View source for Social:Khwarezmian language

{{Short description|Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Central Asia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Khwārezmian
| altname = Chorasmian
| nativename = {{Script|Chrs|𐾸𐾲𐾰𐾻 𐾰𐾺 𐾹𐾶𐾰𐿂𐾺𐾸𐾽}} زڨاك ای خوارزم
| state = Khwarezm
| region = [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]]
| era = 550 BCE – 1200 CE
| ref = linglist
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = Iranian
| fam4 = [[Social:Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]]
| iso3 = xco
| glotto = khwa1238
| glottorefname = Khwarezmian
| linglist = xco
| script = [[Social:Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic alphabet]], [[Social:Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian alphabet]], Pahlavi script, Arabic script
}}

'''Khwārezmian''' (Khwarezmian: {{lang|xco|زڨاک‌ای خوارزم|transl=zβ'k 'y xw'rzm}}, ''zβ'k 'y xw'rzm'';<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex|title=Chwarezmischer Wortindex|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex/page/n691 686], 711}}</ref> also transliterated '''Khwarazmian''', '''Chorasmian''', '''Khorezmian''') is an extinct [[Social:Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian language]]<ref>D. N. Mackenzie. "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii The Chorasmian Language]" In: ''Encyclopedia Iranica''. Online access at June, 2011.</ref><ref>Andrew Dalby, ''Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages'', Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278.</ref><ref>MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249.</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293577/Iranian-languages ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Iranian languages"] (Retrieved 29 December 2008)</ref> closely related to [[Social:Sogdian language|Sogdian]]. The language was spoken in the area of Khwarezm (Chorasmia), centered in the lower Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea (the northern part of the modern Republic of Uzbekistan and the adjacent areas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan).

Knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and, as with Sogdian, little is known of its ancient form. Based on the writings of Khwarezmian scholars [[Biography:Al-Biruni|Al-Biruni]] and Zamakhshari, the language was in use at least until the 13th century, when it was gradually replaced by [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] for the most part, as well as several dialects of Turkic.<ref name="Iranica">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language]</ref>

Sources of Khwarezmian include astronomical terms used by al-Biruni, Zamakhshari's [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]–[[Social:Persian language|Persian]]–Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms and quotations to explain certain legal concepts, most notably the Qunyat al-Munya of Mukhtār al-Zāhidī al-Ghazmīnī (d. 1259/60).<ref name="Iranica" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsEnXesCb6AC|title=The Khwarezmian Element in the Qunyat Al-munya|last=MacKenzie|first=D. N.|date=1990|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780728601611|language=en}}</ref>

The noted scholar W.B. Henning was preparing a dictionary of Khwarezmian when he died, leaving it unfinished. A fragment of this dictionary was published posthumously by D.N. MacKenzie in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWNiAAAAMAAJ|title=A fragment of a Khwarezmian dictionary|last1=Henning|first1=Walter Bruno|last2=MacKenzie|first2=D. N.|date=1971|publisher=Lund Humphries|isbn=9780853312925|language=en}}</ref>

==Writing system==
{{Infobox writing system
| name      = Chorasmian
| qid       = Q72386710
| altname   = <!-- 2ary name -->
| type      = 
| typedesc  = <!-- (For providing additional info after a general type) -->
| languages = <!-- (Major languages using the writing system) -->
| time      = <!-- (Time period during which system was in use) -->
| fam1      = <!-- (Use famN to specify parent writing system/s) -->
| fam2      = <!--  Up to 15 parent writing systems can be listed -->
| sisters   = <!-- (For sister writing systems here with common origin) -->
| children  = <!-- (For child writing systems) -->
| sample    = <!-- (Sample image, WITHOUT "Image:" prefix) -->
| imagesize = <!-- (Sample image's size) -->
| unicode   = U+10FB0–U+10FDF
| iso15924  = Chrs
| iso15924 note = <!-- (To specify more text on the ISO 15924 four-letter codes, e.g. variants, aliases) -->
| footnotes = <!-- (Some information about the writing system) -->
| note      = none
}}
Before the advance of [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] in [[Place:Transoxiana|Transoxiana]] (early 8th century), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and Pahlavi with its roots in the Imperial Aramaic script. From the few surviving examples of this script on coins and artifacts, it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic logograms or ideograms, that is Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones e.g.
𐡔𐡍𐡕 (ŠNT) for سرذ, ''sarδ'', "year", 𐡍𐡐𐡔𐡉 (NPŠY) for خداك, ''xudāk'', "self" and 𐡌𐡋𐡊𐡀 (MLK') for اى شاه, ''ī šah'', "the king".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18010r-khwarezmian.pdf|title=Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Letter
!colspan="2"|Sound Value
!rowspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;"| Imperial Aramaic<br />equivalent
!rowspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;"| Phoenician<br />equivalent
|-
! style="font-size: smaller;"| Name
! style="font-size: smaller;"| '''Unicode'''
! style="font-size: smaller;"| Transliteration
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Aleph}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾰}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|ʾ}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡀}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤀}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Bet}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾲}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|b}}''
|/{{IPAblink|b}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡁}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤁}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Gimel}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾳}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|g}}
|/{{IPAblink|ɡ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡂}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤂}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Dalet}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾴}}
|{{transliteration|xco|d}}
|/{{IPAblink|d}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡃}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤃}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|He}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾵}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|h}}''
|/{{IPAblink|h}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡄}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤄}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Waw}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾶}}
|{{transliteration|xco|w}}
|/{{IPAblink|w}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡅}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤅}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Zayin}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾸}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|z}}''
|/{{IPAblink|z}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡆}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤆}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Heth}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾹}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|ḥ}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ħ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡇}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤇}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Yodh}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾺}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|y}}''
|/{{IPAblink|j}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡉}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤉}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Kaph}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾻}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|k}}
|/{{IPAblink|k}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡊}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤊}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Lamedh}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾼}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|l}}''
|/{{IPAblink|l}}
|{{lang|arc|𐡋}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤋}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Mem}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾽}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|m}}''
|/{{IPAblink|m}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡌}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤌}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Nun}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾾}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|n}}''
|/{{IPAblink|n}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡍}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤍}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Samekh}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾿}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|s}}''
|/{{IPAblink|s}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡎}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤎}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Ayin}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿀}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|ʿ}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ʕ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡏}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤏}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Pe}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿁}}
|{{transliteration|xco|p}}
|/{{IPAblink|p}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡐}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤐}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Resh}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿂}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|r}}''
|/{{IPAblink|r}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡓}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤓}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Shin}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿃}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|š}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ʃ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡔}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤔}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|Taw}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿄}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|t}}''
|/{{IPAblink|t}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡕}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤕}}
|}

After the advance of Islam, Khwarezmian was written using an adapted version of the [[Social:Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic alphabet]] with a few extra signs to reflect specific Khwarezmian sounds, such as the letter <span style="font-size:125%;">'''څ'''</span> which represents /ts/ and /dz/, as in the traditional [[Social:Pashto|Pashto]] orthography.<ref>THE KHWAREZMIAN GLOSSARY—I, D. N. MacKenzie [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Khwarazmi/khwarezmiangl1.pdf Link]</ref>

===Unicode===
{{Main|Chorasmian (Unicode block)}}
Khwarezmian script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0.

The Unicode block for Khwarezmian, called Chorasmian, is U+10FB0–U+10FDF:


==See also==
<!-- in alphabetical order -->
*Afrighids
*al-Khwārizmī
*Ancient Iranian peoples
*[[Biography:Al-Biruni|Al-Biruni]]
*[[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]]
*Iranian peoples
*Iranian languages
*Khwarezm
*[[Religion:Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrianism]]
*Zamakhshari

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
{{refbegin}}
;The Khwarezmian Glossary:
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--I |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=33 |issue=3 |date=1970 |pages=540–59 |jstor=614521}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--II |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=34 |issue=1 |date=1971 |pages=74–90 |jstor=614624}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--III |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=34 |issue=2 |date=1971 |pages=314–30 |jstor=612694}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--IV |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=34 |issue=3 |date=1971 |pages=521–37 |jstor=613900}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--V |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=35 |issue=1 |date=1972 |pages=56–73 |jstor=612794}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Livshits |first=Vladimir |title=Three Silver Bowls from the Isakovka Burial-Ground No. 1 with Khwarezmian and Parthian Inscriptions |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |volume=9 |issue=1–2 |date=2003 |pages=147–172 |doi=10.1163/157005703322114874}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=Lurje |first=Pavel B. |date=2018 |title=Some New Readings of Chorasmian Inscriptions on Silver Vessels and Their Relevance to the Chorasmian Era |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=279–306 |doi=10.1163/15700577-12341333}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii Encyclopedia Iranica, "The Chorasmian language" by D.N. Mackenzie]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040201160726/http://iranianlanguages.com/ https://web.archive.org/web/20040201160726/http://iranianlanguages.com/]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124244/http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124244/http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Khwarezmian Language}}
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Eastern Iranian languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Khwarezmian language}}