View source for Social:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

{{short description|Ongoing insurgency in central Africa}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
| image       =
| caption     =
| date        = 1987 – present<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year=1987}})
| place       = Northern Uganda (until 2006), South Sudan, eastern Congo-Kinshasha, Central African Republic
| status      = Ongoing
* Founder and leader of the LRA Joseph Kony goes into hiding
* Senior LRA commander Dominic Ongwen surrenders to American forces in the Central African Republic and is tried at the Hague<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30705649|title=US forces hold LRA commander|date=7 January 2015|via=www.bbc.com|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203110338/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30705649|archive-date=3 February 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/lords-resistance-army-commander-hague-court-kony|title=Lord's Resistance Army commanded tried at the Hague|publisher=TheGuardian.com|access-date=27 January 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2015-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126214349/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/lords-resistance-army-commander-hague-court-kony|archive-date=26 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Majority of LRA installations and encampments located in South Sudan and Uganda abandoned and dismantled
* Small scale LRA activity continues in eastern DR Congo, and the Central African Republic<ref name="newvision.co.ug">{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/734498 |title=New Vision Online : LRA rebels clashes with CAR forces |publisher=Newvision.co.ug |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=23 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010015135/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/734498 |archive-date=10 October 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| combatant1  = '''{{flag|Uganda}}'''<br>{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=DR Congo}}<br>{{nowrap|{{flag|Central African Republic}}}}<ref name="newvision.co.ug"/><br>{{flag|South Sudan}}<br>{{Noflag|Arrow Boys}}<br>{{flagicon|United Nations}} MONUC<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ABES-6LKL3W?OpenDocument |title=Guatemalan blue helmet deaths stir Congo debate – Democratic Republic of the Congo |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080616114332/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ABES-6LKL3W?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flag|United States}}<br> (2011–2017)<ref name="cnnusa">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/14/world/africa/africa-obama-troops/ | work=CNN | title=Obama orders U.S. troops to help chase down African 'army' leader | date=18 October 2011 | access-date=14 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015211315/http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/14/world/africa/africa-obama-troops/ | archive-date=15 October 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42094.pdf |title=The Lord's Resistance Army: The U.S. Response |last1=Arieff |first1=Alexis |last2=Ploch |first2=Lauren |date=15 May 2014 |website=fas.org |publisher=[[Social:Congressional Research Service|Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228193603/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42094.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/us-ends-six-year-hunt-ugandan-warlord-joseph-kony/ | title=U.S. Ends hunt for Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony | access-date=19 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420065842/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/us-ends-six-year-hunt-ugandan-warlord-joseph-kony/ | archive-date=20 April 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| combatant2  = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} '''[[Religion:Lord's Resistance Army|Lord's Resistance Army]]'''}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flag|Sudan}} (1994–2002)<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html|title=The LRA and Sudan|author=People & Power|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318090401/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
</ref>
| commander1  = {{flagicon|Uganda}} Yoweri Museveni<br>{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Joseph Kabila<br>{{flagicon|South Sudan}} Salva Kiir<br>{{flagicon|United Nations}} Alan Doss
| commander2  = {{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} Joseph Kony<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} Vincent Otti{{executed}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} Raska Lukwiya{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} Okot Odiambo{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} Dominic Ongwen{{Surrendered}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg}} Alphonse Lamola
| strength1   = '''2002:'''<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} 65,000–75,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Uganda-ARMED-FORCES.html|title=Armed forces – Uganda|website=www.nationsencyclopedia.com|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182215/https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Uganda-ARMED-FORCES.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
</ref><br>'''2010:'''<br>{{flagicon|Uganda}} 46,800<ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (2010-02-03). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge.</ref><br>'''2014:'''<br>
{{flagicon|Uganda}} 1,500<ref name="voanews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/hunting-the-lra-9nov12/1542562.html|title=Hunting the LRA in Central Africa|work=VOA|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026095508/http://www.voanews.com/content/hunting-the-lra-9nov12/1542562.html|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
----
{{flagicon|United States}} 300 advisers<ref name="The Washington Post">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/2014/03/23/aa468ca6-b2d0-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html|title=On the Hunt for Joseph Kony|work=Washington Post|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120145911/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/2014/03/23/aa468ca6-b2d0-11e3-8020-b2d790b3c9e1_story.html|archive-date=20 January 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| strength2   = '''1990:'''<br>200–800<ref name=Code>
[http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf |date=21 January 2012 }}  pp. 206–209
</ref><br>'''1998:'''<br>6,000<ref name= Code /><br>'''2007:'''<br>840–3,000<ref>
[http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72446 IRIN • humanitarian news and analysis from Africa, Asia and the Middle East – updated daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135919/http://www.irinnews.org/indepthmain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72446 |date=22 December 2015 }} 30 May 2007. Accessed 3 September 2011.
</ref><br>'''2014:'''<br>240<ref name="CBCNews">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/joseph-kony-s-lra-rebels-on-the-run-focusing-on-survival-1.2712118|title=Joseph Kony's LRA rebels on the run, focusing on survival|date=19 July 2014|publisher=Cbc.ca|access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
| units1      = {{flagicon|Uganda}} UPDF<br>{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} FARDC<br>{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} FACA<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the SPLA (2011 to present).svg}} SPLA
----
{{flagicon|United States}} SOF
| units2      = No specific units
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = ~600 killed (2009–2010)<ref name="hiik.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/pdf/ConflictBarometer_2010.pdf|title=CONFLICT BAROMETER 2010|publisher=Hiik.de|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030158/http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/pdf/ConflictBarometer_2010.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| casualties3 = 100,000+ killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/uganda-1987-2010/#Deaths|title=Uganda (1987– 2010)|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><br>400,000<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/uganda.htm|title=Uganda Civil War|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115181946/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/uganda.htm|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
</ref>–430,000+<ref>January 25, 2012, OCHA, "LRA Regional Update: Central African Republic, DR Dongo and South Sudan: January–December 2011."</ref> displaced
| notes       =
}}

The '''Lord's Resistance Army insurgency''' is an ongoing guerrilla campaign waged by the [[Religion:Lord's Resistance Army|Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) insurgent group since 1987.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DA1039F932A35757C0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 | title=Uganda's Christian Rebels Revive War in North | author=JAMES C. MCKINLEY JR. | date=1 April 1996 |work=New York Times}}</ref> Currently, there is low-level LRA activity in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. The movement is led by Joseph Kony, who proclaims himself the "[[Finance:Spokesperson|spokesperson]]" of God and a spirit medium. It aims to overthrow Yoweri Museveni's Ugandan government and establish a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and Acholi tradition.<ref name="aa">{{cite journal|journal=African Affairs|volume=98|issue=390|author=Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot|s2cid=111914560|year=1999|title=Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda|pages=5–36|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8a219a90df1811590be09436b137ec0e0ca94cca}}</ref><ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72472 "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083137/http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72472 |date=29 September 2007 }} and [http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72445 " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120859/http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72445 |date=29 September 2007 }} in ''IRIN In Depth'', June 2007.</ref>

The conflict, one of Africa's longest running, has resulted in a [[Social:Humanitarian crisis|humanitarian crisis]]. The LRA is accused by the International Criminal Court of widespread human rights violations, including [[Social:Mutilation|mutilation]], [[Philosophy:Torture|torture]], [[Social:Slavery|slavery]], [[Medicine:Rape|rape]], the abduction of civilians, the use of child soldiers, and a number of massacres.<ref name=warrants>International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). ''[http://www.icc-cpi.int/pressrelease_details&id=114&l=en.html Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018155015/http://www.icc-cpi.int/pressrelease_details%26id%3D114%26l%3Den.html |date=18 October 2015 }}''. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</ref> By 2004, the LRA had abducted more than 20,000 children, while 1.5 million civilians had been displaced and an estimated 100,000 civilians killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3951277.stm|title= Forgiveness for Uganda's former rebels|publisher=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024113440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3951277.stm|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Background==
The January 1986 overthrow of President Tito Okello, an ethnic Acholi, by the National Resistance Army (NRA) of south-west Uganda born Yoweri Museveni marked a period of intense turmoil. The NRA, in their efforts to liberate the entire country, meted out a lot of atrocities on the people of Acholi. This act spurred some Acholis to resist. The Acholi are sometimes said to have feared the loss of their traditional dominance of the national military; they were also concerned that the NRA would seek retribution for the brutal [[Social:Counterinsurgency|counterinsurgency]], particularly the actions of the army in the Luwero triangle.<ref name=Luwerotriangle>Doom, R. and K. Vlassenroot. "Kony's message: a new ''koine''? The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda," ''African Affairs'' 98 (390), p. 9</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3462901.stm |title= Profile: Uganda's LRA rebels |access-date=17 February 2008 |author=Martin Plaut |date=6 February 2004 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023192115/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3462901.stm |archive-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> By August of that year, a full-blown popular insurgency had developed in northern regions that were occupied by the new government forces.

==Timeline==
===Early history (1987–1994)===
In January 1987, Joseph Kony made his first appearance as a spirit medium, one of many who emerged after the initial success of the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Auma. Former Uganda People's Democratic Army commander Odong Latek convinced Kony to adopt conventional [[Social:Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla warfare]] tactics, primarily surprise attacks on civilian targets, such as villages. The LRA also occasionally carried out large-scale attacks to underline the inability of the government to protect the populace. Until 1991 the LRA raided the populace for supplies, which were carried away by villagers who were abducted for short periods of  time. The fact that some NRA units were known for their brutal actions ensured that the LRA were given at least passive support by segments of the Acholi population.<ref name="O'Kadameri">O'Kadameri, Billie. [http://www.c-r.org/accord/uganda/accord11/lra.shtml "LRA / Government negotiations 1993–94"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217170315/http://www.c-r.org/accord/uganda/accord11/lra.shtml |date=17 February 2005 }} in Okello Lucima, ed., [http://www.c-r.org/accord/uganda/accord11/index.shtml ''Accord magazine: Protracted conflict, elusive peace: Initiatives to end the violence in northern Uganda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210114311/http://www.c-r.org/accord/uganda/accord11/index.shtml |date=10 December 2004 }}, 2002.</ref>

March 1991 saw the start of "Operation North", which combined efforts to destroy the LRA while cutting away its roots of support among the population through heavy-handed tactics.<ref name="Operation North">Gersony, Robert. [http://www.usaid.gov/regions/afr/conflictweb/reports/gersony/gersony_uganda.pdf The Anguish of Northern Uganda: Results of a Field-based Assessment of the Civil Conflicts in Northern Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117225143/http://www.usaid.gov/regions/afr/conflictweb/reports/gersony/gersony_uganda.pdf |date=17 November 2004 }}, US Embassy Kampala, March 1997, and Amnesty International, [http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/uganda/document.do?id=25BBAD1C8FE337DF802569A600601142 Human rights violations by the National Resistance Army] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117225143/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/uganda/document.do?id=25BBAD1C8FE337DF802569A600601142 |date=17 November 2004 }}, December 1991.{{cite web |url=http://www.usaid.gov/regions/afr/conflictweb/reports/gersony/gersony_uganda.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117225143/http://www.usaid.gov/regions/afr/conflictweb/reports/gersony/gersony_uganda.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2004 |df=dmy }}</ref> As part of Operation North, Acholi Betty Oyella Bigombe, the Minister charged with ending the insurgency, created "Arrow Groups" mostly armed with bows and arrows, as a form of local defence. As the LRA was armed with modern weaponry, the bow-and-arrow groups were overpowered.

The creation of the Arrow Groups angered Kony, who began to feel that he no longer had the support of the population. In response the LRA mutilated numerous Acholi whom they believed to be government supporters. While the government efforts were a failure, the LRA reaction caused many Acholi to finally turn against the insurgency. However, this was tempered by the deep-seated antagonism towards the occupying government forces.

[[File:Lira IDP camp makeshift shelters.jpg|thumb|left|The conflict forces many civilians to live in internally displaced person (IDP) camps]]

Following Operation North, Bigombe initiated the first face-to-face meeting between representatives of the LRA and government. The LRA asked for a general amnesty for their combatants and stated that they would not surrender, but were willing to "return home." However, the government stance was hampered by disagreement over the credibility of the LRA negotiators and political infighting. In particular, the military had learned that Kony was negotiating with the Sudanese government for support while talking to Bigombe, and felt that Kony was simply trying to buy time.<ref name="O'Kadameri"/>

At a second meeting on 10 January 1994, Kony asked for six months to regroup his troops. By early February the tone of the negotiations was growing increasingly acrimonious, and following a meeting on 2 February, the LRA broke off negotiations stating that they felt that the NRA was trying to entrap them. Four days later, President Yoweri Museveni announced a seven-day deadline for the LRA to surrender.<ref name="O'Kadameri"/> This ultimatum ended the Bigombe Avengers Initiative.

===Spillover into neighboring countries (1994–2002)===
Two weeks after Museveni delivered his ultimatum of 6 February 1994, it was reported that LRA fighters had crossed the northern border and established bases in southern Sudan with the approval of the [[Place:Khartoum|Khartoum]] government.<ref name="O'Kadameri"/> Sudanese aid was a response to Ugandan support for the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) fighting in the civil war in the south of the country. Also, convinced that the Acholi were now collaborating with the Museveni government, Kony began to target civilians with his increased military strength. Mutilations became commonplace (especially cutting off ears, lips, nose), and 1994 saw the first mass abduction of children and youth.

The most infamous of these was the Aboke abductions of 139 female students in October 1996. As most of the LRA combatants are abducted children, a military offensive against the LRA is widely perceived by the Acholi as a massacre of victims. Government attempts to destroy the rebels are thus viewed as another cause for grievance by the Acholi. The moral ambiguity of this situation, in which abducted young rebels are both the victims and perpetrators of brutal acts, is central to the conflicted attitudes of many Acholi towards the rebels.

The government's response was a scorched-earth policy ordering all Acholis to leave their homes in 48 hours and move to "protected villages" beginning in 1996, later called Internally Displaced People's Camps. This further deepened the antagonistic attitude that many Acholi had toward the government, especially as the population continued to be attacked by the LRA even within the "protected camps." The camps were crowded, unsanitary, miserable places to live<ref name=miserable_camps>Dolan, Chris. [http://www.acord.org.uk/r-pubs-Cope%20Working%20Paper%2033.PDF What do you remember? A rough guide to the war in Northern Uganda 1986–2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019053835/http://www.acord.org.uk/r-pubs-Cope%20Working%20Paper%2033.PDF |date=19 October 2004 }}  (PDF), COPE Working Paper No. 33, 2000, p. 19, and Weeks, Willard.[http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/B77144C5987AE5D6C1256B8F0040C5C9/$file/Weeks+march+2002.pdf Pushing the Envelope: Moving Beyond 'Protected Villages' in Northern Uganda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019053835/http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/B77144C5987AE5D6C1256B8F0040C5C9/%24file/Weeks%2Bmarch%2B2002.pdf |date=19 October 2004 }} (PDF), for UNOCHA Kampala, March 2002, p. 4{{cite web |url=http://www.acord.org.uk/r-pubs-Cope%20Working%20Paper%2033.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019053835/http://www.acord.org.uk/r-pubs-Cope%20Working%20Paper%2033.PDF |archive-date=19 October 2004 |df=dmy }}</ref> and have been described as death camps.<ref name = LeMonde>
Litell, Jonathan (15 April 2014) [http://www.asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Nonfiction&id=63 Sign Warfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905143256/http://www.asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Nonfiction&id=63 |date=5 September 2015 }} ''Asymptote'', (translated from a French article in Le Monde), Retrieved 16 April 2014
</ref> World Health Organisation data indicated that these camps caused the death of ten times as many people as the LRA.<ref name = LeMonde/>

Meanwhile, in 1997 the Sudanese government of the National Islamic Front began to recede from its previous hard-line stance. Following the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US, the relationship between Sudan and Uganda abruptly changed.  Cross-border tensions eased as support to proxy forces fell.  Some of the hundreds of thousands of civilians displaced by the war began to return home.  The number of people displaced by the conflict declined to about half a million, and people began to talk openly of the day when the "protected camps" would be disbanded.<ref name=Weeks_36>Weeks, p. 36.</ref>

===Operation Iron Fist and continued insurgency (2002–2005)===
[[File:Guard in Labuje IDP camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|A government soldier guarding the Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda]]

In March 2002, the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) launched a massive military offensive, named "Operation Iron Fist", against the LRA bases in southern Sudan, with agreement from the National Islamic Front. This agreement, coupled with the return of Ugandan forces that were deployed in the Democratic Republic of Congo upon the official end of the Second Congo War, created what the Ugandan government felt was an ideal situation in which to end a conflict that had become both an embarrassment and political liability.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/news/2002/05/27/no-rapid-solutions-anti-lra-campaign No rapid solutions in anti-LRA campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010828/http://www.irinnews.org/news/2002/05/27/no-rapid-solutions-anti-lra-campaign |date=21 January 2019 }}, IRIN PlusNews, 27 May 2002
</ref> After several months of uncertainty, LRA forces began crossing back into Uganda and carrying out attacks on a scale and of a brutality not seen since 1995 to 1996, resulting in widespread displacement and suffering in regions, such as Soroti, that had never previously been touched by the insurgency.<ref name=RLP_30>[http://www.refugeelawproject.org/papers/workingpapers/RLP.WP11.pdf Behind the Violence: Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War in Northern Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927020617/http://www.refugeelawproject.org/papers/workingpapers/RLP.WP11.pdf |date=27 September 2006 }}   (PDF), [http://www.refugeelawproject.org/ Refugee Law Project]  of Makerere University, Uganda, February 2004, p. 32.</ref>

A series of local initiatives spearheaded by traditional and religious leaders as well as diplomatic initiatives during these years failed, especially since Kony's negotiating position remained uncertain, but the conflict gained unprecedented international coverage. During a November 2003 field visit to Uganda, United Nations Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator Jan Egeland stated, "I cannot find any other part of the world that is having an emergency on the scale of Uganda, that is getting such little international attention."<ref name=BBC_worse>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3256929.stm Uganda conflict 'worse than Iraq'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723161636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3256929.stm |date=23 July 2004 }}, BBC News, 10 November 2003.</ref> In December 2003, Ugandan President Museveni referred the LRA to the International Criminal Court (ICC) to determine if the LRA is guilty of international war crimes.

From the middle of 2004 on, rebel activity dropped markedly under intense military pressure. The government was also the target of increasingly pointed criticism from the international community for its failure to end the conflict. International aid agencies questioned the Ugandan government's reliance on military force and its commitment to a peaceful resolution. The army also admitted that it had recruited child soldiers who escaped the LRA into the military.<ref name="recruiting_children">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4266789.stm Ugandan army recruiting children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105013410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4266789.stm |date=5 November 2005 }}, BBC, 15 February 2005.</ref>

In mid-September 2005, a band of LRA fighters, led by Vincent Otti, crossed into the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) for the first time. President Museveni declared that, if Congolese authorities did not disarm the LRA combatants, the UPDF would be sent across the border in pursuit.<ref name="congo_militia">
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4296948.stm DR Congo militia deadline expires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113155240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4296948.stm |date=13 January 2006 }}, BBC, 30 September 2005
</ref> This sparked a diplomatic row between the governments of the DRC and Uganda, with both militaries making a show of force along their border, while the Congolese ambassador to the United Nations sent a letter to the UN Secretary-General demanding that an economic embargo be placed on Uganda in retaliation.

===Peace talks and truce (2006–2008)===
A series of meetings were held in Juba starting in July 2006 between the government of Uganda and the LRA. The talks were mediated by Riek Machar, the Vice President of Southern Sudan,<ref name="juba_8_june">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5060666.stm LRA rebels arrive for Sudan talks {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219101240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5060666.stm |date=19 December 2008 }}, BBC News, 8 June 2006
</ref> and by the Community of Sant'Egidio.<ref name="Sant'Egidio">[http://santegidio.de/news/rassegna/2006/0820_004061_IT.htm "Guerra in Nord Uganda: la fine è a portata di mano"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312094803/http://santegidio.de/news/rassegna/2006/0820_004061_IT.htm |date=12 March 2007 }}, Avvenire, 20 August 2006.</ref> The talks, which resulted in a ceasefire by September 2006, were described as the best chance for a negotiated settlement since the peace initiative of Betty Bigombe in 1994.

These talks were agreed to after Joseph Kony released a video in May in which he denied committing atrocities and seemed to call for an end to hostilities, in response to an announcement by Museveni that he would guarantee the safety of Kony if peace was agreed to by July.<ref name="amnesty_rejection">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5157220.stm Uganda LRA rebels reject amnesty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826143037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5157220.stm |date=26 August 2006 }}, BBC News, 7 July 2006.</ref>  In late June 2006, the Government of Southern Sudan formally invited Uganda to attend peace talks,<ref name="sudan_invitation">
[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=54279 UGANDA: Gov't to send team to Sudan over proposed LRA talks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711202044/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=54279 |date=11 July 2006 }}, IRIN, 28 June 2006.</ref> and on 14 July 2006 talks began in Juba.<ref name="Rugunda_comment">
[http://allafrica.com/stories/200607140756.html Ceasefire First On Kony Agenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110434/http://allafrica.com/stories/200607140756.html |date=8 February 2012 }}, AllAfrica (The Monitor), 15 July 2006.</ref>  On 4 August 2006, Vincent Otti declared a unilateral ceasefire and asked the Ugandan government to reciprocate.<ref>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5243038.stm LRA leaders declare ceasefire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824091157/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5243038.stm |date=24 August 2006 }}, BBC, 4 August 2006
</ref> ICC indictee Raska Lukwiya was killed in battle on 12 August 2006.<ref>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4790049.stm Uganda hopeful about rebel talks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821021751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4790049.stm |date=21 August 2006 }}, BBC News, 14 August 2006.</ref>

The government and the LRA signed a truce on 26 August 2006. Under the terms of the agreement, LRA forces will leave Uganda and gather in two assembly areas protected by the government of Sudan. The Ugandan government agreed not to attack those areas. LRA rebels had begun gathering in the assembly areas by mid-September.<ref>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5337888.stm Uganda drops peace talks deadline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219110437/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5337888.stm |date=19 December 2008 }}, BBC, 12 September 2006.</ref> Talks continued to be hindered by demands and counter-demands. Meanwhile, the government began a process of creating "satellite camps" to decongest the main IDP camps.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55722 UGANDA: Most rebels have left northern Uganda for Sudan – army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003023040/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55722 |date=3 October 2006 }}, IRIN, 26 September 2006.</ref>

In broader context, the government of Southern Sudan viewed the talks as a means of ridding itself of a foreign army that was complicating its delicate relationship with the Khartoum government. The request by the Ugandan Government for ICC to suspend war crimes indictments against leaders of the LRA was condemned by international human rights groups but largely supported by leaders and civilians within northern Uganda.<ref>
[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=54920 UGANDA: Locals want rebel leader forgiven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808090953/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=54920 |date=8 August 2006 }}, IRIN, 1 August 2006.</ref>

By mid-2007, thousands of IDPs had moved into the decongestion camps. However, the populace remained cautious about the prospect of a peace deal, with many refusing to return to their ancestral homes before a definitive end to the insurgency.<ref>
[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72228 "UGANDA: IDPs begin slow journey home amid concerns over peace process"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124811/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72228 |date=29 September 2007 }}, ''IRIN'', 18 May 2007.</ref>

Following a suspension in the peace talks, the Juba Initiative Project enabled the resumption of the talks in May 2007, thanks to the efforts of the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for LRA-affected areas, Joaquim Chissano. The talks were again mediated by the Government of Southern Sudan, but with the support of the United Nations and logistic facilitation from the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72489 "Sudan–Uganda: LRA talks, pencils and helicopters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122654/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72489 |date=29 September 2007 }}, ''IRIN'', 31 May 2007.</ref>

On 20 August 2007, Uganda declared that it was seeking legal advice on setting a [[Social:War crime|war crime]]s court.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6954860.stm |title=Uganda considers war crimes court |access-date=20 August 2007 |work=BBC News |date=20 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219110458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6954860.stm |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>  In November 2007, an LRA delegation led by Martin Ojul journeyed to Kampala to restate its commitment to a peaceful resolution of the conflict.  Ojul later led the delegation on a tour of northern Uganda to meet victims of the insurgency and ask their forgiveness.  However, reports surfaced that LRA deputy commander Otti had been executed on or around 8 October 2007 over an internal power struggle with Kony.<ref>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7082437.stm "Ugandan rebel deputy feared dead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109065449/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7082437.stm |date=9 November 2007 }} ''BBC News'', 7 November 2007.</ref>

===Renewed fighting (2008–present)===
In June 2008, diplomats reported that the Lord's Resistance army had bought new weapons and was recruiting new soldiers, adding 1,000 recruits to the 600 soldiers it already had. At about the same time, Uganda, South Sudan, and Congo-Kinshasa agreed to a plan to crush the movement together;<ref>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7440790.stm Ugandan rebels 'prepare for war'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222035537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7440790.stm |date=22 February 2009 }}, ''BBC News'', 7 June 2008</ref> the South Sudanese claimed that the rebels killed 14 of their soldiers on 7 June 2008.<ref>
[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L07578542.htm Sudan says Uganda rebels kill troops, start "war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612231855/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L07578542.htm |date=12 June 2008 }}, ''Reuters'', 7 June 2008.</ref>

The LRA was alleged to have killed at least 400 people in attacks on a number of villages in the DR Congo on and after Christmas Day, 2008.<ref name=Christmas>BBC News (30 December 2008).  ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7804470.stm Christmas massacres 'killed 400'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103060215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7804470.stm |date=3 January 2009 }}''. Retrieved on 4 January 2009.
</ref> Throughout 2009, the LRA was blamed for several attacks in Southern Sudan, DR Congo and Central African Republic.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87173 |title=SUDAN: Southerners still besieged by suspected LRA fighters |date=24 November 2009 |publisher=IRIN |access-date=14 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206004353/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87173 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In March 2010 news emerged about a December 2009 massacre in DR Congo perpetrated by the LRA.

In May 2010, US President [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] signed the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act into law. In October 2011, Obama announced the deployment of 100 US troops to aid other anti-LRA forces in subduing LRA leader Joseph Kony, citing the aforementioned act in a letter to the heads of both houses of Congress.<ref name="cnnusa" />

On 23 March 2012, the African Union announced its intentions to send an international brigade of 5,000 military troops "from Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo, countries where Kony's reign of terror has been felt over the years ... to join the hunt for rebel leader Joseph Kony" and to "neutralize" him. According to the statement, "the mission would commence on 24 March 2012 and the search would last until Kony was caught",<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=Kony 2012: African Union ramps up hunt for Uganda rebel leader in wake of viral video |author=Rodney Muhumuza |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1150843--kony-2012-african-union-ramps-up-hunt-for-uganda-rebel-leader-in-wake-of-viral-video |newspaper=Associated Press |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325231650/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1150843--kony-2012-african-union-ramps-up-hunt-for-uganda-rebel-leader-in-wake-of-viral-video |archive-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> after which the task force would be disbanded. The effort is Ugandan-led and backed by the US with the 100 advisers already there, who are offering advice, intelligence and training, along with equipment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-kony-idUSBRE82N08T20120324 |title=African Union launches U.S.-backed force to hunt Kony |newspaper=Reuters |date=2012-03-24 |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427192840/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/24/us-southsudan-kony-idUSBRE82N08T20120324 |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The brigade established its headquarters in [[Place:Yambio|Yambio]] in South Sudan, close to the border with the DRC, and is commanded by a Ugandan officer; a Congolese officer has oversight of intelligence operations.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/africa/everyones-hunting-kony-now |title=Kony 2012: African Union joins the hunt for Joseph Kony |publisher=GlobalPost |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422144802/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/africa/everyones-hunting-kony-now |archive-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 12 May 2012, Ugandan soldiers with the African Union brigade captured a senior LRA leader in the Central African Republic (CAR), Caesar Achellam, a veteran rebel commander with the rank of Major General. Because he was a leading military strategist for the LRA, Achellam's arrest signified a considerable setback for Joseph Kony's fight to evade capture.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Uganda captures LRA senior commander |author=Staff writer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18051522 |newspaper=BBC News |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603095510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18051522 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Uganda captures Lord's Resistance Army commander |author=Justin Dralaze |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/uganda-lra-idINDEE84C04P20120513 |newspaper={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041506/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/05/13/uganda-lra-idINDEE84C04P20120513 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 6 June, the UN secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, released an initial report covering the activities of the LRA from 2009 to 2012. The report itself stated that "at least 45 children have been killed and maimed" during this time period and at least "591 children, including 268 girls have been abducted". Though it was noted by Radhika Coomaraswamy, the UN special representative on children and conflict, that the "actual numbers of abductions is much higher, these are just the ones we are aware of". The report also stated that the LRA is currently made up of between 300 and 500 fighters, with around half of them being children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kony 2012: Joseph Kony's Lords Resistance Army Still Abducting Hundreds of Children |author=Anissa Haddadi |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/349663/20120607/jospeh-kony-s-lord-resistance-army-still.htm |newspaper=International Business Times |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611033749/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/349663/20120607/jospeh-kony-s-lord-resistance-army-still.htm |archive-date=11 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Joseph Kony kidnapped 591 children in past three years, UN report reveals |author=David Smith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/07/joseph-kony-united-nations-report |newspaper={{wipe|The Guardian}} |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911125402/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/07/joseph-kony-united-nations-report |archive-date=11 September 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The LRA was reported to be in the East CAR town of Djema in 2012<ref>
Butagiro, Tabu (30 April 2012) [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1396452/-/avglmoz/-/index.html Khartoum aiding Kony rebels again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227050543/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1396452/-/avglmoz/-/index.html |date=27 December 2013 }} Daily Monitor, Retrieved 26 December 2012</ref> but forces pursuing the LRA withdrew in April 2013<ref name = BBC20131121/> after the government of the CAR was overthrown by the Séléka Coalition rebels.<ref name = URN/> In November 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health in the East CAR town of Nzoka<ref name =BBC20131121/><ref name = URN>(24 September 2013) [http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=56623 1200 LRA Fighters Set To Defect – UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224833/http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=56623 |date=2 December 2013 }} Uganda Radio Network, Retrieved 23 November 2013</ref> and Michel Djotodia, president of the CAR, claimed he was negotiating with Kony to surrender.<ref>
Mark, Monica (21 November 2013) [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ugandan-warlord-joseph-kony-urged-surrender Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony 'in talks' with Central African Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207051232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ugandan-warlord-joseph-kony-urged-surrender |date=7 December 2016 }} The Guardian, Retrieved 23 November 2013
</ref> US officials doubted that Kony genuinely wanted to surrender.<ref name = BBC20131121>
(21 November 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25036874 Joseph Kony: US doubts LRA rebel leader's surrender] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121082044/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25036874 |date=21 November 2018 }} BBC News Africa, Retrieved 23 November 2013.</ref>

In early November 2013, suspected LRA militants attacked five villages in the Western Equatoria region of South Sudan. Three people were killed and one wounded, aside from looting the rebels also set fire to several houses.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48992|title=3 killed in LRA attack on South Sudan|work=Sudan Tribune|date=28 November 2013|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318162756/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48992|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 4 December 2013, 13 LRA militants including senior commander Samuel Kangu were killed in the aftermath of a UPDF ambush in CAR.  The rebels were reportedly tracked with the aid of US provided intelligence.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49063|title=Late LRA commander was close to Kony, says Ugandan army|work=Sudan Tribune|date=5 December 2013|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318183704/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49063|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 11 December 2013, 19 LRA guerrillas surrendered to African Union troops in Zembio, CAR.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49148|title=19 LRA rebels surrender in Central Africa|work=Sudan Tribune|date=12 December 2013|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318141906/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49148|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

According to UN estimates, at least 65 LRA attacks took place in CAR and DRC during the first quarter of 2014 during which 93 people were reportedly abducted and two killed.<ref name=CAr/>

On 7 May 2014, United Nations secretary-general Ban Ki Moon stated that senior LRA commanders were stationed in South Sudan's border areas with Sudan and the Central African Republic.<ref name=CAr>
{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article50923|title=LRA leader within S. Sudan's disputed region, says UN|work=Sudan Tribune|date=7 May 2014|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318163550/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article50923|archive-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 20 May 2014, delegates from Uganda, DRC, South Sudan and CAR held a three-day conference in South Sudan regarding the LRA insurgency.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/regions/province-orientale/2014/05/20/lutte-contre-la-lra-la-rdc-participe-atelier-regional-au-soudan-du-sud/|title=Lutte contre la LRA : la RDC participe à un atelier régional au Soudan du sud|work=Radio Okapi|date=20 May 2014|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424120315/http://radiookapi.net/regions/province-orientale/2014/05/20/lutte-contre-la-lra-la-rdc-participe-atelier-regional-au-soudan-du-sud/|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 13 August 2014, LRA insurgents launched attacks on villages in the vicinity of Billi, DRC, killing 4 people and injuring 2. FARDC troops clashed with the militants, before the latter retreated.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/08/13/province-orientale-4-morts-dans-une-attaque-de-la-lra-bili/|title=Province Orientale : 4 morts dans une attaque de la LRA à Bili|work=Radio Okapi|date=13 August 2014|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323094916/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/08/13/province-orientale-4-morts-dans-une-attaque-de-la-lra-bili/|archive-date=23 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 23 August 2014, 13 LRA hostages escaped from captivity, six days later 12 more hostages followed suit.  The escapees were abducted between 2004 and August 2014, managed to reach Digba and [[Philosophy:Ango|Ango]], DRC, respectively, following a FARDC offensive.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/08/30/province-orientale-12-anciens-otages-des-rebelles-ougandais-de-la-lra-arrives-ango/|title=Province Orientale : 12 anciens otages des rebelles ougandais de la LRA arrivés à Ango|work=Radio Okapi|date=29 August 2014|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424144756/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/08/30/province-orientale-12-anciens-otages-des-rebelles-ougandais-de-la-lra-arrives-ango/|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Between 28 and 31 December 2014, LRA perpetrated three attacks in the area of Dungu, DRC.  Two people were wounded in the aftermath of an attack on Faradje, the village of Mangasaba was looted, a merchant from Kiliwa was also robbed by the guerrillas.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/01/02/province-orientale-trois-attaques-armees-attribuees-la-lra-dungu/|title=Province Orientale: trois attaques armées attribuées à la LRA à Dungu|work=Radio Okapi|date=2 January 2015|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105154503/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/01/02/province-orientale-trois-attaques-armees-attribuees-la-lra-dungu/|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 9 January 2015, LRA's second in command Dominic Ongwen surrendered to US troops stationed in CAR.<ref name=OnG>
{{cite web|url=http://www.journaldebangui.com/article.php?aid=7731|title=Reddition de Dominic Ongwen, l'un des chefs rebelles de la LRA|work=Journal De Bangui|date=9 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201234214/http://www.journaldebangui.com/article.php?aid=7731|archive-date=1 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 15 January 2015, LRA rebels conducted a number of kidnappings in the villages of Bulumasi and Pangali, Bondo territory, DRC.  A total of 10 people were taken hostage during the incident.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/01/16/province-orientale-des-presumes-rebelles-lra-enlevent-une-dizaine-de-personnes-bili/|title=Province Orientale: des présumés rebelles LRA enlèvent une dizaine de personnes à Bili|work=Radio Okapi|date=16 January 2015|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119155207/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/01/16/province-orientale-des-presumes-rebelles-lra-enlevent-une-dizaine-de-personnes-bili/|archive-date=19 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 21 January 2015, LRA militants killed three FARDC soldiers in the aftermath of an ambush conducted at the town of Nangume in the vicinity of Wando, DRC.  Dozens of civilians were wounded, three were abducted and two hundred families were also displaced from the area following raids LRA militants.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/regions/province-orientale/2015/01/22/province-orientale-3-militaires-tues-dans-des-attaques-de-la-lra-dungu/|title=Province Orientale : 3 militaires tués dans des attaques de la LRA à Dungu|work=Radio Okapi|date=22 January 2015|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125082607/http://radiookapi.net/regions/province-orientale/2015/01/22/province-orientale-3-militaires-tues-dans-des-attaques-de-la-lra-dungu/|archive-date=25 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 5 February 2015, a band of twenty suspected LRA guerrillas abducted eight people and engaged in looting in the villages of Dizaga and Digba, DRC.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/02/07/province-orientale-8-personnes-enlevees-par-de-presumes-rebelles-ougandais-de-la-lra/ |title=Province Orientale : 8 personnes enlevées par de présumés rebelles ougandais de la LRA |work=Radio Okapi |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208225905/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/02/07/province-orientale-8-personnes-enlevees-par-de-presumes-rebelles-ougandais-de-la-lra/ |archive-date=8 February 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 16 February 2015, LRA guerrillas killed three people and injured four others, on Road IV, located in the Dungu territory, DRC.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/02/17/province-orientale-des-presumes-lra-ont-tue-3-personnes-dungu/|title=Province Orientale: des présumés LRA ont tué 3 personnes à Dungu|work=Radio Okapi|date=17 February 2015|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227003518/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/02/17/province-orientale-des-presumes-lra-ont-tue-3-personnes-dungu/|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 12 April 2015, a total of 8 FARDC soldiers went missing in action, following a LRA ambush outside the Mangbangu village, DRC.  An unidentified corpse was found in the area, a day after the incident.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/04/14/rdc-8-militaires-disparaissent-lors-dune-attaque-attribuee-la-lra/|title=RDC: 8 militaires disparaissent lors d'une attaque attribuée à la LRA|work=Radio Okapi|date=14 April 2015|access-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416002439/http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/04/14/rdc-8-militaires-disparaissent-lors-dune-attaque-attribuee-la-lra/|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 30 March 2017, the United States Military announced it was ending its anti-LRA campaign, Operation Observant Compass.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/us-ends-six-year-hunt-ugandan-warlord-joseph-kony/|title=U.S. ends hunt for Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony|publisher=The Washington Times|date=30 March 2017|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420065842/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/us-ends-six-year-hunt-ugandan-warlord-joseph-kony/|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On an unspecified date in April 2017, a United States special forces soldier shot and killed an LRA fighter who drew a weapon on the American. The American had been escorting an African Union peacekeeper when the incident occurred.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/02/politics/us-military-quits-hunt-joseph-kony/index.html|title=US military ending role in hunt for elusive African warlord Joseph Kony|author=Ryan Browne|website=CNN|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115181934/https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/02/politics/us-military-quits-hunt-joseph-kony/index.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 19 April 2017, Uganda announced that it would begin withdrawing forces from the Central African Republic where it has been trying to hunt down Joseph Kony in the country for 9 years.<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201704200568.html|title=East Africa: UPDF Ends 9-Year Hunt for Kony|publisher=allAfrica|date=20 April 2017|newspaper=The Monitor (Kampala)|last1=Ocungi|first1=Risdel Kasasira & Julius|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420135644/http://allafrica.com/stories/201704200568.html|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Dungu, Haut-Uele Province, DR Congo- Guatemalan Special Forces conducting reconnaissance to collect information on armed group activities during Red Kite operation.jpg|thumb|Patrol of the Guatemalan contingent of MONUSCO against the LRA activities in Haut-Uele, DR Congo, during "Operation Red Kite",<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-20295_situation_securitaire_en_rdc_le_nord_kivu_toujours_volatile.html|title=Situation sécuritaire en RDC : le Nord-Kivu toujours volatile|date=September 2017|website=mediacongo.net}}</ref> July 2017.]]

==Impact==
{|class="wikitable floatleft"
|-
! colspan=2 | War violence experienced by abductees<ref name=SWAY1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060723043436/http://www.sway-uganda.org/SWAY.RBrief.1.pdf Research Brief 1: The Abduction and Return Experiences of Youth (PDF)], Survey of War Affected Youth (SWAY): Research & Programs for Youth in Armed Conflict in Uganda, April 2006</ref>
|-
| Witnessed a killing
| 78%
|-
| Tied or locked up
| 68%
|-
| Received a severe beating
| 63%
|-
| Forced to steal or destroy property
| 58%
|-
| Forced to abuse dead bodies
| 23%
|-
| Forced to attack a stranger
| 22%
|-
| Forced to kill a stranger
| 20%
|-
| Forced to kill an opposing soldier in battle
| 15%
|-
| Forced to attack a family member or friend
| 14%
|-
| Forced to kill a family member or friend
| 8%
|}

The insurgency was historically confined to the region known as Acholiland, consisting of the districts of Kitgum, Gulu, and Pader, though since 2002 violence has overflowed into other Ugandan districts. The LRA also operated across the porous border region with Southern Sudan and most recently into the north-eastern Ituri Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The plight of the affected people has received little media coverage in the developed world. Not until April 2004 did the UN Security Council issue a formal condemnation. A 2005 poll of humanitarian professionals, media personalities, academics and activists identified the conflict in the north of Uganda as the second-worst "forgotten" humanitarian emergency in the world, after the conflicts of the neighbouring DRC.<ref name=forgotten>
[http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/111038632791.htm WHO SAID WHAT: AlertNet ‘forgotten’ emergencies poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050902234649/http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/111038632791.htm |date=2 September 2005 }}, {{wipe|Reuters}} AlertNet, 9 March 2005.</ref>

The US government estimates that up to 12,000 people have been killed in the violence, with many more dying from disease and [[Medicine:Malnutrition|malnutrition]] as a direct result of the conflict. Nearly two million civilians have been forced to flee their homes, living in internally displaced person (IDP) camps and within the safety of larger settlements, sleeping on street corners and in other public spaces. The problems of the camps have been expatiated by the government ordering villagers into the camps on pain of being classified as rebels and on occasion shelling those villages who refused to relocate.<ref name=green88>{{cite book | last = Green | first = Matthew |  title = The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted | publisher = Portobello Books | year = 2008 | isbn=978-1-84627-031-4| page=88}}</ref>

While many abductees are taken to carry items looted from raided villages, some are also used as soldiers and sex slaves. The group performs abductions primarily from the Acholi people, who have borne the brunt of the 18-year LRA campaign. The United Nations estimated in the mid-2000s that around 25,000 children have been kidnapped by the LRA since 1987. However, several pieces of research have concluded that the figure was significantly higher. In June 2007, UC Berkeley's Human Rights Center researchers worked with reception centers in northern Uganda to compile a database of 25,000 former abductees that went through reception centers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrc.berkeley.edu/pdfs/NUgandaReport2007.pdf |title=N Uganda Report 2007 |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613095308/http://hrc.berkeley.edu/pdfs/NUgandaReport2007.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

By triangulating data from different sources on the number of former abductees, the research conservatively estimate that the LRA has abducted 24,000 to 38,000 children and 28,000 to 37,000 adults as of April 2006. The research further found that while women represented about a third of all the abductees, they tended to stay longer with the LRA compared to men. Women are forced to serve as sexual and domestic servants. According to a survey of 750 youth in Kitgum and Pader, at least 66,000 youth between the ages of 13 and 30 have been abducted. One-third of all boys and one-sixth of all girls had been taken for at least one day.<ref name=SWAY1/><ref name="sway-uganda.org">See also ''Figure 2: Distribution of LRA abduction over eight sub-counties, 1985 to 2005'', p. 2 of [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921111750/http://www.sway-uganda.org/SWAY.FinalReport.DRAFT.22Aug06.pdf The State of Youth and Youth Protection in Northern Uganda: Findings from the Survey for War Affected Youth (Phase 1 Final Report: Draft for Comments)], SWAY, August 2006 for a sense of the geographic shift in abductions over time</ref>

Of these, 66% of males were taken for longer than two weeks, while the equivalent number for females was 46%. If a female was gone for more than two weeks, there was a one in four chance that she had not returned. Males were again found to be taken for longer periods of time on average, with two in five males that were abducted for more than two weeks not having returned. The number of abductions was greatest in 2002 and 2003, perhaps in retaliation for Operation Iron Fist. However, the average age of abductees has risen from about 13 in 1994 to nearly 18 in 2004, coinciding with the rise in number, and fall in length, of abductions.<ref name=SWAY1/><ref name="sway-uganda.org"/>

While the LRA now appears to consist of less than two thousand combatants that are under intense pressure from the Ugandan military, the government has been unable to end the insurgency to date. Ongoing peace negotiations are complicated by an investigation and trial preparation by the International Criminal Court. Meanwhile, military operation is going on. The conflict continues to slow down Uganda's development efforts, costing the poor country's economy a cumulative total of at least $1.33 billion, which is equivalent to 3% of GDP, or $100 million annually.<ref name=cost>
Jeff Dorsey and Steven Opeitum for the Civil Society Organisations for Peace in Northern Uganda (CSOPNU), [http://www.up.ligi.ubc.ca/economic%20cost%20of%20conflict%20final%20edited%20version%206%20oct%202002%5B1%5D.pdf The Net Economic Cost of the Conflict in the Acholiland Sub-Region of Uganda (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325152610/http://www.up.ligi.ubc.ca/economic%20cost%20of%20conflict%20final%20edited%20version%206%20oct%202002%5B1%5D.pdf |date=25 March 2009 }} , Kampala, September 2002.</ref>

==="Night commuters"===
[[File:Uganda night commuters - full room.jpg|thumb|A room of child "night commuters"]]
At the height of the conflict, each night, children between the ages of 8 and 14, referred to as "night commuters" or "night dwellers," would walk up to {{convert|20|km|mi}} from IDP camps to larger towns, especially Gulu, in search of safety. To avoid abduction by the LRA, every night as many as 40,000 children fled their homes in the countryside to sleep in the relative safety of towns. Known as "night commuters", they seek refuge overnight at churches, hospitals, bus stations and temporary shelters before returning home again each morning.
Because of this phenomenon, united under the banner of peace, religious leaders from different denominations staged a one-week solidarity demonstration by sleeping in the streets with the children. This singular act created massive awareness of the conflict to the world.

===Awareness===
Initiatives to raise international awareness for these children included the "GuluWalk" and the work of the Resolve Uganda. Night commuters are also the subject of documentaries such as ''Stolen Children'', ''War/Dance'', and ''Invisible Children''.

The ''Invisible Children'' documentary sponsored the Global Night Commute, an event similar to GuluWalk. On 29 April 2006, over 80,000 youths from around the world converged on urban centers in 130 major cities around the world in solidarity with displaced Ugandan children. The Invisible Children organization also raised awareness for those in the Internally Displaced Camps (IDPs) through its "Displace Me" event held in 15 cities across the US on 28 April 2007. Over 68,000 people participated in the event which required participants to sleep outside in "homes" made out of cardboard, similar to those in the IDPs.

Another program, The Name Campaign, asks people to wear nameplate necklaces imprinted with the first name of one of the thousands of abducted children as a means of raising public awareness.

Danny Glover and Don Cheadle have both been vocal advocates on behalf of the children of Northern Uganda.

On 5 March 2012, the Invisible Children organization posted the ''Kony 2012'' video on [[Company:YouTube|YouTube]] which was widely seen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyorker.co.uk/news/citynews/10807 |title=Kony fever hits York! |access-date=7 March 2012 |date=7 March 2012 |work=The Yorker |author=Neylon, Stephanie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308142114/http://www.theyorker.co.uk/news/citynews/10807 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Molloy">
{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/tech/892373-kony-2012-campaign-shedding-light-on-uganda-conflict-a-huge-online-success|title=Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success|access-date=7 March 2012|date=7 March 2012|work=Metro|author=Molloy, Mark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309103031/http://www.metro.co.uk/tech/892373-kony-2012-campaign-shedding-light-on-uganda-conflict-a-huge-online-success|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/03/07/kony-2012-invisible-children-documentary-sheds-light-on-uganda-conflict-video_n_1326183.html?ref=uk|title=Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict|access-date=7 March 2012|date=7 March 2012|work=The Huffington Post|author=Nelson, Sara C.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118023620/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/03/07/kony-2012-invisible-children-documentary-sheds-light-on-uganda-conflict-video_n_1326183.html?ref=uk|archive-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
</ref> {{as of|2012|6|17}}, the film had over 91 million views on video-sharing website [[Company:YouTube|YouTube]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc|title=Kony 2012|publisher=YouTube|access-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916103555/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc|archive-date=16 September 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
* List of ongoing military conflicts
* List of conflicts in Africa

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
* Allen, Tim."Trial Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Lord's Resistance Army", African Arguments Series, Zed Books, London, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84277-737-8}}
* Behrend, H.  (M. Cohen, trans.) ''Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985–97'', James Currey, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8214-1311-2}}.  (Originally published as Behrend, H.  1993.  ''Alice und die Geister: Krieg in Norden Uganda''.  Trickster, Munich.)
** "War in Northern Uganda: The Holy Spirit Movements of Alice Lakwena, Severino Lukoya and Joseph Kony (1986–1997)", in Clapham, C. ed. ''African Guerrillas''. James Currey, Oxford, 1998.
* De Temmerman, E. ''Aboke Girls: Children Abducted in Northern Uganda'', Fountain, 2001. {{ISBN|9970-02-256-3}}. (Originally published as De Temmerman, E. ''De meisjes van Aboke: Kindsoldaten in Noord-Oeganda''. De Kern, 2000.  {{ISBN|90-5312-146-3}}.)
* Doom, R. and K. Vlassenroot.  "Kony's message: a new ''koine''?  The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda," ''African Affairs'' 98 (390) 1999: 5 to 36
* Eichstaedt, Peter. ''First Kill Your Family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army''. Lawrence Hill Books. 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-55652-799-9}}
* Gingyera-Pincywa, A.G. "Is there a Northern Question?" in K. Rupesinghe, ed. ''Conflict Resolution in Uganda'', International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, 1989.
* Jackson, P. "The March of the Lord's Resistance Army: Greed or Grievance in Northern Uganda?" ''Small Wars and Insurgencies'' 13, no. 3 (Autumn 2002): 29 to 52.
* Ofcansky, T.  "Warfare and Instability Along the Sudan-Uganda Border: A Look at the Twentieth Century" in Spaulding, J. and S. Beswick, eds.  ''White Nile, Black Blood: War, Leadership, and Ethnicity from Khartoum to Kampala''.  Red Sea Press, Lawrenceville, New Jersey: 195–210, 2000.
* Pham PN, Vinck P, Stover E. "The Lord's Resistance Army and Forced Conscription in Northern Uganda.", ''Human Rights Quarterly'' 30:404–411, 2008
* Vinck P, Pham PN, Weinstein HM, Stover E. Exposure to War Crimes and its Implications for Peace Building in Northern Uganda. ''Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)'' 298 (5): 543–554, 2007
* Ward, K. "'The Armies of the Lord': Christianity, Rebels and the State in Northern Uganda, 1986–1999", ''Journal of Religion in Africa'' 31 (2), 2001.

==External links==
* [https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/uganda International Center for Transitional Justice, Uganda]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/lra.htm  Lord's Resistance Army], GlobalSecurity.org
* [http://www.invisiblechildren.com/ Invisible Children], advocacy group and documentary about LRA's child soldiers
* [http://www.irinnews.org/frontpage.asp?SelectRegion=East_Africa&SelectCountry=Uganda News about Uganda] from the UN Integrated Regional Information Networks
* [http://allafrica.com/uganda/ Compiled recent news articles about Uganda], AllAfrica.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130323150513/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/04678346A648C087802570A7004B9719?opendocument&count=10000  Uganda page], Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100217135357/http://www.up.ligi.ubc.ca/index.html Human Security in Northern Uganda project], University of British Columbia (extensive links from before mid-2004)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160124053916/http://www.sway-uganda.org/ Survey of War Affected Youth (SWAY): Research & Programs for Youth in Armed Conflict in Uganda]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193653/http://www.km-net.org.uk/conferences/KM97/papers_htm/casefor.htm "A Case for National Reconciliation, Peace, Democracy and Economic Prosperity for All Ugandans"], outlines and defends the LRA's political views.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord's Resistance Army Insurgency}}
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]

{{Sourceattribution|Lord's Resistance Army insurgency|1}}