View source for Social:Nagpuri language

{{Short description|Eastern Indo-Aryan language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox language 
| name             = Nagpuri
| nativename       = Sadani
| altname          = Sadri
| image            = Nagpuri language.svg
| imagecaption     = The word "Nagpuri" written in Devanagari script
| states           = India
| region           = West Central Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand,  Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar)
| ethnicity        = Nagpuria
| speakers         = [[Social:First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|5.131180|2}} million (2011 census)<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sck|title=Sadri|website=Ethnologue|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/languages-in-india/jharkhand-sadri-language/ |title=Sadri - the Language of Jharkhand |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127085046/http://www.indiamapped.com/languages-in-india/jharkhand-sadri-language/ |archive-date=27 November 2016 }}</ref>
| date             = 
| speakers2        = L2: {{sigfig|7.000045|2}} million (2007)<ref name=e26/>
| ref              = e26
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = Eastern
| fam5             = Bihari
| fam6             = Sadanic
| script           = Devanagari<br /> [[Social:Kaithi|Kaithi]] (historical)
| nation           = {{IND}}
* Jharkhand<ref name="jagranjosh"/><ref name="avenuemail"/> (additional)
| lc1              = sck
| ld1              = Sadri
| lc2              = sdr
| ld2              = Oraon Sadri
| glotto           = sada1242
| glottorefname    = Sadani
| map              = Sadri speaking region.png
| mapcaption       = Nagpuri-speaking region in India
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Nicolas speaking Sadri, Kharia, and Sambalpuri.webm|thumb|A Sadri speaker speaking three languages, recorded in China.]]
'''Nagpuri''' (also known as '''Sadri''') is an [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand,  Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar. It is primarily spoken in the west and central Chota Nagpur plateau region.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="research gate 2020"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7294382|title=Sadani / Sadri|publisher=academia.edu|author=Savita Kiran, John Peterson|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> It is sometimes  considered a dialect of Bhojpuri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahl |first=Kali C. |date=1971 |title=Sadani: A Bhojpuri Dialect Spoken in Chotanagpur . Monika Jordan-Horstmann. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1971.73.4.02a00680 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=909–910 |doi=10.1525/aa.1971.73.4.02a00680 |issn=0002-7294}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz48AAAAMAAJ&q=Bhojpuri+dialect+nagpuri |title=The New Encyclop©Œdia Britannica |date=1983 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |isbn=978-0-85229-400-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel-Horstmann |first=M. |year=1969 |title=Sadani : a Bhojpuri dialect spoken in Chotanagpur |s2cid=127410862 |language=en}}</ref>

It is the native language of the Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnic group of Chota Nagpur plateau.<ref name="auto"/> In addition to native speakers, it is also used as a lingua franca by many tribal groups such as the Kurukh, a Dravidian ethnic group, and the Kharia, Munda, and Austro-asiatic ethnic groups. A number of speakers from these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language.<ref name="auto"/> It is also used  as a lingua franca among the Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh who were taken as labourers to work in the tea gardens during the [[History:British Raj|British Period]].<ref name="auto"/> It is known as Baganiya bhasa in the tea garden area of Assam which is influenced by the [[Social:Assamese language|Assamese language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joell.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/1-10-THE-SYLLABLE-STRUCTURE-IN-NAGPURI.pdf|title=THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN NAGPURI (SADRI)|publisher=Veda Publications|author=Diksha Verma|page=2|year=2022|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> According to the 2011 Census, it is spoken by 5.1 million people as a first language. Around 7 million speak it as their second language based on a study from 2007.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Names==
The language is known by several names, such as Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadani, Sadri etc. The language is known as Sadani, the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. The Sadani also refer to closely related  Indo-Aryan languages of Jharkhand such as Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Kurmali and Khortha.<ref name="auto"/> In the literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri, which is the polished and literary language especially used by Hindus and in cities. Sadri refers to the spoken and non-literary form of the language, 
especially spoken by tribal groups in the countryside.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=1 September 2020|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="liveindustan 2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-displeasure-over-giving-two-separate-codes-to-nagpuri-language-4211377.html|title=नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी|newspaper=liveHindustan|date=11 July 2021|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> The name Nagpur is the region ruled by Nagvanshi, named as Chutia Nagpur (Chota Nagpur Division) by the British to distinguish it from Nagpur of Maharashtra.<ref name=houlton>Sir John Houlton, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref> 

Nagpuri language writers are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word ''Sadri'' and giving two names Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria, to a single language in the upcoming Indian census. According to them, the name of the language is Nagpuri and the native speakers of the language are known as Nagpuria. The British also wrote a grammar using the name Nagpuri in 1906, and Nagpuri is the official name of the language in Jharkhand.<ref name="liveindustan 2021"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-opposition-to-conspiracy-to-divide-nagpuri-in-linguistic-census-4467320.amp.html|title=भाषाई जनगणना में नागपुरी को बांटने की साजिश का विरोध|newspaper=Hindustan|date=29 August 2021|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-d-22715444.html|title=झारखंड में नागपुरी के साथ जुल्म हो रहा है : मधु मंसुरी|work=Dainik Jagran|date=15 May 2022|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==History==
There are different opinions among linguists about the origin of the Nagpuri language. According to Peter Shanti Navrangi, Nagpuriya Sadani or Nagpuri originated from ancient [[Social:Prakrit|Prakrit]]. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is an Apabhramsha and descendant of [[Social:Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi Prakrit]] in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Shravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.<ref name="Samanya Gyan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref>
According to him, Nagpuri might have originated between the 8th to 11th centuries and developed into a full-fledged language between the 14th to 15th centuries. According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, Nagpuri is an ancient language that was in existence before Chotanagpur or Jharkhand started to be known as Nagpur and evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit. There is no consensus among scholars from which language Nagpuri has evolved. Several similarities are found between the words of [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]], Nagpuri, Apabrahmsa, Prakrit and [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]].<ref name="research gate 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425|title=JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand|publisher=research gate|date=July 2020|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> 

The Nagpuri language was the court language of the Nagvanshi dynasty and the official language of Chotanagpur till British rule. Evidence of literature is available from the 17th century. In 1903, Sir George Abraham Grierson classified Nagpuri as the Nagpuria dialect of the Bhojpuri language in his "[[Social:Linguistic Survey of India|Linguistic Survey of India]]". 
[[File:Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur.jpg|thumb|1903 Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur, by G.A. Grierson]]

Nagpuri has been placed in the Bihari group of [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> Recent studies demonstrate that the Indo-Aryan languages of the Chota Nagpur plateau, called ''Sadani languages'', are distinct languages and are more closely related to each other than any other languages.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics"/>

==Geographical Distribution==
The Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in the western Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;
{| class="wikitable"
!State
!Jharkhand
!Chhattisgarh
!Odisha
!Bihar
|-
|rowspan="11" |District
|Chatra
|Jashpur
| rowspan="11" |Sundergarh
| rowspan="11"|Gaya
|-
|Palamu
|Balrampur
|-
|Latehar
| rowspan="9"|Sarguja
|-
|Garhwa
|-
|Hazaribagh
|-
|Lohardaga
|-
|Gumla
|-
|Ranchi
|-
|Simdega
|-
|Khunti
|-
|West Singhbhum
|}

It is also spoken by some Tea garden community in Tea garden area of Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh and Nepal who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule.<ref name="auto3"/>

==Dialects==
The Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics"/>

==Script==
The early inscriptions found in the region are in [[Social:Brahmi script|Brahmi script]]. The Saridkel Brahmi Inscription from Khunti district is from 3rd century BCE. Several inscriptions of forts, temples and land grants are found from the 9th century, such as from Mahamaya temple of Hapamuni built by Gajghat Rai, Nagfeni, Navratangarh fort of Gumla district, Boreya and Jagannath temple of Ranchi. Some Buddhist inscriptions are undated, such as from Khalari and Jonha Falls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893|title=Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study|author=Lalit Aditya|date=October 2018|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Inscriptions of the modern period are in Devnagari script. Nagpuri poetry has been written in Devnagari and Kaithi script during the 17th century.<ref name="auto1"/> At present, mainly Devnagari script is used in literature.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>

==Status==
Historically, Nagpuri was the lingua-franca in the region. It was the court language during the reign of the Nagvanshi dynasty.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Nagpuri is accorded as an additional official language in the Indian state of Jharkhand.<ref name="jagranjosh">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-official-languages-of-indian-states-and-union-territories-1624022980-1|title=List of Official Languages of Indian States and Union Territories|publisher=jagranjosh|date=23 June 2021|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="avenuemail">{{Cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili|website=avenuemail|date=11 March 2018|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428140711/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is demand to include Nagpuri in the Eighth schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Requests-to-include-38-languages-in-Constitution-pending-Govt/article16850895.ece/amp/|title=Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt|website=thehindu|date=1 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/38-languages-stake-claim-to-be-in-eighth-schedule/|title=38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule|website=dailyexcelsior|date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/demand-for-joining-the-nagpur-language-8th-schedule/amplite/1165636.html|title='नागपुरी पझरा' संवाद कार्यक्रम में उठी नागपुरी भाषा को 8वीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग|website=prabhatkhabar|date=3 June 2018 }}</ref> Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them, recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Dont-add-Hindi-dialects-in-Eighth-Schedule-say-academics/article17064058.ece/amp/|title=Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics|website=thehindu|date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

==Literature==
The Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in the Nagpuri language are available since the 17th century. The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were  poets. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/bid-to-save-language-treasure-by-dr-keshri.html|title=Bid to save language treasure by Dr Keshri|website=dailypioneer|date=30 March 2014|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> Some Nagpuri peots were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> "Nagvanshavali" (1876), written by Beniram Mehta, is a historical work in the nagpuri language. The poet Ghasi Ram Mahli wrote several works, including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writers like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2016|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref> 
It is believed that prose writing in the nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote ''Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur'' in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in the nagpuri language.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan Hindi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8NAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215|title=JPSC Mains Paper-III History and Geography (Hindi): Dr. Manish Ranjan (IAS)|isbn=978-9390906833|author=Dr. Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2021}}</ref> 
Some Nagpuri language writers and poets in the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu.<ref name="Samanya Gyan"/>

Monthly Nagpuri magazines ''Gotiya'' and ''Johar Sahiya'' have been published in Ranchi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nagpuri-call-for-culture/cid/562024|title=Nagpuri call for culture|website=telegraphindia|date=25 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.in/newspapers_details/ref_id-38355/language-nagpuri/periodicity-monthly/district-ranchi/state-jharkhand|title=JOHAR SAHIYA|website=newspapers}}</ref> Several magazines have also been published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars districts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/new-insight-into-tea-community-of-assam/|title=New insight into tea community of Assam|website=thethumbprintmag|date=25 May 2015|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518010425/http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/new-insight-into-tea-community-of-assam/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

===Author and Work===
Some poets, writers and their works in the nagpuri language are as follows:<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan Hindi"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Author !! Work
|-
| Raghunath Shah || first known poet in the Nagpuri language, mostly composed devotional poetry on Krishna
|-
| Beniram Mahata || Nagvanshavali (1876)
|-
| Ghasi Ram Mahli || Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar
|-
| Kanchan || Sudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran
|-
| Drugpal Ram Deogharia || Nal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan
|-
| Dhaniram Bakshi || Jitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit
|-
| E.H Whitley || Notes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896
|-
| Konrad Bookout|| Grammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language 
|-
| Praful Kumar Rai || Son Jhair (collection of stories), 1967
|-
| Sahani Upendra Pal Singh|| Mewar Keshri, Amba Manjar
|-
| Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari || Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti 
|-
| Shravan Kumar Goswami|| Nagpuri Vyakran, Seva aur Nokri, Teteir Kar Chhaon, Du Dair Bis Phool
|-
| Girdhari Ram Gonjhu || Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan, Akhra Nindaye Gelak
|-
| Naimuddin Mirdaha || Menjur Painkh
|-
| Baraik Iswari Prasad Singh || Kaka kar Kahani
|-
| Kali Kumar Suman || Khukhri Rugda
|-
| Shakuntala Mishra || Nagpuri Sadani Vyakaran, Sadani Nagpuri-Hindi Sabdkosh, Sato Nadi Par
|}

===Education===
Nagpuri taught at some high schools as a subject in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-emphasis-given-on-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-7311440.amp.html|title=नागपुरी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार पर दिया गया जोर|website=livehindustan|date=5 November 2022|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>
It is also taught at Ranchi University, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi Women's College, Suraj Singh Memorial College, J.N College, Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College, Doranda College, Simdega College and other universities of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/ranchi/RU-gold-medallist-to-promote-Nagpuri-lang/articleshow/50666891.cms|title=RU gold medallist to promote Nagpuri lang|website=timesofindia|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inextlive.com/lite/jharkhand/ranchi/regional-courses-19114|title=11 कॉलेजों में चलते हैं रीजनल कोर्स|publisher=inextlive|date=2 April 2014|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental/<br>Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Post-alv./<br>Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|({{IPA link|ɳ}})
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Stop/<br>Affricate
!{{small|voiceless}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|aspirated}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|breathy}}
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Tap
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPAlink|ʋ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

* {{IPA|[ɳ]}} occurs from Sanskrit loanwords, or as realisations of {{IPA|/n/}}.
* {{IPA|/h/}} can be voiced as {{IPA|[ɦ]}} when between vowels.
* {{IPA|/ɖ, ɖʱ/}} can be heard as taps {{IPA|[ɽ, ɽʱ]}} when in word-medial position.
* {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can also be heard as retroflex {{IPA|[ɽ]}} when after back vowels.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Oral vowel sounds
!
!Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|- align="center"
!High
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{IPA link|ʊː}}
|- align="center"
!Mid
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}}
|({{IPA link|ə}} {{IPA link|əː}})
|{{IPA link|ʌ}} {{IPA link|ʌː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|- align="center"
!Low
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Nasal vowel sounds
!
!Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|- align="center"
!High
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʊ̃}}
|- align="center"
!Mid
|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʌ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|- align="center"
!Low
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ã}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
* {{IPA|/i/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[i̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, in short, closed, non-final syllables in free variation.
* {{IPA|/ɛ, ɛː/}} can be heard as more close {{IPA|[e, eː]}} in free variation within word-final syllables.
* {{IPA|/a/}} can be heard as front {{IPA|[a]}} or central {{IPA|[ä]}} in free variation.
* {{IPA|/ʌ, ʌː/}} is heard as more rounded {{IPA|[ʌ̹, ʌ̹]}} when after bilabial consonants, as {{IPA|[ʌ̞]}} when in short syllables, and as {{IPA|[ə, əː]}} when the final syllable contains an {{IPA|/i/}}, or when following a {{IPA|/ɖ/}} or {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.
* {{IPA|/ɔ, ɔː/}} can be heard as {{IPA|[o, oː]}} in free variation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=John |title=A grammar of Chotanagpuri Sadri: An Indo-Aryan Lingua Franca of Eastern Central India |last2=Baraik |first2=Sunil |year=2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Diphthongs
!
!Front
!Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|- align="center"
!High
|
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʊi̯}}
|- align="center"
!Mid
|{{IPA|ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯}}
|{{IPA|[əɪ̯]}}
|{{IPA|ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯}}
|{{IPA|ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯}}
|- align="center"
!Low
| colspan="4" |{{IPA|aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃}}
|}

* {{IPA|[əɪ̯]}} is a realisation of {{IPA|/ʌi̯/}}.
==Vocabulary==
===Similarities between words===
There are similarities between the words of Nagpuri, [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]], Apabhramsha, [[Social:Prakrit|Prakrit]] and [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] which are given in the table below.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! Apabrahmsha!! Prakrit !! Sanskrit !! English
|-
|  Pachhe || Peechhe || Picchhu || Pachha || Pashcha|| Behind
|-
|  Beyir|| Surya|| Beri|| Rabi|| Ravi||Sun
|-
|  Sapna||Sapna || Supan||Suvan || Swapna||Dream
|-
|  Dharam|| Dharm|| Dham||Dhamm || Dharma||Religion
|-
| Aayinkh ||Aankh ||Aankhi ||Akiv ||Akshi ||Eyes
|-
|  Didh||Drudh || Didh|| Didh || Dhairya|| Courage
|-
|}

===Tenses===
Magadhi, Nagpuri and Jharkhand Prakrit use "la" in the past tense, "ta" in  the present tense and  "ma" in the future tense. The words are given below in the table.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! English
|-
| Gelon|| gaya || went
|-
| Sutlon|| soya || slept
|-
| Peelon|| piya || drank
|-
| Khalon|| khaya || ate
|-
| Jathon|| Ja raha hoon || I am going
|-
| Sutothon|| so  raha  hoon ||  I  am sleeping. 
|-
| Piyothon|| Pee raha hoon|| I  am drinking.
|-
| Khathon|| Kha raha  hoon || I  am eating
|-
|Jamu || jaoonga || I will go.
|-
| Sutmu|| soounga || I will sleep
|-
| Pimu|| Piyunga || I  will drink. 
|-
| Khamu|| Khaoonga || I will eat.
|}

===Relationship===
Below are some words about relationships in Nagpuri in the table.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! English
|-
| Mae, Aayo|| Ma||  Mother   
|-
| Baap, Abba|| Pita||Father
|-
| Badi|| Pardadi||Great grandmother
|-
| Kaka|| Kaka||Father's  younger brother
|-
| Didi|| Didi||Elder sister
|-
| Bhai || Bhai|| Brother
|-
| Bahin|| Bahen||sister
|-
| Puth|| Putra||Son
|-
| Nani||Nani ||Maternal grandmother
|-
| Jani|| Mahila|| woman
|-
| Sayis||Saas ||Mother- in - law
|-
| Sangat/Yaar|| || brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law
|-
| Sangatin|| ||sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law
|}

===Words===
Below are some words of daily use in Nagpuri, Hindi and English in the table.<ref name="research gate 2020"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nagpuri!! Hindi !! English
|-
|Charka ||Sweth  ||  White
|-
| Gola||Bhura || Brown
|-
|Peeyar || Peela ||Yellow
|-
|Laal ||Laal || Red
|-
| Leel||Neela || Blue
|-
|Aayij || Aaj || Today
|-
| Aekhane||Abhi || Now
|-
| Sagar din|| Sara din|| Whole night
|-
| Adhberiya|| Dopahar|| Afternoon
|-
| Sanjh|| Sam|| Evening
|-
| Thanv|| Sthan || Place
|-
|Pokhra ||Pokhar ||Pond
|-
| Pethiya|| Bazar || Market
|-
| Pahad|| Pahad || Mountain
|-
| Nadi|| Nadi||River
|-
|Masna || Masan/Samsaan|| Graveyard
|-
|Jaad || Jaada||Winter
|-
| Barkha|| Barsa|| Rainy season
|-
| Rait|| Raat||Night
|-
| Paala||Paala ||Snow
|}
==Sample phrases==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Nagpuri!! Nagpuri (Devanagari) 
|-
| What is your name?||Tor naam ka heke?|| तोर नाम का हेके ? 
|-
| How are you ?||Toen kaisan aahis? ||तोयं कसैन आहीस्?  
|-
| I am fine.|| Moen thik aahon || मोएं ठीक आहों। 
|-
| What?|| Ka? || का? 
|-
| Who?|| Ke? || के? 
|-
| Why?|| Kale? ||काले?  
|-
| How?|| Kaisan? || कसैन? 
|-
| Which?|| Kon? || कोन? 
|-
| Come here.|| Hian aao || हीयां आओ 
|-
| I am going to home.|| Moen ghar jat hon ||मोएं घर जात हों।  
|-
| I have eaten.|| Moen kha hon  || मोएं खा हों। 
|-
| I will go.|| Moen Jamu  || मोएं जामु। 
|-
| We go.|| Hame jaeil || हामे जाइल। 
|-
| You go.|| Toen jais || तोयं जाइस्। 
|-
| You are writing.|| Toen likhathis || तोयं लिखतहिस्। 
|-
| You will come.|| Toen aabe || तोयं आबे। 
|-
| We are writing.|| Hame likhathi ||  हामे लीखतही। 
|-
| We have written.|| Hame likh hi || हामे लीख ही।  
|-
| He/She come.|| Oo aawela ||  उ आवेला।
|-
| He/She is going.|| Oo jat he || उ जात हे। 
|-
|  He/She was coming.|| Oo aawat rahe ||उ आवत रहे।  
|-
| He/She will play.|| Oo kheli || उ खेली। 
|-
| They have eaten bread.||Ooman roti kha haen ||  उमन रोटी खा हयं।  
|-
| They went.||Ooman gelaen ||  उमन गेलयं।  
|-
| They will go home.|| Ooman ghar jabaen ||उमन घर जाबयं।  
|}
==Alternate names==
Alternate names of language include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.<ref>
{{Cite web|title=Sadri (Language code 'sck')|work=Global Recordings Network|access-date=25 August 2012|url      =http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sck|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120513013106/http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sck|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oraon Sadri(Language code 'sdr')|work= Global Recordings Network|access-date=25 August 2012|url=http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sdr|url-status= live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515021551/http://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/sdr|archive-date=15 May 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnologue report for language code: sck|work= Ethnologue|access-date=25 August 2012|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sck|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831083014/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sck|archive-date = 31 August 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*Nagpuri culture
*Nagpuri cinema

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpuri Language}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Nagpuri language}}