View source for Social:Kuot language

{{Short description|Language isolate of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kuot
|altname=Panaris
|states=Papua New Guinea
|region=New Ireland (10 villages)
|coordinates={{coord|-3.122883|151.485644|type:city_region:PG_source:enwiki|name=Panaras|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map=Papua New Guinea
|speakers=1,500
|date=2002
|ref=<ref name="Lindstrom-Thesis"/>
|familycolor=Papuan
|family=[[Social:Language isolate|Language isolate]]
|script=Latin
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Kuot is classified as Vulnerable by the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
|iso3=kto
|glotto=kuot1243
|glottorefname=Kuot
|notice=IPA
}}
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

The '''Kuot language''', or '''Panaras''', is a [[Social:Language isolate|language isolate]], the only non-[[Social:Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language spoken on the island of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Lindström (2002: 30) estimates that there are 1,500 fluent speakers of Kuot.<ref name="Lindstrom-Thesis"/> Perhaps due to the small speaker base, there are no significant dialects present within Kuot.<ref>Chung, Chul-Hwa & Chung, Kyung-Ja, [http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=37101 Kuot Grammar Essentials],  1993:p1</ref> It is spoken in 10 villages, including Panaras village ({{coord|-3.122883|151.485644|type:city_region:PG|name=Panaras}}) of Sentral Niu Ailan Rural LLG in New Ireland Province.

==Locations==
Kuot is spoken in the following 10 villages. The first five villages are located on the eastern coast, and the last five on the western coast in New Ireland.<ref name="Lindstrom-Thesis">Lindström, Eva. 2002. ''Topics in the Grammar of Kuot''. Ph.D. dissertation, Stockholm University.</ref>{{rp|29}} Geographical coordinates are also provided for each village.<ref name="UN-PNG">{{cite web |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup |title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup |author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea |work=Humanitarian Data Exchange |version=1.31.9 |date=2018}}</ref>
*Kama ({{coord|-2.977267|151.501072|type:city_region:PG|name=Kama}})
*Bol ({{coord|-2.996383|151.537008|type:city_region:PG|name=Bol}}) (mixed with [[Social:Nalik language|Nalik]] speakers)
*Fanafiliuo
*Liedan ({{coord|-3.021238|151.585456|type:city_region:PG|name=Liedan Village}})
*Kabi ({{coord|-3.067025|151.680387|type:city_region:PG|name=Kabil}})
*Naiama ({{coord|-3.063228|151.434449|type:city_region:PG|name=Naiama}})
*Panaras ({{coord|-3.122883|151.485644|type:city_region:PG|name=Panaras}})
*Naliut ({{coord|-3.14398|151.547271|type:city_region:PG|name=Neiruaran}})
*Nakalakalap ({{coord|-3.14398|151.547271|type:city_region:PG|name=Neiruaran}})
*Patlangat ({{coord|-3.159597|151.591463|type:city_region:PG|name=Patlangat}})
*Bimun ({{coord|-3.167725|151.604444|type:city_region:PG|name=Bimun}})

Combined, the two villages of Naliut and Nakalakalap are known as Neiruaran ({{coord|-3.14398|151.547271|type:city_region:PG|name=Neiruaran}}). Most of the villages are located in Sentral Niu Ailan Rural LLG, though some of the eastern villages, such as Kama and Bol, are located in Tikana Rural LLG.

The Kuot variety described by Lindström (2002) is that of Bimun village.

==Language contact==
Lenition in some Austronesian languages of New Ireland, namely Lamasong, Madak, Barok, [[Social:Nalik language|Nalik]], and Kara, may have diffused via influence from Kuot (Ross 1994: 566).<ref>Ross, Malcolm. 1994. Areal phonological features in north central New Ireland. In: Dutton and Tryon (eds.) Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 551–572. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref>

==Status==
Kuot is an endangered language and most children, if not all, grow up speaking [[Social:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]] instead.<ref name="Eva Lindström 2002 p. 102">Eva Lindström (November 12, 2002). "Kuot Language and Culture". Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University. Retrieved October 14, 2016. p. 102.</ref>

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Velar
|-
! colspan=2|Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}~{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} 
|-
! rowspan=2|Plosive 
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan=2|Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|ɸ}}~{{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}~{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|β}}~{{IPAlink|v}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|Lateral
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|-
! colspan=2|Flap
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|}

===Vowels===

The vowels /i/ and /u/ tend to become glide-vowels in occurrence with other vowels. The length of the vowels is not making differences for the meaning of words. The appearance of /i/ and /u/ with other vowels can not be seen as diphthong or a combination of vowel and glide-vowel. There are never more than three vowels per syllable. The combination of diphthong and vowel is also possible but they are pronounced in conditions of the syllable. Diphthongs are spoken like one sound.<ref name="Eva Lindström 2002 p. 102"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!Front
!Back
|-
! Close
| {{IPAlink|i}}
| {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPAlink|e}}
| {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
! Open
| {{IPAlink|a}}
|
|}

====Allophones====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! [[Social:Phoneme|Phoneme]]
! Allophones
|-
| {{IPA|/i/}}
| {{IPA|[i~ɪ~j]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/e/}}
| {{IPA|[e~ɛ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|[a~ʌ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/u/}}
| {{IPA|[u~ʊ~w]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/o/}}
| {{IPA|[o~ɔ]}}
|}

===Morphophonemic Alternations===

===='t' to 'r' Alternation====

The phoneme {{IPA|/t/}} in certain possessive markers, such as "''-tuaŋ''", "''-tuŋ''" and "''-tuo''" becomes {{IPA|/r/}} when it comes after a stem ending in a vowel.  Compare:

* ''ira-ruaŋ'' – my father
* ''luguan-tuaŋ''  – my house
* ''i'rama-ruo'' – my eye
* ''nebam-tuaŋ'' – my feather

====Vowel Shortening====

Where the third person singular masculine suffix "-oŋ" is used on a noun that ends with a vowel, this vowel is typically not pronounced.  For instance, "''amaŋa-oŋ''" is pronounced {{IPA|[aˈmaŋɔŋ]}}, not {{IPA|[aˈmaŋaɔŋ]}}.

====Voicing Rule====

When vowel-initial suffixes are added to stems that end in voiceless consonants, those consonants become voiced. For example:

* {{IPA|/obareit-oŋ/}} {{IPA|[obaˈreidoŋ]}} ''he splits it''
* {{IPA|/taɸ-o/}} {{IPA|[taˈβo]}} ''he drinks''
* {{IPA|/marik-oŋ/}} {{IPA|[maˈriɡoŋ]}} ''he prays''

The phoneme {{IPA|/p/}} becomes {{IPA|[β]}}, not {{IPA|[b]}}.

* {{IPA|/sip-oŋ/}} {{IPA|[ˈsiβɔŋ]}} ''it comes out''
* {{IPA|/irap-a/}} {{IPA|[iˈraβa]}} ''her eyes''

==Grammar==
Kuot is the only Papuan language that has VSO word order, similar to [[Social:Irish language|Irish]] and [[Social:Welsh language|Welsh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ling.su.se/staff/evali/kuot.htm |title=Kuot Language and Culture |author=Eva Lindström |date=November 12, 2002 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University |access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Foley-Typology">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=895–938 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>{{rp|920}} The [[Social:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of the language is primarily agglutinative.  There are two grammatical genders, male and female, and distinction is made in the first person between singular, dual, and plural, as well as between exclusive and inclusive.

For instance, the sentence {{lang|kto|parak-oŋ ira-ruaŋ kamin}} literally means 'my father eats sweet potato'. ''Parak-oŋ'' is a continuous aspect of the verb meaning 'to eat', ''ira'' means 'father', ''-ruaŋ'' is a suffix used to indicate inalienable possession ('my father'), and ''kamin'' is a simple noun meaning '[[Biology:Sweet potato|sweet potato]]'.

===Noun declensions===
Kuot nouns can be singular, dual, or plural. Below are some noun declension paradigms in Kuot (from Stebbins, et al. (2018), based on Lindström 2002: 147–146):<ref name="Stebbins-Island">{{cite book |last1=Stebbins |first1=Tonya |last2=Evans |first2=Bethwyn |last3=Terrill |first3=Angela |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=775–894 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

:{| {{table}}
! Class !! Noun root !! Gloss !! Singular !! Plural !! Dual
|-
| 1 || ‘plain’ || road || alaŋ || alaŋip || alaŋip-ien
|-
| 2 || ma || eye || irəma || irəp || irəp-ien
|-
| 3 || na || base (e.g. of tree) || muana || muap || muap-ien
|-
| 4 || bun || hen || puraibun || purailəp || purailəp-ien
|-
| 5 || bu || breadfruit tree || opəliobu || opələp || opələp-ien
|-
| 6 || uom || banana || pebuom || pebup || pebup-ien
|-
| 7 || bam || rib || binbam || binbəp || binbəp-ien
|-
| 8 || nəm || village || pianəm || pialap || pialap-ien
|-
| 9 || nim || name || bonim || bop || bop-ien
|-
| 10 || m || nit || dikkam || dikkəp || dikkəp-ien
|-
| 11 || n || weed || kaun || kaulup || kaulup-ien
|}

==Vocabulary==
The following basic vocabulary words are from Lindström (2008),<ref>Lindström, Eva. 2008. Field Notes.</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/kuot |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Kuot
|-
| head || bukom
|-
| hair || kapuruma
|-
| ear || kikinəm
|-
| eye || irəma
|-
| nose || akabunima; ŋof
|-
| tooth || laukima
|-
| tongue || məlobiem
|-
| louse || ineima
|-
| dog || kapuna
|-
| bird || amani; kobeŋ
|-
| egg || dəkər; səgər
|-
| blood || oləbuan
|-
| bone || muanəm
|-
| skin || kumalip; neip; pəppək
|-
| breast || sisima
|-
| man || mikana; teima
|-
| woman || makabun
|-
| sky || panbinim
|-
| moon || uləŋ
|-
| water || burunəm; danuot
|-
| fire || kit
|-
| stone || adəs
|-
| road, path || alaŋ
|-
| name || bonim
|-
| eat || o; parak
|-
| one || namurit
|-
| two || narain
|}

==See also==
* [[Social:East Papuan languages|East Papuan languages]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://transnewguinea.org/language/kuot Kuot language word list at TransNewGuinea.org]
*[http://www2.ling.su.se/staff/evali/swadesh100-Kuot.html Kuot Swadesh 100 Word List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110042203/http://www2.ling.su.se/staff/evali/swadesh100-Kuot.html |date=2013-11-10 }}
*[https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=590 Kuot word list] (Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database)

{{language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuot Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Kuot language}}