View source for Social:Kiwaian languages

{{Short description|Language family of New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Kiwaian
|region=Papua New Guinea
|familycolor=Papuan
|family=a primary language family
|glotto=kiwa1251
|glottorefname=Kiwaian
|map=Kiwaian languages.svg
|mapcaption=Map: The Kiwaian languages of New Guinea
{{legend|#FF5E5F|The Kiwaian languages}}
{{legend|#7BB5B6|Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{legend|#D9D9D9|Other Papuan languages}}
{{legend|#E09D00|Austronesian languages}}
{{legend|white|Uninhabited}}
}}

The '''Kiwaian languages''' form a [[Social:Language family|language family]] of New Guinea. They are a dialect cluster of half a dozen closely related languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/kiwai|title = Kiwai - newguineaworld}}</ref> They are grammatically divergent from the Trans–New Guinea languages, and typically have singular, dual, trial, and plural pronouns.<ref name="Pawley-TNG"/>

==Classification==
The Trans–New Guinea identity of Kiwaiian is supported by a relatively large number of basic lexical items. Ross (2005) tentatively linked Kiwaiian to the erstwhile [[Social:Language isolate|language isolate]] Porome. However, the evidence is only two pronouns, and the connection has not been accepted by other researchers.

==Languages==
* '''Kiwaian''' family: Kiwai, Bamu–Gama, Kerewo–Morigi, Waboda

Kiwaian languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.<ref name="Evans-Southern">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Southern New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=641–774 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

:{| {{table}}
|+ List of Kiwaian languages
! Language !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names
|-
| Southern Kiwai || Kiwai Rural LLG || 20,000 || Island Kiwai
|-
| Wabuda || Kiwai Rural LLG || 2,750 || 
|-
| Bamu || south Bamu Rural LLG || 6,310 || 
|-
| Northeast Kiwai || West Kikori Rural LLG || 6,000 || Urama
|-
| Kerewo || West Kikori Rural LLG || 1,090 || 
|-
| Morigi || West Kikori Rural LLG || ? || 
|}

==Proto-language==
===Phonemes===
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:<ref name=ngw>[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/kiwai New Guinea World, Kiwai]</ref>

:{| {{table}}
| *m || *n || || 
|-
| *p || *t || *s || *k 
|-
| *b || *d || || *g 
|-
| *w || *ɾ || || 
|}

:{| {{table}}
| *i || || *u
|-
| *e || || *o
|-
| || *a ||
|}

===Pronouns===
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as,<ref name=ngw/>

:{| {{table}}
! !!sg!!pl
|-
!1
|*mo||*nimo
|-
!2
|*oɾo||*nigo
|-
!3
| ?||*nei
|}

===Basic vocabulary===
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:<ref name=ngw/>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Kiwai
|-
| head/hair || *kepuɾu
|-
| hair/feather || *mus[ua]
|-
| ear || *gaɾe
|-
| eye || *idomaɾi
|-
| nose || *wodi
|-
| tooth || *ibo(-nVɾV)
|-
| tongue || *uototoɾo[p/b]e
|-
| leg/foot || *sakiɾo
|-
| blood || *kaɾima; *sa[w]i
|-
| bone || *soɾo
|-
| skin/bark || *tama
|-
| breast || *amo
|-
| louse || *nimo
|-
| dog || *[k]umu
|-
| bird || *wowogo
|-
| egg/fruit || *kikopu
|-
| tree || *nuk₂a; *kota
|-
| man/male || *dubu
|-
| woman || *oɾobo; *upi
|-
| sun/day || *saɾik₂i; *si[w]io
|-
| moon || *sagomi; *owe
|-
| water || *kobo
|-
| fire || *keɾa
|-
| stone || *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi
|-
| path || *gabo
|-
| name || *paini, *paina
|-
| eat/drink || *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.)
|-
| one || *nak[o/u]
|-
| two || *netoa
|}

==Evolution==
Kiwaian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

Southern Kiwai language:
*''magota'' ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
*''amo'' ‘breast < *amu
*''gare'' ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
*''pitu'' ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)[C]
*''baba'' ‘father’ < *mbapa
*''sagana'' ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
*''tuwo'' ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
*''era'' ‘tree’ < *inda
*''nimo'' ‘louse’ < *niman
*''epuru'' ‘head’ < *kV(mb,p)utu
*''kopu'' ‘short’ < *kutu(p,mb)a
*''abida'' ‘sister’ < *pi(n,nd)a

Other languages:
*Waboda ''kepuru'' < *kV(mb,p)utu
*Kerewo ''bena'' ‘shoulder’ < *mbena ‘arm’
*Morigi kota ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
*N.E. Kiwai ''modi'' ‘nose’ < *mundu
*Bamu ''kukamu'' ‘cold’ < *kukam(o,u)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Wurm, S.A. "[http://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-C26.217 The Kiwaian Language Family]". In Franklin, K. editor, ''The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea''. C-26:217-260. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. {{doi|10.15144/PL-C26.21}}
*Wurm, Stefan. 1951. ''Studies in the Kiwai Languages, Fly Delta, Papua, New Guinea''. Wien: Herold.

== External links ==
* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/kiwai Proto-Kiwai]

{{language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiwai-Porome languages}}
[[Category:Language families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Kiwaian languages}}