tunisian Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic is characterized by its extensive use of the passive form.<ref name="cohend" /><ref name="vnmalt" />
** The informal lack of subject-verb agreement found in Tunisian and in [[Social:Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard Arabic]] does not exist in Judeo-Tunisian Arabic. For example, we say ed-dyār '''tebnēu''' الديار '''تبناوا''' and not ed-dyār '''tebnēt''' الديار '''تبنات''' (The houses were built).<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Taieb, J., & Sayah, M. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DIzgcu-WP9QC&dq=chuintement+dans+le+jud%C3%A9o-tunisien&pg=PA57 Remarques sur le parler judéo-arabe de Tunis]. ''Diasporas Histoire et Sociétés, n° 2, Langues dépaysées''. Presses Universitaires de Mirail, pp. 58.</ref>
* '''Vocabulary:''' There are some differences between the vocabulary of Tunisian Arabic and the one of Judeo-Tunisian Arabic. Effectively:
** Unlike Tunisian Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic has a Hebrew adstratum.<ref name="Djerba" /><ref name="jasher" /><ref>Chetrit, J. (2014). Judeo-Arabic Dialects in North Africa as Communal Languages: Lects, Polylects, and Sociolects. ''Journal of Jewish Languages'', 2(2), 202-232.</ref> In fact, Cohen said that almost 5 percent of the Judeo-Tunisian words are from Hebrew origin.<ref name="cohen1">Cohen, D. (1981). Remarques historiques et sociolinguistiques sur les parlers arabes des juifs maghrébins. ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'', 1981(30), 91-106.</ref> Furthermore, Judeo-Tunisian has acquired several specific words that do not exist in Tunisian like ''Ladino'' from language contact with Judaeo-Romance languages.<ref name="cohen1" /><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Dufour, Y. R. (1998). ''[http://modia.org/infos/israel/tunelang.html La langue parlée des Tunes]''. modia.org. Retrieved 24 July 2017.</ref>
** Unlike most of the Tunisian Arabic dialect and as it is Pre-Hilalian, Judeo-Tunisian kept Pre-Hilalian vocabulary usage patterns.<ref name="ckoinè">{{in lang|fr}} Cohen, D. (1962). Koinè, langues communes et dialectes arabes. ''Arabica'', 9(2), 122.</ref> For example, rā را is used instead of šūf شوف (commonly used in Tunisian) to mean "to see".<ref name="ckoinè" />
** Unlike the Tunis dialect of Tunisian Arabic,<ref name="cohen9" /> Judeo-Tunisian Arabic is also known for the profusion of diminutives.<ref name="cohen9" /> For example:
*** {{transliteration|aeb|q'''ṭ'''ay'''ṭ'''as}} {{Lang|aeb|قطيطس|rtl=yes}} (little or friendly cat) for {{transliteration|aeb|qa'''ṭṭ'''ūs}} {{Lang|aeb|قطّوس|rtl=yes}} (cat).<ref name="cohen9" /> 
*** {{transliteration|aeb|k'''l'''ayi'''b'''}} {{Lang|aeb|كليب|rtl=yes}} (little or friendly dog) for {{transliteration|aeb|ka'''lb'''}} {{Lang|aeb|كلب|rtl=yes}} (dog).<ref name="cohen9" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Garcia Arévalo, T. M. (2014). The General Linguistic Features of Modern Judeo-Arabic Dialects in the Maghreb. ''Zutot'', 11(1), 49–56. doi:10.1163/18750214-12341266.
* Bar-Asher, M., &. Fraade, S. D. (2010). ''Studies in the history and culture of North African Jewry''. ''In'' Proceedings of the symposium at Yale. New Haven: Program in Judaic Studies, Yale.
* Sumikazu, Y., & Yoda, S. (2006). " Sifflant" and" chuintant" in the Arabic dialect of the Jews of Gabes (south Tunisia). ''Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik'', (46), 7-25.
* Tobi, Y., & Tobi, T. (2014). ''Judeo-Arabic Literature in Tunisia, 1850-1950''. Detroit, MI: Wayne State UP. {{ISBN|978-0-8143-2871-2}}.
* Hammett, S. (2014). Irregular verbs in Maltese and their counterparts in the Tunisian and Morccan dialects. ''Romano-Arabica'', 14, 193–210.
* {{in lang|fr}} Saada, L. (1969). ''Le parler arabe des Juifs de Sousse'' (Doctoral dissertation, PhD thesis, University of Paris).
* {{in lang|fr}} Cohen, D. (1975). ''Le parler arabe des Juifs de Tunis: Étude linguistique''. La Haye: Mouton.
* {{in lang|fr}} Cohen, D. (1970). Les deux parlers arabes de Tunis. ''Études de linguistique sémitique et arabe'', 150–171.

==External links==
* [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3705 Judeo-Tunisian Arabic] in ''Endangered Languages Project''
* [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajt Judeo-Tunisian Arabic] in ''Ethnologue''
* [http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jude1263 Judeo-Tunisian Arabic] in ''Glottolog''
* [https://joshuaproject.net/languages/ajt Judeo-Tunisian Arabic] in ''Joshua Project''


[[Category:Severely endangered languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Judeo-Tunisian Arabic}}