View source for Social:Mochoʼ language

{{Short description|Endangered Mayan language of Chiapas, Mexico}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Mochoʼ
| altname          = Motozintleco
| nativename       = Qatoʼk
| states           = Mexico
| region           = Eastern Chiapas (villages of Tuzatlán and Motozintla), Southern Mexico
| speakers         = 124
| date             = 2022
| ref              = <ref name=inegi2020>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020] INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.</ref>
| familycolor      = American
| fam1             = [[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan]]
| fam2             = Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
| fam3             = Qʼanjobalan
| iso3             = mhc
| glotto           = moch1257
| glottorefname    = Mocho
| nation           = {{flag|Mexico}}
| script           = Latin
| agency           = Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
}}

'''Mochoʼ''' (known as Motozintleco in older sources) is a Mayan language spoken by the Mocho' people of Chiapas, Mexico. A source stated that it was known as '''Qatok’'''<ref name="Palosaari">Palosaari, N. E. (2011). ''Topics in mochoʼ phonology and morphology'' (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.</ref> (from ''Qa''-our and ''Took’''-language: our language), although this name has not received wide acceptance among the native speakers and the language, which is known as Mocho’ by both the Mocho’ people and the Mexican government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Na'obal chu ts'iba we took' Mocho' (Norma de Escritura de la Lengua Mocho'). NOMBRE DE LA LENGUA |url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/Micrositios/normas/pdf/Norma_escritura_Mocho_qatok.pdf}}</ref> Mochoʼ has a dialect called Tuzantec (Muchu') spoken in Tuzantan, Chiapas. Alongside [[Social:Jakaltek language|Jakaltek]], [[Social:Qʼanjobʼal language|Q’anjob’al]], [[Social:Chuj language|Chuj]] and [[Social:Tojolabʼal language|Tojol-Ab’al]], the Mocho’ language is part of the Q’anjobalan group from the western branch of Mayan languages. 

With about 124 speakers as of 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Población de 3 años y más hablante de lengua indígena 2020 |url=https://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/poblacion/lindigena.aspx}}</ref> Mocho’ is considered an endangered language. Educational programs in Mocho' are helping to preserve the language among youth and the process of teaching and learning the language in indigenous schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrega de Gramáticas Didácticas elaboradas en ocho lenguas indígenas nacionales de Chiapas |url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/detalle/entrega-de-gramaticas-didacticas-elaboradas-en-ocho-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-de-chiapas}}</ref>

==Distribution==
The two dialects of Mochoʼ are spoken in two different villages: the Tuzantec dialect in Tuzantán (a town near Huixtla, Chiapas), and the Mocho' dialect in Motozintla. Historically, the two groups descend from a single population living in the region of Belisario Dominguez about 500 years ago. According to local legend, the split and migration was caused by a plague of bats. Speakers have also been reported in the nearby towns of Tolimán, Buenos Aires, and Campana. Palosaari (2011) describes the Motozintlec dialect.<ref name="Palosaari" />

== Writing Norm of the Mocho' Language ==
The official Writing Norm of the Mocho’ Language (In Mocho’: '''''Na'obal chu ts'iba we took’ Mocho'''''', Spanish: ''Norma de Escritura de la Lengua Mocho’'') was published in 2011 by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas, it is mainly used for indigenous education. It established official alphabet, grammar rules and other linguistic aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA'OBAL CHU TS'IBA WE TOOK' MOCHO'. NORMA DE ESCRITURA DE LA LENGUA MOCHO' |url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/Micrositios/normas/qatok.html}}</ref>

== Alphabet ==
According to the established in the Writing Norm, the Mocho' alphabet consists of 30 letters, 25 consonants and 5 vowels that represent all the phonemes of the language. The official name of the Mocho' alphabet is '''''Ts'ibtook' Mocho’'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Na'obal chu ts'iba we took' Mocho' (Norma de Escritura de la Lengua Mocho'). TS'IBTOOK |url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/Micrositios/normas/pdf/Norma_escritura_Mocho_qatok.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Q'an'xwitii (vowel)'''
!'''Mantits'ib'''
'''(Majuscule)'''
!'''Lustits'ib'''
'''('''Minuscule)
!'''Bij'''
(Name)
|-
|A
|a
|A
|-
|E
|e
|E
|-
|I
|i
|I
|-
|O
|o
|O
|-
|U
|u
|U
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Q'anxwitook' (consonant)'''
!'''Mantits'ib'''
'''(Majuscule)'''
!'''Lustits'ib'''
'''('''Minuscule)
!'''Bij'''
(Name)
|-
|B
|b
|Ba
|-
|CH
|ch
|CHa
|-
|CH'
|ch'
|CH'a
|-
|G
|g
|Ga
|-
|J
|j
|Ja
|-
|K
|k
|Ka
|-
|K'
|k'
|K'a
|-
|L
|l
|La
|-
|M
|m
|Ma
|-
|N
|n
|Na
|-
|Ñ
|ñ
|Ña
|-
|N'
|n'
|N'a
|-
|P
|p
|Pa
|-
|Q
|q
|Qa
|-
|Q'
|q'
|Q'a
|-
|R
|r
|Ra
|-
|S
|s
|Sa
|-
|T
|t
|Ta
|-
|T'
|t'
|T'a
|-
|TS
|ts
|TSa
|-
|TS'
|ts'
|TS'a
|-
|W
|w
|Wa
|-
|X
|x
|Xa
|-
|Y
|y
|Ya
|-
|'
|'
|Xlok'-aq
|}

==Phonology==
Unlike most Mayan languages, Mochoʼ is [[Social:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]]. Stress is regular and at the last syllable.

*Short vowels have level or rising pitch.

In Mochoʼ, Proto-Mayan *j [x] and *h [h] have merged to /j/ in Motozintleco, while Tuzanteco preserves this distinction.

It is worth noting that pronunciation rules change compared to modern [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]], as ñ becomes an "ng" sound like in sing, and glottalization becomes important for many consonants.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Kaufman, T. (1969). ''Preliminary Mochoʼ vocabulary'' (Working Paper 5). Berkeley, CA: University of California.
*Campbell, L. (1988). ''The linguistics of southeast Chiapas, Mexico'' (Vol. 50). Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press.
*Martin, L. (1998). Irrealis constructions in Mochoʼ (Mayan). ''Anthropological Linguistics'' (2), 198-213.
*Martin, L. (1987). The interdependence of language and culture in the bear story in Spanish and Mocho. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' (4), 533-548.
*England, N. C., & Maldonado, R. Z. (2013). ''Mayan languages''. Oxford University Press.
*Schuman, Otto. 1969. "El tuzanteco y su posición dentro de la familia mayense" en ''Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia''. México. pp.&nbsp;139–148.

==External links==
*[https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:124421 Mayan Languages Collection of Laura Martin]. Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. [Audio recordings, transcriptions, translations, and field notes on Mocho' and other Mayan languages. Free registration required.]
*[https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:124470 MesoAmerican Languages Collection of Lyle Campbell]. Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. [Audio recordings, transcriptions, and translations of several languages including Mocho'. Free registration required.]
*{{cite web|title=Mocho Pronunciation Guide, Alphabet and Phonology|url=http://www.native-languages.org/mocho_guide.htm|website=www.native-languages.org|publisher=Native Languages of the Americas|access-date=1 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|title=Mochoʼ Language|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/141|website=Endangered Languages Project|publisher=Alliance for Linguistic Diversity|access-date=2 May 2016}}

{{Languages of Mexico}}
{{Mayan languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mochoʼ Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]



{{Sourceattribution|Mochoʼ language}}