View source for Social:Jyutping

{{short description|Romanization scheme for Cantonese}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Jyutpingexample.svg
|picsize=210px
|piccap=Jyutping Romanization
|p=Yuèpīn
|bpmf=ㄩㄝˋ　ㄆㄧㄣ
|gr=Yuehpin
|w=Yüeh⁴-p{{wg-apos}}in¹
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|yue|4|.|p|in|1|}}
|y=Yuhtping
|j=Jyut6ping3
|gd=yüd<sup>6</sup> ping<sup>3</sup>
|ci={{IPA-yue|jỳːt̚.pʰēŋ|}}
|showflag=jy
|l=Yue (i.e. Cantonese) spelling
}}
{{IPA notice}}

'''Jyutping''' is a [[Social:Romanization|romanisation]] system for [[Social:Cantonese|Cantonese]] developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the '''Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme'''. The LSHK advocates for and promotes the use of this romanisation system.

The name ''Jyutping'' (itself the Jyutping romanisation of its Chinese name, {{lang|yue|粵拼}}) is a [[Social:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]] consisting of the first Chinese characters of the terms ''Jyut6jyu5'' ({{linktext|lang=yue|粵語}}, meaning "[[Social:Yue Chinese|Yue language]]") and ''ping3jam1'' ({{linktext|lang=yue|拼音}} "phonetic alphabet", also pronounced as "[[Pinyin|pinyin]]" in [[Social:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]).

Despite being intended as a system to indicate pronunciation, it has also been employed in writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language—in effect, elevating Jyutping from its assistive status to a written language. 
{{RCL}}

==History==
The Jyutping system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lshk.org/node/47|publisher=The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong|title=The Jyutping Scheme|access-date=3 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426050642/http://www.lshk.org/node/47|archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> departs from all previous Cantonese romanisation systems (approximately 12, including Robert Morrison's pioneering work of 1828, and the widely used Standard Romanization, Yale and Sidney Lau systems) by introducing z and c initials and the use of eo and oe in finals, as well as replacing the initial y, used in all previous systems, with j.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kataoka|first=Shin|last2=Lee|first2=Cream|date=2008|journal=Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics|title=A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names|pages=94–98}}</ref>

In 2018, it was updated to include the -a and -oet finals, to reflect syllables recognized as part of Cantonese phonology in 1997 by the Jyutping Work Group of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.<ref name=lshkjyutping/>

== Initials ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|b<br>{{IPA|/p/}}<br>{{lang|yue|巴}}
|p<br>{{IPA|/pʰ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|怕}}
|m<br>{{IPA|/m/}}<br>{{lang|yue|媽}}
|f<br>{{IPA|/f/}}<br>{{lang|yue|花}}
|
|-
|d<br>{{IPA|/t/}}<br>{{lang|yue|打}}
|t<br>{{IPA|/tʰ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|他}}
|n<br>{{IPA|/n/}}<br>{{lang|yue|那}}
|
|l<br>{{IPA|/l/}}<br>{{lang|yue|啦}}
|-
|g<br>{{IPA|/k/}}<br>{{lang|yue|家}}
|k<br>{{IPA|/kʰ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|卡}}
|ng<br>{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|牙}}
|h<br>{{IPA|/h/}}<br>{{lang|yue|蝦}}
|
|-
|gw<br>{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|瓜}}
|kw<br>{{IPA|/kʷʰ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|誇}}
|
|
|w<br>{{IPA|/w/}}<br>{{lang|yue|蛙}}
|-
|z<br>{{IPA|/ts/}}<br>{{lang|yue|渣}}
|c<br>{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|叉}}
|
|s<br>{{IPA|/s/}}<br>{{lang|yue|沙}}
|j<br>{{IPA|/j/}}<br>{{lang|yue|也}}
|}

== Finals ==

{|class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|-
|aa<br>{{IPA|/aː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|沙}}
|aai<br>{{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|徙}}
|aau<br>{{IPA|/aːu̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|梢}}
|aam<br>{{IPA|/aːm/}}<br>{{lang|yue|三}}
|aan<br>{{IPA|/aːn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|山}}
|aang<br>{{IPA|/aːŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|坑}}
|aap<br>{{IPA|/aːp̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|圾}}
|aat<br>{{IPA|/aːt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|剎}}
|aak<br>{{IPA|/aːk̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|客}}
|-
|a<br>{{IPA|/ɐ/}}<br>{{ref|1}}
|ai<br>{{IPA|/ɐi̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|西}}
|au<br>{{IPA|/ɐu̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|收}}
|am<br>{{IPA|/ɐm/}}<br>{{lang|yue|心}}
|an<br>{{IPA|/ɐn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|新}}
|ang<br>{{IPA|/ɐŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|笙}}
|ap<br>{{IPA|/ɐp̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|濕}}
|at<br>{{IPA|/ɐt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|失}}
|ak<br>{{IPA|/ɐk̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|塞}}
|-
|e<br>{{IPA|/ɛː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|些}}
|ei<br>{{IPA|/ei̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|四}}
|eu<br>{{IPA|/ɛːu̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|掉}}{{ref|2}}
|em<br>{{IPA|/ɛːm/}}<br>{{lang|yue|舐}}{{ref|3}}
|&nbsp;
|eng<br>{{IPA|/ɛːŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|鄭}}
|ep<br>{{IPA|/ɛːp̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|夾}}{{ref|4}}
|&nbsp;
|ek<br>{{IPA|/ɛːk̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|石}}
|-
|i<br>{{IPA|/iː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|詩}}
|&nbsp;
|iu<br>{{IPA|/iːu̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|消}}
|im<br>{{IPA|/iːm/}}<br>{{lang|yue|閃}}
|in<br>{{IPA|/iːn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|先}}
|ing<br>{{IPA|/ɪŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|星}}
|ip<br>{{IPA|/iːp̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|攝}}
|it<br>{{IPA|/iːt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|洩}}
|ik<br>{{IPA|/ɪk/}}<br>{{lang|yue|識}}
|-
|o<br>{{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|疏}}
|oi<br>{{IPA|/ɔːy̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|開}}
|ou<br>{{IPA|/ou̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|蘇}}
|&nbsp;
|on<br>{{IPA|/ɔːn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|看}}
|ong<br>{{IPA|/ɔːŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|康}}
|&nbsp;
|ot<br>{{IPA|/ɔːt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|喝}}
|ok<br>{{IPA|/ɔːk̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|索}}
|-
|u<br>{{IPA|/uː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|夫}}
|ui<br>{{IPA|/uːy̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|灰}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|un<br>{{IPA|/uːn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|寬}}
|ung<br>{{IPA|/ʊŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|鬆}}
|&nbsp;
|ut<br>{{IPA|/uːt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|闊}}
|uk<br>{{IPA|/ʊk/}}<br>{{lang|yue|叔}}
|-
|&nbsp;
|eoi<br>{{IPA|/ɵy̯/}}<br>{{lang|yue|需}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|eon<br>{{IPA|/ɵn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|詢}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|eot<br>{{IPA|/ɵt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|摔}}
|&nbsp;
|-
|oe<br>{{IPA|/œː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|鋸}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|oeng<br>{{IPA|/œːŋ/}}<br>{{lang|yue|商}}
|&nbsp;
|oet<br>{{IPA|/œːt̚/}}<br>{{ref|5}}
|oek<br>{{IPA|/œːk̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|削}}
|-
|yu<br>{{IPA|/yː/}}<br>{{lang|yue|書}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|yun<br>{{IPA|/yːn/}}<br>{{lang|yue|孫}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|yut<br>{{IPA|/yːt̚/}}<br>{{lang|yue|雪}}
|&nbsp;
|-
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|m<br>{{IPA|/m̩/}}<br>{{lang|yue|唔}}
|&nbsp;
|ng<br>{{IPA|/ŋ̩/}}<br>{{lang|yue|吳}}
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|}
* Only the finals ''m'' and ''ng'' can be used as standalone nasal syllables.
*{{note|1}} Used for elided words in casual speech such as ''a6'' in 四十四 (''sei3a6sei3''), elided from ''sei3 sap6 sei3''.<ref name="lshkjyutping">{{cite web |title=Jyutping 粵拼 |url=https://www.lshk.org/jyutping |access-date=2020-10-07 |author=Linguistic Society of Hong Kong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201226/https://www.lshk.org/jyutping |archive-date=2021-01-06}}</ref>
*{{note|2}}{{note|3}}{{note|4}} Referring to the colloquial pronunciation of these words.
*{{note|5}} Used for onomatopoeias such as ''oet6'' for belching or ''goet4'' for snoring.

== Tones ==
There are nine [[Social:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese. However, as three of the nine are entering tones ({{zh|c=入聲|j=jap6sing1|labels=no}}), which only appear in syllables ending with ''p'', ''t'', and ''k'', they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping (though they do in Cantonese Pinyin; these are shown in parentheses in the table below). A mnemonic which some use to remember this is {{lang-zh|t=「風水到時我哋必發達」|j=fung1 seoi2 dou3 si4 ngo5 dei6 bit1 faat3 daat6|labels=no}} or "[[Unsolved:Feng shui|Feng Shui]] [dictates that] we will be lucky."
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
![[Social:Tone name|Tone name]]
!jam1ping4<br />({{lang|yue|陰平}})||jam1soeng5<br />({{lang|yue|陰上}})||jam1heoi3<br />({{lang|yue|陰去}})
!joeng4ping4<br />({{lang|yue|陽平}})||joeng4soeng5<br />({{lang|yue|陽上}})||joeng4heoi3<br />({{lang|yue|陽去}})
!gou1jam1jap6<br />({{lang|yue|高陰入}})||dai1jam1jap6<br />({{lang|yue|低陰入}})||joeng4jap6<br />({{lang|yue|陽入}})
|-
!Tone number
|1||2||3
|4||5||6
|1 (7)||3 (8)||6 (9)
|-
!The tone name in English
|high level or high falling||mid rising||mid level
|low falling||low rising||low level
|entering high level||entering mid level||entering low level
|-
!Contour<ref>Matthews, S.; Yip, V. ''Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar''; London: Routledge, 1994</ref>
|{{IPA|˥}} 55 / {{IPA|˥˧}} 53||{{IPA|˧˥}} 35||{{IPA|˧}} 33
|{{IPA|˨˩}} 21 / {{IPA|˩}} 11||{{IPA|˩˧}} 13||{{IPA|˨}} 22
|{{IPA|˥}} 5||{{IPA|˧}} 3||{{IPA|˨}} 2
|-

!Character example
|  {{lang|yue|分／詩}}
|| {{lang|yue|粉／史}}
|| {{lang|yue|訓／試}}
|  {{lang|yue|焚／時}}
|| {{lang|yue|奮／市}}
|| {{lang|yue|份／是}}
|  {{lang|yue|忽／識}}
|| {{lang|yue|發／錫}}
|| {{lang|yue|佛／食}}
|-
!Example
|  fan1／si1||fan2／si2
|| fan3／si3
|  fan4／si4
|| fan5／si5
|| fan6／si6
|  fat1／sik1
|| faat3／sek3
|| fat6／sik6
|}

== Comparison with Yale romanisation ==
Jyutping and the Yale Romanisation of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:
* The initials: ''b'', ''p'', ''m'', ''f'', ''d'', ''t'', ''n'', ''l'', ''g'', ''k'', ''ng'', ''h'', ''s'', ''gw'', ''kw'', ''w''.
* The vowel: ''aa'' (except when used alone), ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''yu''.
* The nasal stop: ''m'', ''ng''.
* The coda: ''i'', ''u'', ''m'', ''n'', ''ng'', ''p'', ''t'', ''k''.
But they differ in the following:
* The vowels ''eo'' and ''oe'' represent {{IPA|/ɵ/}} and {{IPA|/œː/}} respectively in Jyutping, whereas the ''eu'' represents both vowels in Yale.
* The initial ''j'' represents {{IPA|/j/}} in Jyutping whereas ''y'' is used instead in Yale.
* The initial ''z'' represents {{IPA|/ts/}} in Jyutping whereas ''j'' is used instead in Yale.
* The initial ''c'' represents {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} in Jyutping whereas ''ch'' is used instead in Yale.
* In Jyutping, if no consonant precedes the vowel ''yu'', then the initial ''j'' is appended before the vowel. In Yale, the corresponding initial ''y'' is never appended before ''yu'' under any circumstances.
* Jyutping defines three finals not in Yale: ''eu'' {{IPA|/ɛːu/}}, ''em'' {{IPA|/ɛːm/}}, and ''ep'' {{IPA|/ɛːp/}}.  These three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as ''deu6'' ({{lang|yue|掉}}), ''lem2'' ({{lang|yue|舐}}), and ''gep6'' ({{lang|yue|夾}}).
* To represent [[Social:Tone (linguistics)|tone]]s, only tone numbers are used in Jyutping whereas Yale traditionally uses tone marks together with the letter ''h'' (though tone numbers can be used in Yale as well).

== Comparison with Cantonese pinyin ==
Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:
* The initials: ''b'', ''p'', ''m'', ''f'', ''d'', ''t'', ''n'', ''l'', ''g'', ''k'', ''ng'', ''h'', ''s'', ''gw'', ''kw'', ''j'', ''w''.
* The vowel: ''aa'', ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u''.
* The nasal stop: ''m'', ''ng''.
* The coda: ''i'' (except for its use in the coda {{IPA|/y/}} in Jyutping; see below), ''u'', ''m'', ''n'', ''ng'', ''p'', ''t'', ''k''.
But they have some differences:
* The vowel ''oe'' represents both {{IPA|/ɵ/}} and {{IPA|/œː/}} in Cantonese Pinyin whereas ''eo'' and ''oe'' represent {{IPA|/ɵ/}} and {{IPA|/œː/}} respectively in Jyutping.
* The vowel ''y'' represents {{IPA|/y/}} in Cantonese Pinyin whereas both ''yu'' (used in the nucleus) and ''i'' (used in the coda of the final -''eoi'') are used in Jyutping.
* The initial ''dz'' represents {{IPA|/ts/}} in Cantonese Pinyin whereas ''z'' is used instead in Jyutping.
* The initial ''ts'' represents {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} in Cantonese Pinyin whereas ''c'' is used instead in Jyutping.
* To represent [[Social:Tone (linguistics)|tones]], the numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin, although the use of 1, 3, 6 to replace 7, 8, 9 for the checked tones is acceptable. However, only the numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping.

== Examples ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Traditional
!Simplified
!Romanization
|-
|{{lang|yue-Hant|廣州話}}
|{{lang|yue-Hans|广州话}}
|Gwong2 zau1 waa2
|-
|{{lang|yue-Hant|粵語}}
|{{lang|yue-Hans|粤语}}
|Jyut6 jyu5
|-
|{{lang|yue-Hant|你好}}
|{{lang|yue-Hans|你好}}
|nei5 hou2
|}

Sample transcription of one of the ''300 Tang Poems'':

{| style="margin:auto; font-size:larger; text-align:left;"
|-
! width=200 | {{lang|yue-Hant|{{linktext|春曉}}<br /><small>孟浩然</small>}} || Ceon1 Hiu2<br /><small>Maang6 Hou6-jin4</small>
|-
| {{lang|yue-Hant|春眠不覺曉，}} || Ceon1 min4 bat1 gok3 hiu2,
|-
| {{lang|yue-Hant|處處聞啼鳥。}} || cyu3 cyu3 man4 tai4 niu5.
|-
| {{lang|yue-Hant|夜來風雨聲，}} || Je6 loi4 fung1 jyu5 sing1,
|-
| {{lang|yue-Hant|花落知多少？}} || faa1 lok6 zi1 do1 siu2?
|}

==Jyutping input method==
The '''Jyutping method''' ({{zh|t=粵拼輸入法}}) refers to a family of input methods based on the Jyutping romanization system.

The Jyutping method allows a user to input Chinese characters by entering the Jyutping romanization of a Chinese character (with or without tone, depending on the system) and then presenting the user with a list of possible characters with that pronunciation.

As of [[Software:MacOS Ventura|macOS Ventura]], Jyutping input with Traditional Chinese now comes standard on [[Software:MacOS|macOS]] under the name "Phonetic – Cantonese".

===List of Jyutping keyboard input utilities===
*[http://www.jyutping.com Online Jyutping Input Method] ({{lang|yue|網上粵拼輸入法}})
*[http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/webime_select.php MDBG Type Chinese]
*[http://www.hku.hk/linguist/staff/kkl_cime.htm Red Dragonfly] ({{lang|yue|紅蜻蜓粵語拼音詞語輸入法}})
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609032851/http://rescomp.stanford.edu/~domingo2/Chinese.html LSHK Jyutping] for Mac ([[Software:Mac OS 9|Mac OS 9]] and [[Software:MacOS|macOS]]) (The page also includes Yale input version 0.2)
*[http://www.pinyinjoe.com/faq/microsoft-office-2010-new-phonetic-cangjie-cantonese-jyutping-ime-update.htm Hong Kong Cantonese 2010] (via [http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30390 Microsoft Office IME 2010])
*[http://input.foruto.com/cccls/hkctv10.html Canton Easy Input] ({{lang|yue|粵語拼音輸入法}})
*[http://www.cpime.hk/p/cantonese-pinyin-input-software.html?lang=en Cantonese Phonetic IME] ({{lang|yue|廣東話拼音輸入法}}) (also called 'Cantonese Phonetic IME (CPIME) Jyutping' in Windows 10<ref>[http://www.pinyinjoe.com/faq/windows-10-cantonese-phonetic-ime-cpime.htm FAQ: How to select Cantonese Phonetic IME (CPIME) in Windows 10]</ref>)
*[https://rime.im/ RIME] ({{lang|yue|小狼毫輸入法引擎}})
*[[Software:Gboard|Gboard]]

==See also==
* Cantonese phonology

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Zee |first=Eric |date=1999 |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=58–60 |isbn=0521652367}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/essays/jyutping.htm Jyutping Pronunciation Guide]
* [http://input.foruto.com/ccc/jyt/ {{lang|yue|粵語拼盤}}]: Learning the phonetic system of Cantonese
* [http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ Chinese Character Database (Phonologically Disambiguated According to the Cantonese Dialect)]
* [http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/words/ The CantoDict Project] is a dedicated Cantonese-Mandarin-English online dictionary which uses Jyutping by default
* [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=chardict MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary (supports both Jyutping and Yale romanization)]

[[Category:Romanization of Chinese]]

{{Sourceattribution|Jyutping}}