View source for Social:Khanty language

{{Short description|Uralic language spoken in Russia}}
{{Infobox language
| name       = Khanty
| nativename    = {{lang|kca|ханты ясаң}} {{transl|kca|hantĭ jasaŋ}}
| states      = {{wipe|Russia}}
| region      = Khanty–Mansi
| ethnicity    = 31,467 Khanty people (2020 census)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
| speakers     = {{sigfig|13,900|2}}
| date       = 2020 census
| ref       = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку.|trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
| familycolor   = Uralic
| fam2       = [[Social:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]]
| fam3       = Ugric
| dia1       = Northern
| dia2       = Southern
| dia3       = Surgut
| dia4       = Far Eastern
| iso3       = kca
| glotto      = khan1279
| glottorefname  = Khantyic
| notice      = IPA
| fam4       = [[Social:Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]]
}}

'''Khanty''' (also spelled '''Khanti''' or '''Hanti'''), previously known as '''Ostyak''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|s|t|i|æ|k}}),<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> is a Uralic language spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century,<ref>Abondolo 2017</ref> however the total amount of speakers in the most recent census was around 13,900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khanty language, alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/khanty.htm |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>

The Khanty language has many [[Social:Dialect|dialect]]s. The western group includes the Obdorian, Ob, and Irtysh dialects. The eastern group includes the Surgut and Vakh-Vasyugan dialects, which, in turn, are subdivided into thirteen other dialects. All these dialects differ significantly from each other by [[Social:Phonetics|phonetic]], [[Social:Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]], and lexical features to the extent that the three main "dialects" (northern, southern and eastern) are mutually unintelligible.{{sfn|Gulya|1966|pp=5-6}} Thus, based on their significant multifactorial differences, Eastern, Northern and Southern Khanty could be considered separate but closely related languages.

==Alphabet==
'''Cyrillic'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001 |title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |date=2022-03-24 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-876766-4 |editor-last=Bakró-Nagy |editor-first=Marianne |editor-last2=Laakso |editor-first2=Johanna |editor-last3=Skribnik |editor-first3=Elena}}</ref>

{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
|+Northern Khanty Alphabet
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӑ ӑ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
|- style="text-align:center;" 
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ԯ&nbsp;ԯ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ң&nbsp;ң
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | П п
|- style="text-align:center;" 
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ў ў
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
|- style="text-align:center;" 
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |
|}
Palatalised consonants are designated by either ь or a yotated character.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Northern Khanty-IPA correspondence chart
!Cyrillic
|А а
|Ӑ ӑ
|В в
|Е е
|Ё ё
|Ә ә
|И и
|Й й
|К к
|Л л
|Ԯ&nbsp;ԯ
|М м
|Н н
|Ң&nbsp;ң
|О о
|П п
|Р р
|С с
|Т т
|У у
|Ў ў
|Х х
|Ш ш
|Щ щ
|Ы ы
|Э э
|Ю ю
|Я я
|-
!IPA
|ɑ
|ɐ, ə
|{{IPAlink|β}}
|je
|jɔ
|ɵ
|i
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|ɬ|ɬ}}
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|ɔ
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|u, ə
|ʉ
|{{IPAlink|x}}
|{{IPAlink|ʂ}}
|sʲ
|i
|e
|u, ʉ
|jɑ
|}

==Literary language==
[[File:Map of Russia - Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (2008-03).svg|thumb|300px|The Khanty language is spoken primarily in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in western Siberia]]
The Khanty [[Social:Written language|written language]] was first created after the October Revolution on the basis of the Latin script in 1930 and then with the [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] (with the additional letter {{angle bracket|ң}} for {{IPA|/ŋ/}}) from 1937.

Khanty literary works are usually written in three Northern dialects, Kazym, Shuryshkar, and Middle Ob. Newspaper reporting and broadcasting are usually done in the Kazymian dialect.

==Varieties==
[[File:Khanty Mansi dialects.svg|thumbnail|300px|Dialects of Khanty (and [[Social:Mansi language|Mansi]]):
{{legend|Yellow|Obdorsk (Salekhard) dialect}}
{{legend|Orange|Ob dialects}}
{{legend|Red|Southern (Irtysh) Khanty}}
{{legend|Turquoise|Surgut dialects}}
{{legend|LimeGreen|Far Eastern (Vakh-Vasyugan) dialects}}]]
Khanty is divided in three main dialect groups, which are to a large degree [[Social:Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]], and therefore best considered three languages: Northern, Southern and Eastern. Individual dialects are named after the rivers they are or were spoken on. Southern Khanty is probably extinct by now.{{sfn|Abondolo|1998|pp=358-359}}{{sfn|Honti|1998|pp=328-329}}
*'''Eastern Khanty'''<ref>{{citation|first=László|last=Honti|year=1981|title=Ostjakin kielen itämurteiden luokittelu|work=Congressus Quintus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, Turku 20.-27. VIII. 1980|pages=95–100|publisher=Suomen kielen seura|location=Turku}}</ref>
**Far Eastern (Vakh, Vasjugan, Verkhne-Kalimsk, Vartovskoe)
**Surgut (Jugan, Malij Jugan, Pim, Likrisovskoe, Tremjugan, Tromagan)
*transitional: Salym
*Western Khanty
**'''Northern Khanty'''
*** Obdorsk
*** Berjozov (Synja, Muzhi, Shuryshkar), Kazym, Sherkal
*** transitional: Atlym, Nizyam
**'''Southern Khanty''': Upper Demjanka, Lower Demjanka, Konda, Cingali, Krasnojarsk
The Salym dialect can be classified as transitional between Eastern and Southern (Honti:1998 suggests closer affinity with Eastern, Abondolo:1998 in the same work with Southern). The Atlym and Nizyam dialects also show some Southern features.

Southern and Northern Khanty share various innovations and can be grouped together as Western Khanty. These include loss of full front rounded vowels: *üü, *öö, *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *ii, *ee, *ää (but *ɔ̈ɔ̈ > *oo adjacent to *k, *ŋ),{{sfn|Honti|1998|p=336}} loss of vowel harmony, fricativization of *k to /x/ adjacent to back vowels,{{sfn|Abondolo|1998|pp=358–359}} and the loss of the *ɣ phoneme.{{sfn|Honti|1998|p=338}}

==Phonology==
A general feature of all Khanty varieties is that while long vowels are not distinguished, a contrast between plain vowels (e.g. {{IPA|/o/}}) vs. reduced or extra-short vowels (e.g. {{IPA|/ŏ/}}) is found. This corresponds to an actual length distinction in Khanty's close relative [[Social:Mansi language|Mansi]]. According to scholars who posit a common [[Social:Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]] ancestry for the two, this was also the original Proto-Ob-Ugric situation.

Palatalization of consonants is phonemic in Khanty, as in most other Uralic languages. Retroflex consonants are also found in most varieties of Khanty.

Khanty word stress is usually on the initial syllable.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diachronic change in Erzya word stress |last=Estill |first=Dennis |publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society |year=2004 |isbn=952-5150-80-1 |location=Helsinki |page=179}}</ref>

===Proto-Khanty===
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| !! Bilabial !! Dental !! Palatal(ized) !! Retroflex !! Velar
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| Nasal
| {{UPA|*m}}<br>[m] || {{UPA|*n}}<br>[n] || {{UPA|*ń}}<br>[nʲ] || {{UPA|*ṇ}}<br>[ɳ] || {{UPA|*ŋ}}<br>[ŋ]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| Stop/<br>Affricate
| {{UPA|*p}}<br>[p] || {{UPA|*t}}<br>[t] || {{UPA|*ć}}<br>[tsʲ]|| {{UPA|*č̣}}<br>[ʈʂ]|| {{UPA|*k}}<br>[k]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"| Fricative
! <small>central</small>
| || {{UPA|*s}}<br>[s] || || || {{UPA|*γ}}<br>[ɣ]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>lateral</small>
| || {{UPA|*ᴧ}}<br>[ɬ] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| Lateral
| || {{UPA|*l}}<br>[l] || {{UPA|*ľ}}<br>[lʲ] || {{UPA|*ḷ}}<br>[ɭ] ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| Trill
| || {{UPA|*r}}<br>[r] || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| Semivowel
| {{UPA|*w}}<br>[w] || || {{UPA|*j}}<br>[j] || ||
|}
19 consonants are reconstructed for Proto-Khanty, listed with the traditional [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|UPA]] transcription shown above and an [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription shown below.

A major consonant isogloss among the Khanty varieties is the reflexation of the lateral consonants, *ɬ (from Proto-Uralic *s and *š) and *l (from Proto-Uralic *l and *ð).{{sfn|Honti|1998|p=338}} These generally merge, however with varying results: /l/ in the Obdorsk and Far Eastern dialects, /ɬ/ in the Kazym and Surgut dialects, and /t/ elsewhere. The Vasjugan dialect still retains the distinction word-initially, having instead shifted *ɬ > /j/ in this position. Similarly, the palatalized lateral *ľ developed to /lʲ/ in Far Eastern and Obdorsk, /ɬʲ/ in Kazym and Surgut, and /tʲ/ elsewhere. The retroflex lateral *ḷ remains in Far Eastern, but in /t/-dialects develops into a new plain /l/.

Other dialect isoglosses include the development of original *ć to a palatalized stop /tʲ/ in Eastern and Southern Khanty, but to a palatalized sibilant /sʲ ~ ɕ/ in Northern, and the development of original *č similarly to a sibilant /ʂ/ (= UPA: {{UPA|š}}) in Northern Khanty, partly also in Southern Khanty.

===Eastern Khanty===

====Far Eastern====
The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid [[Social:Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system: The subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix ''-nə-'', while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be ''absolutive''. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.

Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with five reduced vowels {{IPA|/ĕ ø̆ ə̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/}} and full {{IPA|/i y ɯ u e ø o æ ɑ/}}. Some researchers also report {{IPA|/œ ɔ/}}.{{sfn|Abondolo|1998|p=360}}{{Sfn|Filchenko|2007}}

{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Vakh Khanty consonants{{sfn|Honti|1998|p=338}}
|-
! !! Bilabial !! Dental !! Palatal/ized !! Retroflex !! Velar
|-
! Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || {{IPAlink|nʲ}} || {{IPAlink|ɳ}} || {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|-
! Plosive
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || {{IPAlink|tʲ}} || || {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
! Affricate
| || || {{IPAlink|tʃ}} || ||
|-
! Fricative
| || {{IPAlink|s}} || || || {{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|-
! Lateral
| || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|lʲ}} || {{IPAlink|ɭ}} ||
|-
! Trill
| || {{IPAlink|r}} || || ||
|-
! Semivowel
| {{IPAlink|w}} || || {{IPAlink|j}} || ||
|}

====Surgut====

{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Surgut Khanty consonants{{sfn|Csepregi|1998|pp=12-13}}
!colspan="2"| !! Bilabial !! Dental /<br>Alveolar !! Palatal/ized !! Post-<br>alveolar !! Velar !! Uvular
|-
!colspan=2| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪}}
| {{IPAlink|nʲ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
!colspan=2| Plosive / Affricate
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}}
| {{IPAlink|tʲ}} ~ {{IPAlink|tɕ}} {{efn|/tʲ/ can be realized as an affricate [tɕ] in the Tremjugan and Agan sub-dialects.}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{efn|name=velar/uvular|The velar/uvular contrast is predictable in inherited vocabulary: [q] appears before back vowels, [k] before front and central vowels. However, in loanwords from Russian, [k] may also be found before back vowels.}}
| {{IPAlink|q}} {{efn|name=velar/uvular}}
|-
!rowspan=2| Fricative
! <small>central</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
| ({{IPAlink|ʃ}}) {{efn|The phonemic status of [ʃ] is not clear. It occurs in some words in variation with [s], in others in variation with [tʃ].}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʁ}}
|-
! <small>lateral</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}} {{efn|In the Pim sub-dialect, /ɬ/ has recently shifted to /t/, a change that has spread from Southern Khanty.}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬʲ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
| ({{IPAlink|ʁ̞ʷ}}) {{efn|The labialized postvelar approximant [ʁ̞ʷ] occurs in the Tremjugan sub-dialect as an allophone of /w/ between back vowels, for some speakers also word-initially before back vowels. Research from the early 20th century also reported two other labialized phonemes: /kʷ~qʷ/ and /ŋʷ/, but these are no longer distinguished.}}
|-
! colspan=2| Trill
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

===Northern Khanty===
The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+ Kazym Khanty consonants{{sfn|Honti|1998|p=338}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2| Bilabial
!colspan=2| Dental
!rowspan=2| Retroflex
!rowspan=2| Palatal
!rowspan=2| Velar
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
|-
!colspan=2| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| nʲ
| {{IPAlink|ɳ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|-
!colspan=2| Plosive
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
!rowspan=2| Fricative
! <small>central</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| sʲ
| {{IPAlink|ʂ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|x}}
|-
! <small>lateral</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ɬ|ɬ}}
| ɬʲ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| Approximant
! <small>central</small>
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|-
! <small>lateral</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| Trill
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full {{IPA|/i e a ɒ o u/}} and four reduced {{IPA|/ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/}}. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: {{IPA|/ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/}}.{{sfn|Honti|1998|p=337}}{{Sfn|Kaksin|2007}}

A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full {{IPA|/e a ɒ u/}} and reduced {{IPA|/ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/}}. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of [[Social:Mansi language|Mansi]].{{sfn|Abondolo|1998|p=360}}

The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels {{IPA|/i e æ ɑ o u/}} and reduced vowels {{IPA|/æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/}}).{{sfn|Abondolo|1998|p=360}} It however has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted {{UPA|*š}} {{UPA|*ṇ}} to /s n/.

==Grammar==
{{Citations missing|section|date=April 2018}}

===The noun===
The nominal suffixes include [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] ''{{IPA|-ŋən}}'', plural ''{{IPA|-(ə)t}}'', dative ''{{IPA|-a}}'', locative/instrumental ''{{IPA|-nə}}''.

For example:<ref>Nikolaeva, I. A. (1999). Ostyak. Lincom Europa.</ref>
:''xot'' "house" (cf. [[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]] ''koti'' "home", or Hungarian "ház")
:''xotŋəna'' "to the two houses"
:''xotətnə'' "at the houses" (cf. [[Social:Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''otth'''on''''', Finnish ''koto'''na''''' "at home", an exceptional form using the old, locative meaning of the essive case ending -na).

Singular, dual, and plural possessive suffixes may be added to singular, dual, and plural nouns, in three persons, for 3<sup>3</sup> = 27 forms. A few, from ''məs'' "cow", are:
:''məsem'' "my cow"
:''məsemən'' "my two cows"
:''məsew'' "my cows"
:''məstatən'' "the two of our cows"
:''məsŋətuw'' "our two cows"

===Pronouns===
The personal pronouns are, in the nominative case:
{|
|-
| || SG || DU || PL
|-
| 1st person || ''ma'' || ''min'' || ''muŋ''
|-
| 2nd person || ''naŋ'' || ''nən'' || ''naŋ''
|-
| 3rd person || ''tuw'' || ''tən'' || ''təw''
|}

The cases of ''ma'' are accusative ''manət'' and dative ''manəm''.

The demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are:
:''tamə'' "this", ''tomə'' "that", ''sit'' "that yonder": ''tam xot'' "this house".

Basic interrogative pronouns are:
:''xoy'' "who?", ''muy'' "what?"

===Numerals===
Khanty numerals, compared with Hungarian and Finnish, are:


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Khanty !! Hungarian !! Finnish
|-
| 1|| yit, yiy|| egy || yksi
|-
| 2|| katn, kat|| kettő, két || kaksi
|-
| 3|| xutəm|| három || kolme
|-
| 4|| nyatə|| négy|| neljä
|-
| 5|| wet || öt || viisi
|-
|6|| xut || hat || kuusi
|-
|7|| tapət || hét || seitsemän
|-
|8|| nəvət || nyolc || kahdeksan
|-
|9|| yaryaŋ {{ref label|short|A|A}} || kilenc || yhdeksän
|-
|10 || yaŋ || tíz || kymmenen
|-
|20 || xus || húsz || kaksikymmentä
|-
|30||xutəmyaŋ {{ref label|three|B|B}}||harminc ||kolmekymmentä
|-
|40||nyatəyaŋ {{ref label|four|C|C}} || negyven ||neljäkymmentä
|-
|100 || sot || száz || sata
|}
{|
|-
|{{note label|short|A|A}} Possibly 'short of ten'
|-
|{{note label|energy|B|B}} 'three tens'
|-
|{{note label|financial|C|C}} 'four tens'
|}

The formation of multiples of ten shows Slavic influence in Khanty, whereas Hungarian uses the collective derivative suffix ''-van (-ven)'' closely related to the suffix of the adverbial participle which is ''-va (-ve)'' today but used to be ''-ván (-vén)''. Note also the regularity of {{IPA|[xot]-[haːz]}} "house" and {{IPA|[sot]-[saːz]}} "hundred".

=== Nomen ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Case and number inflection of qɒːt ‘house<ref>{{Citation |last1=Schön |first1=Zsófia |title=East Khanty |date=2022-03-24 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032 |work=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |pages=608–635 |access-date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032 |isbn=978-0-19-876766-4 |last2=Gugán |first2=Katalin}}</ref>
!Case
! colspan="3" |Number
|-
|
|Singular
|Dual
|Plural
|-
|NOM
|qɒːt
house
|qɒːtɣən
two houses
|qɒːtət
houses
|-
|DLAT
|qɒːtɐ
to the house
|qɒːtɣənɐ
to the two houses
|qɒːtətɐ
to the houses
|-
|LOC
|qɒːtnə
in the house
|qɒːtɣənnə
in the two houses
|qɒːtətnə
in the houses
|-
|ABL
|qɒːti
from the house
|qɒːtɣəni
from the two houses
|qɒːtəti
from the houses
|-
|APRX
|qɒːtnɐm
towards the house
|qɒːtɣənnɐm
towards the two houses
|qɒːtətnɐm
towards the houses
|-
|TRSL
|qɒːtɣə
as the house 
|qɒːtɣənɣə
as the two houses
|qɒːtətɣə
as the houses
|-
|INSC
|qɒːtɐt
with the house
|qɒːtɣənɐt
with the two houses 
|qɒːtətɐt
with the houses
|-
|COM
|qɒːtnɐt
with the house
|qɒːtɣənnɐt
with the two houses 
|qɒːtətnɐt
with the houses
|-
|ABE
|qɒːtɬəɣ
without the house
|qɒːtɣənɬəɣ
without the two houses 
|qɒːtətɬəɣ
without the houses
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns in Surgut Kanty<ref>{{Citation |last1=Schön |first1=Zsófia |title=East Khanty |date=2022-03-24 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032 |work=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |pages=608–635 |access-date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0032 |isbn=978-0-19-876766-4 |last2=Gugán |first2=Katalin}}</ref>
!
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Dual
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|
|1.
|2.
|3.
|1.
|2.
|3.
|1.
|2.
|3.
|-
|NOM
|mɐː
|nʉŋ
|ɬʉβ, ɬʉɣ
|miːn
|niːn
|ɬiːn
|məŋ
|nəŋ, niŋ
|ɬəɣ, ɬiɣ
|-
|ACC
|mɐːnt
|nʉŋɐt
|ɬʉβɐt
ɬʉβət
|miːnt
miːnɐt
|niːnɐt
|ɬiːnɐt
|məŋɐt
|nəŋɐt
|ɬəɣɐt
|-
|DAT
|mɐːntem
|nʉŋɐti
|ɬʉβɐti
|miːnɐtem
miːntem
minɐti
|niːnɐti
|ɬiːnɐti
|məŋɐtem
məŋɐti
|nəŋɐti
niŋɐti
|ɬəɣɐti
|-
|LAT
|mɐːntemɐ
|nʉŋɐtinɐ
nʉŋɐtenɐ
nʉŋɐtijɐ
|ɬʉβɐtiɬɐ
ɬʉβɐtinɐ
ɬʉβɐtɐ
|miːnɐtemɐ
miːntemɐ
|niːnɐtinɐ
niːnɐtenɐ
niːnɐtijɐ
|ɬiːnɐtiɬɐ
ɬiːnɐtinɐ
|məŋɐtinɐ
məŋɐtemɐ
|nəŋɐtinɐ
nəŋɐtenɐ
nəŋɐtijɐ
|ɬəɣɐtiɬɐ
ɬəɣɐtinɐ
|-
|LOC
|mɐːntemnə
mɐːnə, mɐːnnə
mɐːn
|nʉŋɐtinə
nʉŋnə
nʉŋən, nʉŋn
|ɬʉβɐtiɬnə
ɬʉβɐtinə
ɬʉβnə, ɬʉβən
|miːnɐtemnə
miːntemnə
miːnnə, miːnən
|niːnɐtinnə
niːnən
|ɬiːnɐtiɬnə
ɬiːnɐtinnə
ɬiːnnə, ɬiːnən
|məŋɐtemnə
məŋɐtinnə
məŋnə, məŋən
|nəŋɐtinnə
nəŋən, niŋnə
|ɬəɣɐtiɬnə
ɬəɣɐtinnə
ɬəɣnə, ɬəɣən
|-
|ABL
|mɐːntemi 
mɐːni
|nʉŋɐtini 
nʉŋɐteni 
nʉŋi
|ɬʉβɐtiɬi 
ɬʉβɐtini 
ɬʉβɐti, ɬʉβi
|miːnɐtemi 
miːntemi 
miːnɐti, miːni
|niːnɐtini 
niːnɐteni 
niːni
|ɬiːnɐtiɬi 
ɬiːnɐtini 
ɬiːnɐti, ɬiːni
|məŋtemi 
məŋɐtini 
məŋɐti, məŋi
|nəŋɐtini 
nəŋɐteni 
niŋɐtiji, nəŋi
|ɬəɣɐtiɬi 
ɬəɣɐtini 
ɬəɣɐti, ɬəɣi
|-
|APRX
|mɐːntemnɐm 
mɐːnnɐm
|nʉŋɐtəɬnɐm 
nʉŋɐtinɐm 
nʉŋɐtenɐm 
nʉŋnɐm
|ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐm 
ɬʉβɐtinɐm 
ɬʉβnɐm
|miːnɐtemnɐm 
miːnɐtimənɐ 
miːnɐm
|niːnɐtinɐm 
niːnɐtenɐm 
niːnɐnɐm
|ɬiːnɐtiɬnɐm 
ɬiːnɐtinɐm 
ɬiːnɐtijɐt
|məŋɐtemnɐm 
məŋɐtinɐm 
məŋnɐm
|nəŋɐtinɐm 
niŋɐtinɐm 
nəŋɐtenɐm 
nəŋɐtijɐ
|ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐm 
ɬəɣɐtinɐm 
ɬəɣnɐm
|-
|TRSL
|mɐːntemɣə 
mɐːnɣə
|nʉŋɐtinɣə 
nʉŋɐtiɣə 
nʉŋɐtenɣə 
nʉŋkə
|ɬʉβɐtiɬɣə 
ɬʉβɐtinɣə 
ɬʉβɐtiɣə 
ɬʉβkə
|miːnɐtemɣə miːnɐtikkə miːnɣə
|niːnɐtinɣə niːnɐtiɣə niːnɐtikkə niːnɣə
|ɬiːnɐtiɬɣə ɬiːnɐtinɣə ɬiːnɐtikkə ɬiːnɣə
|məŋtemɣə məŋɐtinɣə məŋɐtikkə məŋkə
|nəŋɐtinɣə nəŋɐtiɣə nəŋɐtikkə nəŋkə
|ɬəɣɐtiɬɣə ɬəɣɐtinɣə ɬəɣɐtikkə ɬəɣkə
|-
|INSC
|mɐːntemɐt
|nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋɐtijɐt
|ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬɐt ɬʉβɐtijɐt
|miːntemɐt
|niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnɐtijɐt
|ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtijɐt
|məŋɐtemɐt məŋɐteβɐt
|nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋɐtijɐt
|ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬɐt ɬəɣɐtijɐt
|-
|COM
|mɐːntemnɐt mɐːnnɐt
|nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋnɐt
|ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtəɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβnɐt
|miːnɐtemnɐt miːntemnɐt miːnnɐt
|niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnnɐt
|ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnnɐt
|məŋɐtinɐt məŋɐtemnɐt məŋɐtiβnɐt məŋnɐt
|nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋnɐt
|ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣnɐt
|-
|ABE
|mɐːntemɬəɣ
|nʉŋɐtiɬəɣ nʉŋɐtinɬəɣ
|ɬʉβɐtiɬəɣ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Explanation of the case abbreviations ====
NOM: Nominative case 

ACC: Accusative case 

DAT: Dative case

LAT: Lative case, collapse of differentiated local cases. Used to indicate the relative location. 

LOC: Locative case Used to indicate place and direction.<ref>Ostyak, Nikoleva 1999, page 13</ref>

ABL: Ablative case, external case meaning: moving away from something.<ref>Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993</ref>

APRX: Aproximative case, used to indicate a path towards.<ref>Ostyak, Nikoleva 1999, page 13</ref>

TRSL: Translative case, used to indicate transformation.<ref>Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993</ref>

INSC: Instructive case, related to Instrumental case, as in something is an instrument to an action.<ref>Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993</ref>

COM: Comitatative case, meaning with something.<ref>Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993</ref>

ABE: Abessive, ised to indicate that something is without x.<ref>Holmberg & Nikanne, 1993</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |possessee<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schön, Gugán |first=Zsófia, Katalin |title=The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |pages=615 |language=english}}</ref>
|-
|possessor
|singular
|dual
|plural
|-
|1sg
| -əm
| -ɣəɬɐm
| -ɬɐm
|-
|2sg
| -ən, -ɐ, -ɛ
| -ɣəɬɐ
| -ɬɐ
|-
|3sg
| -əɬ
| -ɣəɬ
| -ɬɐɬ
|-
|1du
| -imen
| -ɣəɬəmən
| -ɬəmən
|-
|2du
| -n
| -ɣəɬən
| -ɬən
|-
|3du
| -in
| -ɣəɬən
| -ɬən
|-
|1pl
| -iβ
| -ɣəɬəβ
| -ɬəβ
|-
|2pl
| -in
| -ɣəɬən
| -ɬən
|-
|3pl
| -iɬ
| -ɣəɬ
|<nowiki>-ɬɐɬ</nowiki>
|}

==Morphology==
===Verbs<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. (2022)</ref> === 
Khanty verbs have to agree with the subject in person and number. There are two paradigms for conjugation. One where the verb only agrees with the subject (subjective conjugation column in the verbal suffixes table) and one where the verb agrees with both subject and object (objective conjugation in the same table). In a sentence with a subject and an object the subjective conjugation puts the object in focus. The same kind of sentence with objective conjugation leaves the object topically. <ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 616</ref>
[[File:Khanty-photo.png|thumb|A table of verb suffixes in Khanty]]
Khanty has the tenses present and past, the moods indicative and imperative and two voices, passive and active. <ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 616</ref>
Generally, the present tense is marked and the past is unmarked, but for some verbs present and past are distinguished by vowel alternation or consonant insertion.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 616</ref>
The order of suffixes is always tense-(passive.)number-person.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 618</ref>

Non-finite verb forms are: infinitve, converb, and four particle verb forms.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 618</ref> Infinitive can complement a modal verb or a motion verb such as go. Standing alone it means necessity or possibility.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 619</ref>

The participles are present, past, negative and conditional. The first two are in use while the latter two are seemingly going extinct.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 619</ref>

===Questions===
Yes/no questions are marked only by intonation. Indirect yes/no questions are constructed with “or” 
For example:<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 625</ref> S/he asked if Misha was tired [or not]. 
Wh-questions most often contain a wh-word in the focus position.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic languages, page 625</ref>

===Negation===
Negation is marked by the particle əntə, that appears adjecent to the verb and between the particles of particle verbs. <ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic languages, page 625</ref> This is different from some other uralic languages as those thend to have a negation verb or at least a negation particle that is declined in some way. 

==Syntax==
Both Khanty and [[Social:Mansi language|Mansi]] are basically nominative–accusative languages but have innovative morphological ergativity. In an ergative construction, the object is given the same case as the subject of an '''intransitive''' verb, and the locative is used for the agent of the transitive verb (as an instrumental) . This may be used with some specific verbs, for example "to give": the literal Anglicisation would be "by me (subject) a fish (object) gave to you (indirect object)" for the equivalent of the sentence "I gave you a fish". However, the ergative is only morphological (marked using a case) and not syntactic, so that, in addition, these may be passivized in a way resembling English. For example, in [[Social:Mansi language|Mansi]], "a dog (agent) bit you (object)" could be reformatted as "you (object) were bitten, by a dog (instrument)".

Khanty is an agglutinative language and employs an [[Social:Subject–object–verb|SOV]] order.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaSdffgD9t4C&q=Komi+word+order&pg=PA14 |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union |first=Lenore A |last=Grenoble |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=9781402012983 |page=14}}</ref>

=== Word order ===
On the phrasal level, the traditional relations are typical for an OV language. For example: PPs can come after the verb. Manner adverbs precede the verb. The verb phrase precedes the auxiliary. The possessor precedes the possessed.<ref>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, page 622</ref>

On the sentence level, case alignment in Surgut Khanty clauses follows a nominative-accusative pattern.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622</ref> Both the subject and the object can be dropped if they are pragmatically inferable.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622</ref> This is possible even in the same sentence.

Khanty is a verb final language, but this is not absolute as about 10% of sentences have other phrases behind the verb.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 624</ref> While the word order in matrix clauses is more variable, in embedded clauses it is quite strict.<ref>Ostyak (languages of the world), page 57</ref> The constraints are due to grammatical relations and discourse information. In older sources these phrases have content that was already introduced in the discourse while in newer sources newly introduced content can also be placed post verbally. Schön and Gugán speculate that this is because of contact with other languages, namely Russian.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 624</ref>

=== Imperative ===
Imperative clauses have the same structure as declarative sentences, apart from complex predicates where the verb may precede the preverb. Prohibitive sentences include a prohibitive particle.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 626</ref>

=== Passive ===
In Khanty passive voice is achieved by moving other phrases than the subject into subject position, focus on the agent and indefiniteness of the agent.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622</ref> 

=== Pro-drop ===
In Khanty names or pronouns can only be dropped if they are obvious from the context and marked on the verb.<ref>The Oxford guide to Uralic languages, page 622</ref> 

==Lexicon==
The lexicon of the Khanty varieties is documented relatively well. The most extensive early source is Toivonen (1948), based on field records by K. F. Karjalainen from 1898 to 1901. An etymological interdialectal dictionary, covering all known material from pre-1940 sources, is Steinitz et al. (1966–1993).

Schiefer (1972)<ref>{{cite journal|first=Erhard|last=Schiefer|year=1972|title=Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache. Lieferung 1 – 5, Berlin 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972.
|journal=Études Finno-Ougriennes|volume=9|pages=161–171}}</ref> summarizes the etymological sources of Khanty vocabulary, as per Steinitz et al., as follows:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| rowspan="4"| Inherited || rowspan="4"| 30%
| Uralic || 5%
|-
| [[Social:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] || 9%
|-
| Ugric || 3%
|-
| [[Social:Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]] || 13%
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[Social:Loanword|Borrowed]] || rowspan="4"| 28%
| [[Social:Komi language|Komi]] || 7%
|-
| [[Social:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]]<br><small>([[Social:Selkup language|Selkup]] and [[Social:Nenets languages|Nenets]])</small> || 3%
|-
| [[Social:Tatar language|Tatar]] || 10%
|-
| [[Social:Russian language|Russian]] || 8%
|-
| unknown || 40%
|}
Futaky (1975)<ref>{{cite book|first=István|last=Futaky|year=1975|title=Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen|publisher=[[Company:Harrassowitz Verlag|Harrassowitz Verlag]]|location=Wiesbaden}}</ref> additionally proposes a number of loanwords from the [[Social:Tungusic languages|Tungusic languages]], mainly [[Social:Evenki language|Evenki]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Khanty|first=Daniel|last=Abondolo|year=1998
|encyclopedia=The Uralic Languages|editor-first=Daniel|editor-last=Abondolo
}}
*{{cite book|first=Márta|last=Csepregi|title=Szurguti osztják chrestomathia|year=1998|series=Studia Uralo-Altaica Supplementum|volume=6|location=Szeged|url=http://babel.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/media/downloads/SzOCh_FUT_20110721.pdf|access-date=2014-10-11}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Filchenko |first=Andrey Yury |title=A grammar of Eastern Khanty |date=2007 |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |publisher=Rice University |url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/20605 |hdl=1911/20605 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite book
|title=Eastern Ostyak chrestomathy|first=János|last=Gulya|year=1966
|series=Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic series|volume=51
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Die Ob-Ugrischen Sprachen|first=László|last=Honti|year=1988
|encyclopedia=The Uralic Languages|editor-first=Denis|editor-last=Sinor
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=ObUgrian|first=László|last=Honti|year=1998
|encyclopedia=The Uralic Languages|editor-first=Daniel|editor-last=Abondolo
}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kaksin |first=Andrej D. |title=Казымский диалект хантыйского языка |publisher=Khanty-Mansijsk: Obsko-Ugorskij Institut Prikladnykh Issledovanij i Razrabotok |year=2007 |language=ru}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache|year=1966–1993
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=K. F. Karjalainen's Ostjakisches Wörterbuch|year=1948
|editor-last=Toivonen|editor-first=Y. H.|location=Helsinki|publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages|year=2022
|editor-last=Bakró-Nagy, Laakso, Skribnik|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Ostyak (Languages of the World)|year=1999
|editor-last=Nikolaeva|publisher=Lincom GmbH
}}
*Holmberg, A., Nikanne, U., Oraviita, I., Reime, H., & Trosterud, T. (1993). The structure of INFL and the finite clause in Finnish. ''Case and other functional categories in Finnish syntax'', ''39'', 177

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= kca/Main Page}}
*[http://www.policy.hu/filtchenko/khanty_language.htm Khanty Language]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khanty.htm Omniglot]
*[http://www.policy.hu/filtchenko/Documenting%20Eastern%20Khanty Documentation of Eastern Khanty]
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ura\oug&limit=-1 Khanty basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/khants.shtml Khanty Language and People]
*[https://archive.today/20141019011301/http://bookzz.org/book/1216050/2e6087 Khanty–Russian Russian–Khanty dictionary (download)], [https://1lib.eu/book/1216050/27db99 mirror] (in case the PDF link gets misdirected)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080604094258/http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kmatsum/kaken/Rusbiblio/Khanty.html Khanty Bibliographical Guide]
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/kca OLAC resources in and about the Khanty language]

{{Uralic languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Vowel-harmony languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Khanty language}}