View source for Social:Northwest Papuan languages

{{Short description|Proposed language family of Papuan languages}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Northwest Papuan
|altname=Northwest New Guinea
|acceptance=proposed
|region=northern New Guinea 
|familycolor=Papuan
|family=
|child1=[[Social:Fas languages|Fas]]
|child2=[[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
|child3=[[Social:Border languages (New Guinea)|Border (Upper Tami)]]
|child4=Sko
|child5=[[Social:Foja Range languages|Foja Range (Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran)]]
|glotto=none
}}

The '''Northwest Papuan languages''' are a proposed [[Social:Language family|language family]] of Papuan languages.

Many of the constituent branches of Northwest Papuan were first proposed to be related by H.K.J. Cowan in the 1950s. Voorhoeve (1971) connected the Border and Tor families. Using only pronouns as a diagnostic, Malcolm Ross linked most of the western (Foja Range) branch of the family, which is now fairly secure. The current form of the proposal was worked out by Timothy Usher under the name "North(west) New Guinea"<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/northwest-new-guinea Northwest New Guinea]</ref> (not to be confused with the proposed North New Guinea branch of the [[Social:Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family).
It is not yet certain, however, that the similarities in vocabulary between Foja Range and the other constituent families are due to inheritance rather than borrowing.

==Languages==
*[[Social:Fas languages|Fas]]
*[[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
*[[Social:Border languages (New Guinea)|Border (Upper Tami)]]
*Sko
*[[Social:Foja Range languages|Foja Range]]
**[[Social:Nimboran languages|Nimboran]]
**[[Social:Kwerbic languages|Kwerbic]]
**''Mawes''
**[[Social:Orya–Tor languages|Orya–Tor]]

The western branch, Foja Range, is equivalent to Ross's [[Social:Tor–Kwerba languages|Tor–Kwerba]] family with the addition of Nimboran.

[[Biography:Søren Wichmann|Søren Wichmann]] (2013)<ref name="Wichmann2013">Wichmann, Søren. 2013. [http://www.langlxmelanesia.com/wichmann313-386.pdf A classification of Papuan languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125143227/https://www.langlxmelanesia.com/wichmann313-386.pdf |date=2020-11-25 }}. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.</ref> considers [[Social:Nimboran languages|Nimboran]], Kapauri (under Kwerbic above), [[Social:Border languages (New Guinea)|Border]], and possibly also Elseng (under Border above) to form a unified language family.

==Lexical comparison==
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database<ref name="TNG-org">{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/family/eastgeelvinkbay |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> and Usher (2020),<ref name="Usher-2020">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/ |first=Timothy |last=Usher |year=2020 |title=New Guinea World |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216170855/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> unless noted otherwise.

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Body parts
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! head !! hair !! ear !! eye !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! leg !! blood !! bone !! skin !! breast
|-
! Trans-New Guinea
! Proto-Trans-New Guinea
| *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna || *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun || *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) || *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV || *mundu; *mutu || *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi || *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e || *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu || *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa || *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) || *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu || *amu
|-
! Tor-Kwerba
! Proto-Orya-Tor River<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
| *nəbaɾ || *aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ] ||  || *nVwɛ || *masɛ ||  || *mapəɾ[Vm] || *ta[g]əna ||  ||  ||  || *mo̝m
|-
! Massep
! Massep<ref>Hurd, Fred. 1979. ''Massep''. Unpublished word list, m.s. SIL International.</ref>
| emǐbake || embar sanyabe || irmouibe || nobe || indice || wanabe || satoribe || tenebe || kumobe || koke || maike || absibe sababra
|-
! Mawes
! Mawes
| defar || tere ||  || nonsom ||  || wan ||  || ija || werei || tuan || dukunen || 
|-
! [[Social:Nimboran languages|Nimboran]]
! Proto-Grime River<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
| *jaŋkaMBʉ || *ndɜp || *kam[a/ɔ]; *kəni[n/ŋ] || *namuɔ ||  || *səɺiŋ; *wasəɺa[ŋ] || *anəmbəɺ[i/ɛ]ŋ; *mambəɺ[ɜ/ɔ]p || *masi || *kin || *ndɜn || *asu[p/k] || *min
|-
! [[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
! Sowari
| tuniyiŋgan || pioupiə ||  || kariŋgewa ||  || itini ||  || nəmbia || owar || ari || yow yim || 
|-
! [[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
! Sentani
| faləm || uma ||  || i joko || face || itəha ||  || oro || oki || po || wa || nimə
|-
! Kapauri
! Proto-Kapauri-Sause<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
| *baːɽ ||  || *t[o̝/u]waro̝ ||  ||  || *w₂ano̝ || *mɛn₂o̝ ||  || *ko̝mo̝ || *aːᵘC ||  || *mɵ̝N
|-
! Kaure-Kosare
! Proto-Nawa River<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
|  || *haⁱ || *hwɔkɽuC || *hwe̝N ||  || *pakaⁱ ||  ||  ||  ||  || *ki || *muN
|-
! Kosare
! Proto-Kosare<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
| *pɔtɔ ||  ||  ||  || *m[o̞]ɽo̞ ||  || *pɛɽɛ || *ti[p/b]e̞ ||  || *kako̞ ||  || 
|-
! Kosare
! Kosare
| potɔ´ || potɔi || 'kɔro || ĩsɛrit || moro 'kakò || pɛki || pɛrɛ´ ||  || ña || 'kákò ||  || kó kakò
|-
! Kaure
! Kaure
| kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai || hai; hat || goklu; huaglüt || gewe; hwai; hwew || gopo; hapu || sbeje; səbokai || sremu; sɾumu || due; duɛ || hi; katesa; katsa || era; laq; loa || aguli; arohei; axlit || mu; muq
|-
! Elseng
! Elseng
| walambiap || nimbias || mo; uskŋs || naf || sənpokep || an || mɔs; mɔsən || pokəs || wətwən || ok || son; sɔn || pan
|-
! Molof
! Molof
| emi || ela || ou || lom || toŋga || te || ai || fu || mat || antai || kant || mu
|-
! Usku
! Usku
| flekle || flekle-kunda || beikli || nifi ||  || neŋkle || bra || nafu || kla; mise || kla; mi || ninje; ninye || kiombra
|-
! Namla-Tofanma
! Tofanma
| kemble || kemble -na; kemble-na || kemb lelu || jei; yei || məniti || geme || goŋgogok || wanta || leki || nta || jefake; yefake || mo
|-
! West Pauwasi
! Tebi
| məndini || məndini-teke; məndini- teke || faʔa || ei; i || məndi || kle || klemalbo || puŋwa || teri; təri || gwane; gwano || ser || mamu
|-
! West Pauwasi
! Towei
| mindimna || mindi-teke ||  || ei ||  || kəreser ||  || popnoa || edefi || pana || ser || 
|-
! East Pauwasi
! Proto-East Pauwasi<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
| *mɛ || *mbVwaⁱ || *wVpi || *ji || *mɛⁱ || *jɔ || *mɜtaɺVp || *mbu || *mɜp || *ŋgVɺ || *apV, *jipi || *mɵ̝m
|-
! Yetfa
! Yetfa
| fran; ᵽr᷈an || fra may; ᵽʌřamai ||  || i; ʔiʔ || ndor || ɔřa; rwa || moR᷈ ||  || ndwal || fan || tol; toR᷈ || 
|-
! Lepki-Murkim
! Lepki<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>
|  ||  || bwi || yɛmon ||  || kal || braw ||  || yiri || kɔw ||  || nom
|-
! Lepki-Murkim
! Murkim<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>
|  ||  || bwi || amol ||  || kal || prouk ||  || mal || kok ||  || mam
|-
! Kembra
! Kembra<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=433–568 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
|  ||  ||  || yi ||  || pa ||  ||  || nili || ka ||  || 
|-
! Kimki
! Kimki<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>
|  ||  || bwa || ẽ ||  || luː || albak ||  || afupla || kwal ||  || mua
|-
! [[Social:Senagi languages|Senagi]]
! Dera (Amgotro dialect)
| boda || nanada || kumbo- keda || kumba- kwada || gutubu || jabo-gemda || tabu ||  || kodoa || gemda || kueda || toto
|-
! Border
! Awyi
| naŋger; naŋgər || jento; ta || keato || najo; nayo || nubru || ka || marie || malke || keane || sakər || fəker || mə̃
|-
! Border
! Waris
| ku || tea; tɛa || aŋku || nop || lomus || lelo || minde || moŋgola || towol || kəi; kəl || towol || tɛt
|-
! [[Social:Kwomtari languages|Kwomtari]]
! Pyu
| uǏiʔ; wiri || Ǐɩsiʔ; lisi || kweɛ || bəmeʔ; pɛmɛʔɛ || tɛpʌǏi || rəne || asaguʔ ||  || ɛmiʔ; kami || bəli; bɩǏiʔ || kagole; kʌkʌǏɛʔ || ib̶iʔ
|-
! Sko
! Skou
| röbe; rö́e || ta || lö || luto; lutɔ̀ || ha || kö ||  || tãe || hi || ee || nö re; nö rɔ̀ || nɔ
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Nature
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! louse !! dog !! pig !! bird !! egg !! tree !! sun !! moon !! water !! fire !! stone !! path
|-
! Trans-New Guinea
! Proto-Trans-New Guinea
| *niman ||  ||  || *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem || *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka || *ida; *inda ~ *iñja || *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana || *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] || *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] || *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p || *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna || 
|-
! Tor-Kwerba
! Proto-Orya-Tor River
| *nɛna || *gʷəɾa || *gʷas || *dzu || *s[u]w[e̝] || *te̝ ||  || *p[ɛⁱ]n || *pɔ ||  ||  || *nVɾ
|-
! Massep
! Massep
| sinome || onobe || iyi yabenayi || inyane || sinye || warane || sobe || mandoma || ɛware || yase || sirimakatiri || sane
|-
! Mawes
! Mawes
|  || wede || was || ikinin || siwin || deŋkin || esar ||  || bo || kani || feyt || 
|-
! [[Social:Nimboran languages|Nimboran]]
! Proto-Grime River
| *səna[ŋ] || *unduɔ || *inəmbuɔ || *jʉ || *səwip[i] || *ndi || *wɔj || *mbanu || *mbu || *kip; *kɜj || *ndəmuɔ || *tap
|-
! [[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
! Sowari
| ami || aweŋgen || nifie || ey || kuku || ya-yeŋgan || omar ||  || yarim || payn || kara || 
|-
! [[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
! Sentani
| mi || yoku || obo || aye || do || no || hu ||  || bu || i || duka || 
|-
! Kapauri
! Proto-Kapauri-Sause
| *hɛno̝ || *unu ||  || *ɽe̝Cne̝N || *huwini ||  || *nisiki (?) || *bɛ[N/nV] || *bo̝C ||  ||  || *nawaɽo̝
|-
! Kaure-Kosare
! Proto-Nawa River
| *miN || *se̝ || *pî || *ho̝C ||  || *tɛⁱC || *h[æ/a]niC || *paka || *mi[jɛ] || *sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN) || ɭitɪ || 
|-
! Kosare
! Proto-Kosare
|  || *se̞ ||  || *ho̞ || *sɛɽi ||  || *e̞ne̞ ||  || *mijɛ ||  ||  || 
|-
! Kosare
! Kosare
| mi || sé || pi || o || ho's̪ɛri || tĩⁿdi || ɛnɛ´ⸯ || paka || biɛ || sá || 'naka || kɛmɔrɔ´
|-
! Kaure
! Kaure
| mi; mĩ || se || pi || hou; hu; ku || hore; te; wale || te; tei; teija || hafei; haɾi; harei || gaka; poka || bi; biq; gomesi || sa; saʔ; sareŋ || təsi; tɛsi; tisi || selu
|-
! Elseng
! Elseng
| ku || wəs || wo || bisjas; bisyas || suŋun || sək || ninaf || mɔm || wətel; wətəl || bot; bɔt || səpat || mul
|-
! Molof
! Molof
| lem ||  ||  || au || le || woar || nei || ar || jat; yat || tombe || le || mef
|-
! Usku
! Usku
| nimi ||  ||  || lokwe || kle || weli || nei || meŋgerne || ei || jo; yo || pane || tra
|-
! Namla-Tofanma
! Tofanma
| bli ||  ||  || jetai; yetai || taili || kili || jaku; yaku || menti-gaku || basu || we || klo || meka
|-
! West Pauwasi
! Tebi
| mi ||  ||  || lumu; olmu || alani; membi || wejalgi; weyalgi || maʔa || wuluma || ai || we || kwola || fiaʔa
|-
! West Pauwasi
! Towei
|  ||  ||  || yemu || jek || wemu || yimap ||  || eye || we || mafi || 
|-
! East Pauwasi
! Proto-East Pauwasi
| *jəmVɺ ||  || *pVɺ || *and || *jVn || *naɺV, *waɺ || *jəmaɺ || *juŋg || *Vnd || *jaᵘ || *mbVɺi || *mVwaⁱ
|-
! Yetfa
! Yetfa
| ni:m; yim || say || mbaR᷈; mualə || rawi || řonǏa || yau; yo; yɔ || məlel ||  || kel; kɛr᷈ || yaʋ; yau || təkoup; tɩkɔᵽ || miaA
|-
! Lepki-Murkim
! Lepki
|  ||  ||  || afai || haiden || ya || mom || roɣivei || kel || yaɣala || sauf || 
|-
! Lepki-Murkim
! Murkim
|  ||  ||  || afi || nel || yamul || kayakalo || kaya(bi) || kel || yo || oːn || 
|-
! Kembra
! Kembra
|  ||  ||  || tra || traləl || ya || ota ||  || er || ya || isi || 
|-
! Kimki
! Kimki
|  ||  ||  || ã || im || maul || bwakaya || lokaya || dɪ || kamop || kwil || 
|-
! [[Social:Senagi languages|Senagi]]
! Dera (Amgotro dialect)
| manə || jabodo || wadə || du || dogomda || namo; nomo || kəbu || amana || kue || kai || nəmai || bakoda
|-
! Border
! Awyi
| tu || eəl; wŋl || wot || noj; noy || suŋul || ti || mentao || kuŋgəru || wobia; wobio || tao || ser || məŋgir
|-
! Border
! Waris
| ku || unde || mi || tuawa || suul || ti || okumba || wɛs || po || sue || hon || muna
|-
! [[Social:Kwomtari languages|Kwomtari]]
! Pyu
| ni; niʔ || naguʔ; nakwu || we; wɛʔ || maǏuǏiʔ; maru || Ǐio taʔ; taʔ || ga; ka || agwiʔ ||  || ʔiʔ; yi || kamie; kʌmæ || siri; sɩliʔ || ʔonæ; ʔonɛ
|-
! Sko
! Skou
| fi || nake; nakɛ́ || pale; pálɛ || tåå; tãŋã || tã ko; tã kò || ri || rãã; rãã́ || ke || pa || ra || hũ; wũ || 
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Miscellaneous
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! man !! woman !! name !! eat !! one !! two
|-
! Trans-New Guinea
! Proto-Trans-New Guinea
| *abV; *ambi || *panV; *pan(V) || *ibi; *imbi; *wani || *na; *na- ||  || *ta(l,t)(a,e)
|-
! Tor-Kwerba
! Proto-Orya-Tor River
|  || *kʷe̝ || *bo̝s[ɛ/a] ||  || *apa || *nawɛt
|-
! Massep
! Massep
| kine ||  || okabe ||  || mnika || nabini
|-
! Mawes
! Mawes
| ke ||  || dimane || nano || mendakai || yakenew
|-
! [[Social:Nimboran languages|Nimboran]]
! Proto-Grime River
| *səɺu || *kambuŋ; *ki || *sʉ || *ndam || *kapəɺaj[a] || *namuan
|-
! [[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
! Sowari
| watuga ||  || aror || emaŋo || upu || pugwai
|-
! [[Social:Sentani languages|Sentani]]
! Sentani
| do ||  || do || anəi-ko || əmbai || be
|-
! Kapauri
! Proto-Kapauri-Sause
|  ||  ||  || *na[N/nV] ||  || *nɛbɽe̝[na]
|-
! Kaure-Kosare
! Proto-Nawa River
|  || *naⁱ ||  || *naⁱ || *sɔɽɔtɔC || 
|-
! Kosare
! Proto-Kosare
|  ||  || *m[ɔ]ɽɔ || *ne̞ || *ko̞ɽapɛ || 
|-
! Kosare
! Kosare
|  || ḑɩmɔ'kasia || morɔ || kɛnɛ´ || kora'ɸɛ || tau
|-
! Kaure
! Kaure
| debla; dido || dae || bəre; blɛ; nokomne || ganasi; kadi; kandɛ || gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia || tɾapli; təravərei; trapi
|-
! Elseng
! Elseng
| sisɛu; sisew || saɔ ||  || to ||  || 
|-
! Molof
! Molof
| lomo || anale || ti || ne || kwasekak || ateti
|-
! Usku
! Usku
| mekenja; mekenya || jomia ||  || kepo || kisifaini || narna
|-
! Namla-Tofanma
! Tofanma
| lame || ale || emi || sembe || kenano || neni
|-
! West Pauwasi
! Tebi
| toŋkwar || keke || kini || ne || kərowali || kre
|-
! West Pauwasi
! Towei
| tokwar ||  || ken || nembra || giona || krana
|-
! East Pauwasi
! Proto-East Pauwasi
| *jɵ̝pɛ || *VɺVm[i] || *ɛⁱ || *pɜɺ || *aŋgVtamb || *anVŋg
|-
! Yetfa
! Yetfa
| nam || namiyaA ||  || ŋa; ntɛřᵽI || kəsa; kɛsa || ndyesel; tesyɛnsaR᷈
|-
! Lepki-Murkim
! Lepki
| rawil || konan || gye || ɲis || kutuɣap || kaisi
|-
! Lepki-Murkim
! Murkim
| frawil || wonak || ka ~ kako || ɲẽlo || hel || kais
|-
! Kembra
! Kembra
| ratera ||  || kia || ɲəm || kutina || kais
|-
! Kimki
! Kimki
| ap || kiam  || aip ~ mi || auko || amatri || alas
|-
! [[Social:Senagi languages|Senagi]]
! Dera (Amgotro dialect)
| jani- ndia || kuadedebo ||  || tato- || mano; ŋguadu || imbu
|-
! Border
! Awyi
| kir || kuru ||  || anɛ; na || maŋgua || naŋger
|-
! Border
! Waris
| tənda || ŋguabe || nabae || ne || muŋasəl || sambla
|-
! [[Social:Kwomtari languages|Kwomtari]]
! Pyu
| tali; taliʔ || Ǐomæʔ ||  || waŋgɛʔ || tefiye; tɛᵽiɛʔ || kasi
|-
! Sko
! Skou
| ba; keba; kébanè; teba || pemɛ̀ ||  || kã; pã; tã || ali; alì || hĩto; hĩ́to
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{language families}}

[[Category:Proposed language families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Northwest Papuan languages}}