View source for Social:Orya–Tor languages

{{Infobox language family
  |name=Orya–Tor
  |region=Western New Guinea
  |familycolor=Papuan
  |fam1=[[Social:North Papuan languages|North Papuan]]?
  |fam2=[[Social:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages|West (Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran)]]
  |fam3=[[Social:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages|Tor–Kwerba]]
  |child1=Tor
  |child2=''Orya''
  |glotto=toro1256
  |glottorefname=Tor–Orya
}}

The '''Orya–Tor''' languages are a [[Social:Language family|family]] of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia.

==Classification==
The Tor family is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Orya.

;Orya–Tor
*Orya (Uria)
*'''Tor''' family: Berik, Bonerif, Dabe–Keijar–Betaf, Itik, Jofotek-Bromnya, Kwesten, Kwinsu, Mander, Maremgi (Dineor), Vitou

Stephen Wurm (1975) linked Orya and the Tor languages with the [[Social:Lakes Plain languages|Lakes Plain languages]], forming a branch of his [[Social:Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]] phylum. Clouse (1997) found no evidence of such a connection.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Clouse | first = Duane A. | year = 1997 | title = Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plains languages of Irian Jaya | editor = Karl Franklin| journal = Papers in New Guinea Linguistics | volume = 2 | pages = 133–236 | issn = 0078-9135 | oclc = 2729642 }}</ref> Malcolm Ross (2005) linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a [[Social:Tor–Kwerba languages|Tor–Kwerba]] proposal.   ''Glottolog'' accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated.<ref name="Glottolog" />

{{anchor|Wares}}A purported Wares language is sometimes reported.<ref>{{e18|wai|Wares}}</ref> However, no such language is attested. The Wares people are not known to have a distinct language, and the language of the village of Wares is Mawes.<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref>

===Foley (2018)===
Foley (2018) provides the following classification.<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=433-568 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Tor'''
|1={{clade
|1=Orya / Uria / Warpok / Warpu
|2=Sause / Seuce (?)
|3={{clade
|1=Berik / Upper Tor
|2=Itik
|3=Kwesten
|4=Mander
|5=Dineor / Maremgi
|6=Wares
|7={{clade
|1=Bonerif / Benaraf / Edwas
|2=Dabe
|3=Jofotek-Bromnya
|4=Keijar / Keder
|5=Kwinsu / Ansudu
|6={{clade
|1=Betaf / Tena
|2=Vitou / Takar
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

Foley considers the inclusion of Sause within the Tor family to be questionable due to insufficient lexical evidence.<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>

==Pronouns==
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Orya–Tor are,

:{| class=wikitable
|-
| rowspan=2| '''I''' || rowspan=2| ''*ai'' || '''exclusive we''' || ?
|-
| '''inclusive we''' || ''*ne''
|-
| '''thou''' || ''*emei'' || '''you''' || ''*em''
|-
| '''s/he''' || ''*je'' || '''they''' || ?
|}

==Basic vocabulary==
Basic vocabulary in Tor family languages (Orya, Sause, Berik, Bonerif, Kwesten) listed by Foley (2018):<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>

::''Note'': ü = /y/

:{| {{table}}
|+ Tor family basic vocabulary
! gloss !! Orya !! Sause !! Berik !! Bonerif !! Kwesten
|-
| ‘bird’ || mawa || redneng || ju || sü || dun
|-
| ‘blood’ || kal ||  || sawis || disan || awes
|-
| ‘bone’ || dan || oʔog || ædna || re || ren
|-
| ‘ear’ || i ||  || imwa || yere || yeren
|-
| ‘eat’ || temb- ||  || tomb- || tümba || tumber
|-
| ‘egg’ || sik || reng || sui || süi || suy
|-
| ‘eye’ || nwe ||  || nwe || nwetkan || noen
|-
| ‘fire’ || siok || nəenʔ || tokwa || tiɲe || timor
|-
| ‘leg, foot’ || tana ||  || tof || tøf || təv
|-
| ‘louse’ || nena || heng || nena || nena || nɨnen
|-
| ‘name’ || bose ||  || bosna || busø || busen
|-
| ‘one’ || ahaen || noʔbo || daanfena || damet || aftken
|-
| ‘see’ || hla- ||  || dam- || idam- || isangker
|-
| ‘sky’ || nglɨ ||  || winis || nir || oir ~ kir
|-
| ‘stone’ || kasof || dobar || ton || tkun || toʔun
|-
| ‘sun’ || yakra || nisik || gwer || kwaka || kwaker
|-
| ‘tooth’ || æk || gong || or || worbo || our
|-
| ‘tree’ || te || eüsü || ti || ti || tin
|-
| ‘two’ || dan || nembe || naura || nawedem || nawət
|-
| ‘water’ || ho || beher || fo || fo || fon
|-
| ‘woman’ || we ||  || wi || wi || win
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
{{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
{{Refend}}

{{language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orya-Tor languages}}
[[Category:Language families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Orya–Tor languages|1}}