View source for Social:Proto-Kra

{{short description|Reconstructed ancestor of the Kra languages}}
{{Infobox proto-language
| name             = Proto-Kra
| familycolor      = Kra-Dai
| ancestor = Proto-Kra–Dai
| target = Kra languages
}}

'''Proto-Kra''' is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kra languages. It was reconstructed in 2000 by Weera Ostapirat in his Ph.D. dissertation.

==Lower-level reconstructions==
Ostapirat (2000) provided preliminary phonological reconstructions for several lower-level groupings before attempting a reconstruction of Proto-Kra.

*'''Proto-Kra'''
**Proto-South-Western Kra
***Proto-Western Kra (Gelao, Lachi)
***Proto-Southern Kra (Laha)
**Proto-Central-East Kra
***Proto-Central Kra (Paha)
***Proto-Eastern Kra (Buyang, Qabiao)

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Proto-Kra has a total of 32 consonants, seven of which (marked in green) can occur as syllable finals (Ostapirat 2000:224, 236).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proto-Kra Consonants
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Postalveolar
! colspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Glottal
|- align="center"
! Unvoiced Stop
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen"| {{IPA|p}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen"| {{IPA|t}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|c}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen" | {{IPA|k}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|- align="center"
! Voiced Stop
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|b}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɖ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɟ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="2" | 
|- align="center"
! Nasal
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen" | {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen" | {{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen" | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| colspan="2" | 
|- align="center"
! Unvoiced Affricate
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ts}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|tʃ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʈʂ}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
|- align="center"
! Voiced Affricate
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|dz}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɖʐ}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
|- align="center"
! Unvoiced Fricative
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|s}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|x}}
| colspan="2" | 
|- align="center"
! Voiced Fricative
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|z}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɣ}}
| colspan="2" | 
|- align="center"
! Approximant
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|w}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen" | {{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! Rhotic
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|r}}
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
|}

Marc Miyake (2008)<ref name="Miyake2008">Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080809.htm Did Proto-Kra have retroflex initials?] (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/080726.htm#07262239 1], [http://www.amritas.com/080802.htm 2-6], [http://www.amritas.com/080809.htm 7-9], [http://www.amritas.com/080816.htm#08102020 10], [http://www.amritas.com/080816.htm#08140207 11])</ref> proposes alternative reconstructions for Ostapirat's (2000) Proto-Kra retroflex consonants, suggesting that many of them were actually non-retroflexes that had been influenced by pre-syllables. Some examples of Miyake's (2008) revised Proto-Kra reconstructions are provided below.

* *tsəm 'one' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *tʂəm C)
* *tsun 'teach' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *tʂun A)
* *N-tsu 'pillar' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *m-tʂu A)
* *nok 'bird' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ɳok D)
* *nui 'snow' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ɳui A)
* *nəl 'fat' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *(m-)ɳəl A)
* *CV-nəŋh 'salty' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ʔ-ɳəŋ B)
* *na 'thick' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *C-na A)
* *nak 'give' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *nak D)
* *klep 'fingernail' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ʈ-lep D)
* *(k/tV-)loŋ 'vegetable' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ɖ-loŋ A)

Additionally, Miyake (2008) revises Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *pwl- as *CV-pl-, *bwl- as *CV-bl-, *m-pl- as *pl-, *(p/d/k)-l- as *(p/d/k)V-l-, *ʈ-l- as k-l-, and *ɖ-l- as *(k/tV)-l-.

===Vowels===
Proto-Kra has a total of 6 vowels (Ostapirat 2000:235).

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" width="30%" 
|+ Proto-Kra Vowels
! colspan="2" | Height
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |'''Close'''
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/i/}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/u/}}
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |'''Mid'''
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/e/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ə/}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/o/}}
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |'''Open'''
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/a/}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

Proto-Kra has 4 diphthongs, which are not found in closed syllables.
* {{IPA|*-ai}}
* {{IPA|*-aɯ}}
* {{IPA|*-ui}}
* {{IPA|*-au}}

===Tones===
Proto-Kra had an A–B–C–D tonal system typical of other Tai–Kadai languages (''see [[Social:Proto-Tai language#Tones|Proto-Tai language]]''). The tonal descriptions below are from Ostapirat (2000:237).

# '''*A''': *A is one of the most common tones.
# '''*B''': *B and *D are  phonetically similar, as reflexes of tone *D are often the same as those of *B. This regularly occurs in all Kra languages except for [[Social:Qabiao language|Qabiao]].
# '''*C''': *C is usually accompanied by glottal constriction and may have originally had a creaky or tense laryngeal quality. Some Gelao varieties and Yalang Buyang display the same reflex for *B and *C.
# '''*D''': *D is the only tone to occur exclusively in closed syllables.

The following table of phonetic characteristics of Proto-Kra tones was adapted from Ostapirat (2000:237).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proto-Kra Tonal Characteristics
|- align="center"
!
! *A
! *B
! *C
! *D
|- align="center"
! Type of final
| sonorants, vowels
| lax larynx (?)
| tense larynx
| stops
|- align="center"
! Voicing
| voiced
| unvoiced
| unvoiced
| unvoiced
|- align="center"
! Vocal cords
| vibrating
| wide open
| closed
| closed
|- align="center"
! Vowel duration
| long
| medium
| short
| medium
|}

==Lexicon==
Below are reconstructed Proto-Kra forms from Ostapirat (2000).

{{refbegin|3}}
;Body parts and bodily functions
* *tai<sup>C</sup> 'armpit (1)'
* *lje<sup>A</sup> 'armpit (2)'
* *mum<sup>C</sup> 'beard'
* *hmok<sup>D</sup> 'belly'
* *plat<sup>D</sup> 'blood (1)'
* *kɣa<sup>C</sup> 'blood (2)'
* *plaɯ<sup>C</sup> 'boil (n.)'
* *dək<sup>D</sup> 'bone'
* *m-la<sup>B</sup> 'cheek/face'
* *tək<sup>D</sup> 'chest'
* *kaŋ<sup>C</sup> 'chin'
* *k-ra<sup>A</sup> 'ear'
* *kai<sup>C</sup> 'excrement (1)'
* *ʔik<sup>D</sup> 'excrement (2)'
* *m-ʈa<sup>A</sup> 'eye'
* *C-tot<sup>D</sup> 'fart'
* *ʈ-lep<sup>D</sup> 'fingernail'
* *kok<sup>D</sup> 'foot'
* *C-dəŋ<sup>A</sup> 'forehead'
* *m-di<sup>A</sup> 'gall bladder'
* *mot<sup>D</sup> 'hair'
* *m-səm<sup>A</sup> 'hair (head)'
* *mja<sup>A</sup> 'hand'
* *krai<sup>B</sup> 'head'
* *hlul<sup>C</sup> 'heart'
* *C-si<sup>C</sup> 'intestine'
* *C-ku<sup>B</sup> 'knee'
* *C-ka<sup>A</sup> 'leg'
* *təp<sup>D</sup> 'liver'
* *ʔaɯ<sup>C</sup> 'meat'
* *ŋuŋ<sup>A</sup> 'mouth (1)'
* *mul<sup>B</sup> 'mouth (2)'
* *m-ɖaɯ<sup>A</sup> 'navel'
* *C-jo<sup>A</sup> 'neck'
* *hŋət<sup>D</sup> 'nose (1)'
* *teŋ<sup>C</sup> 'nose (2)'
* *hŋwu<sup>B</sup> 'pus'
* *t-ru<sup>B</sup> 'saliva'
* *m-ba<sup>B</sup> 'shoulder'
* *kwau<sup>B</sup> 'skin (1)'
* *ta<sup>A</sup> 'skin (2)'
* *boŋ<sup>A</sup> 'skin (3)'
* *hloŋ<sup>A</sup> 'stomach'
* *ʒa<sup>C</sup> 'tear (n.)'
* *ɣwjən<sup>A</sup> 'tendon (1)'
* *ŋen<sup>A</sup> 'tendon (2)'
* *t-roŋ<sup>A</sup> 'throat (1)'
* *kɣe<sup>A</sup> 'throat (2)'
* *l-ma<sup>A</sup> 'tongue'
* *l-pən<sup>A</sup> 'tooth (1)'
* *C-tʃuŋ<sup>A</sup> 'tooth (2)'
* *t-lu<sup>C</sup> 'waist'

;Animals
* *mot<sup>D</sup> 'ant'
* *C-me<sup>A</sup> 'bear'
* *re<sup>A</sup> 'bee'
* *ɳok<sup>D</sup> 'bird'
* *kwai<sup>A</sup> 'buffalo'
* *ku<sup>C</sup> 'cat (wild)'
* *ki<sup>A</sup> 'chicken'
* *ni<sup>A</sup> 'cow'
* *d-rat<sup>D</sup> 'crab'
* *ʔak<sup>D</sup> 'crow (n.)'
* *dit<sup>D</sup> 'deer'
* *x-ma<sup>A</sup> 'dog'
* *blaɯ<sup>A</sup> 'duck (1)'
* *kap<sup>D</sup> 'duck (2)'
* *ʈəm<sup>A</sup> 'egg'
* *p-la<sup>A</sup> 'fish'
* *x-mət<sup>D</sup> 'flea'
* *me<sup>C</sup> 'goat'
* *d-laŋ<sup>C</sup> 'hawk'
* *C-ku<sup>A</sup> 'horn'
* *ŋja<sup>C</sup> 'horse'
* *C-ʈu<sup>A</sup> 'louse (head)'
* *m-drəl<sup>A</sup> 'louse (body)'
* *kʒət<sup>D</sup> 'maggot'
* *tai<sup>C</sup> 'monkey (1)'
* *krok<sup>D</sup> 'monkey (2)'
* *m-lu<sup>A</sup> 'monkey (gibbon)'
* *dʒaŋ<sup>A</sup> 'mosquito'
* *x-mu<sup>A</sup> 'pig'
* *hlai<sup>C</sup> 'rat'
* *tʃui<sup>A</sup> 'shellfish'
* *C-tʃot<sup>D</sup> 'tail'
* *ŋa<sup>A</sup> 'snake'
* *(k-)di<sup>A</sup> 'tiger'
* *gwja<sup>A</sup> 'wing'

;Plants
* *tok<sup>D</sup> 'banana'
* *m-te<sup>C</sup> 'beans'
* *m-pwa<sup>B</sup> 'bran'
* *ka<sup>A</sup> 'cogon grass'
* *m-tiŋ<sup>A</sup> 'cucumber'
* *C-kən<sup>A</sup> 'ear of grain'
* *hŋa<sup>C</sup> 'flower (1)'
* *bal<sup>A</sup> 'flower (2)'
* *C-mak<sup>D</sup> 'fruit'
* *C-sui<sup>B</sup> 'garlic (1)'
* *kɣa<sup>A</sup> 'garlic (2)'
* *kɣiŋ<sup>A</sup> 'ginger'
* *t-laɯ<sup>A</sup> 'grass/tobacco'
* *ɖiŋ<sup>A</sup> 'leaf'
* *l-ka<sup>A</sup> 'mushroom'
* *ca<sup>A</sup> 'paddy (grain)'
* *m-pləŋ<sup>A</sup> 'peach'
* *mla(ɯ)<sup>C</sup> 'rice (cooked)'
* *sal<sup>A</sup> 'rice (husked)'
* *kʒaŋ<sup>A</sup> 'rice'
* *tsaŋ<sup>A</sup> 'root'
* *pe<sup>A</sup> 'seed'
* *l-ŋa<sup>A</sup> 'sesame'
* *ʒaŋ<sup>A</sup> 'sorghum'
* *p-ɣak<sup>D</sup> 'taro (1)'
* *rwau<sup>C</sup> 'taro (2)'
* *ŋjan<sup>C</sup> 'thorn'
* *ti<sup>A</sup> 'tree'
* *ɖ-loŋ<sup>A</sup> 'vegetable (1)'
* *ʔop<sup>D</sup> 'vegetable (2)'
* *məl<sup>A</sup> 'yam'

;Nature
* *m-tu<sup>B1</sup> 'ash'
* *la<sup>B</sup> 'coal'
* *muk<sup>D</sup> 'cloud/fog'
* *lu<sup>B</sup> 'earth'
* *ʔut<sup>D</sup> 'earth (soil/mud)'
* *na<sup>A</sup> 'field (wet)'
* *za<sup>C</sup> 'field (dry)'
* *pui<sup>A</sup> 'fire'
* *sui<sup>A</sup> 'firewood'
* *l-me<sup>A</sup> 'frost'
* *tsep<sup>D</sup> 'hail'
* *kjəl<sup>C</sup> 'iron'
* *m-ɖjan<sup>A</sup> 'moon (1)'
* *(C-)tjan<sup>A</sup> 'moon (2)'
* *dʐu<sup>A</sup> 'mountain'
* *mon<sup>A</sup> 'rain'
* *jəl<sup>A</sup> 'rain'
* *kron<sup>A</sup> 'road'
* *t-la<sup>B</sup> 'rock (1)'
* *ʔuŋ<sup>A</sup> 'rock (2)'
* *p-ra<sup>A</sup> 'rock (3)'
* *hŋai<sup>A</sup> 'sand'
* *praɯ<sup>B</sup> 'silver (1)'
* *ŋjən<sup>A</sup> 'silver (2)'
* *m-kwən<sup>A</sup> 'smoke'
* *ɳui<sup>A</sup> 'snow'
* *d-luŋ<sup>A</sup> 'star'
* *t-laŋ<sup>A</sup> 'sunlight'
* *(l-)wən<sup>A</sup> 'sun'
* *ʔuŋ<sup>C</sup> 'water'
* *gwjən<sup>A</sup> 'wind'

;Material culture
* *kwan<sup>A</sup> 'ax'
* *da<sup>A</sup> 'boat'
* *dzaɯ<sup>B/C</sup> 'chopsticks'
* *C-ʃe<sup>A</sup> 'comb'
* *trau<sup>C</sup> 'den/nest'
* *x-ŋo<sup>A</sup> 'door'
* *d-luŋ<sup>A</sup> 'drum'
* *t-lop<sup>D</sup> 'hat (bamboo)'
* *kran<sup>A</sup> 'house'
* *kwli<sup>A</sup> 'ladder (1)'
* *kɣuŋ<sup>A</sup> 'ladder (2)'
* *plu<sup>A</sup> 'liquor (1)'
* *C-ka<sup>C</sup> 'liquor (2)'
* *t-laɯ<sup>A</sup> 'medicine'
* *dru<sup>A</sup> 'mortar'
* *ŋlot<sup>D</sup> 'needle'
* *tsak<sup>D</sup> 'pestle'
* *m-tʂu<sup>A</sup> 'pillar'
* *hɲe<sup>A</sup> 'pillow'
* *C-ʃak<sup>D</sup> 'rope'
* *ɲo<sup>A</sup> 'salt'
* *gwaŋ<sup>A</sup> 'sieve'
* *ʔen<sup>C</sup> 'skirt'
* *ʒun<sup>B</sup> 'thread'
* *mɣai<sup>A</sup> 'village'

;Kinship and pronouns
* *tai<sup>A</sup> 'brother (elder)'
* *ʒaɯ<sup>B</sup> 'brother (younger)'
* *lak<sup>D</sup> 'child'
* *ba<sup>A</sup> 'father'
* *pa<sup>B1</sup> 'father'
* *m-li<sup>B</sup> 'female-in-law'
* *klal<sup>A</sup> 'grandchild'
* *m-pau<sup>B</sup> 'grandfather'
* *ja<sup>C</sup> 'grandmother'
* *ku<sup>A</sup> 'I (1)'
* *ʔe<sup>A</sup> 'I (2)'
* *C-paɯ<sup>C</sup> 'male/husband'
* *se<sup>A</sup> 'male/husband'
* *dʒu<sup>C</sup> 'male-in-law'
* *mai<sup>C</sup> 'mother'
* *n(ʒ)i<sup>A</sup> 'name'
* *bɣuŋ<sup>C</sup> 'orphan'
* *pi<sup>C</sup> 'sister (elder)'
* *ʔon<sup>C</sup> 'sister (younger)'
* *ŋun<sup>A</sup> 'spirit'
* *r-maŋ<sup>A</sup> 'spirit'
* *ʒan<sup>A</sup> 'strength'
* *t-ɣu<sup>A</sup> 'we'
* *ʔ-nau<sup>A/C</sup> 'who'
* *mə<sup>A/B</sup> 'you'

;Adjectives
* *kəm<sup>A</sup> 'bitter'
* *hl/dəm<sup>A</sup> 'black'
* *ʔaŋ<sup>C</sup> 'bright'
* *ŋəl<sup>C</sup> 'deaf'
* *(h)lək<sup>D</sup> 'deep'
* *r-me<sup>A</sup> 'drunk'
* *kʒa<sup>B</sup> 'dry'
* *k-li<sup>A</sup> 'far'
* *(m-)ɳəl<sup>A</sup> 'fat'
* *m-tik<sup>D</sup> 'full'
* *ʔai<sup>A</sup> 'good'
* *kʒəl<sup>A</sup> 'heavy'
* *piŋ<sup>C</sup> 'hot'
* *dok<sup>D</sup> 'itchy'
* *pren<sup>A</sup> 'lazy'
* *kʒa<sup>C</sup> 'light (not heavy)'
* *ri<sup>C</sup> 'long'
* *ʔi<sup>B</sup> 'many'
* *d-la<sup>C</sup> 'near'
* *mal<sup>A</sup> 'new'
* *ku<sup>B</sup> 'old (1)'
* *kja<sup>C/B</sup> 'old (2)'
* *(k-)ɖep<sup>D</sup> 'raw'
* *ŋ(w)a<sup>B</sup> 'real'
* *hŋwu<sup>B</sup> 'ripe'
* *roŋ<sup>B</sup> 'rotten'
* *ʔ-ɳəŋ<sup>B</sup> 'salty'
* *tʃi<sup>B</sup> 'satiated'
* *ɖjel<sup>C/B</sup> 'shallow'
* *hɲan<sup>C</sup> 'short (not long 1)'
* *ti<sup>C</sup> 'short (not long 2)'
* *ta<sup>B/C</sup> 'short (not tall)'
* *gjaɯ<sup>C</sup> 'skinny'
* *bwlat<sup>D</sup> 'sour'
* *ʔet<sup>D</sup> 'small'
* *mu<sup>B</sup> 'smelly'
* *tjel<sup>C</sup> 'sweet'
* *k-ɣwaŋ<sup>A</sup> 'tall'
* *C-na<sup>A</sup> 'thick'
* *ɣwə<sup>C</sup> 'thin'
* *tu<sup>C</sup> 'warm (1)'
* *ʔun<sup>B</sup> 'warm (2)'
* *rək<sup>D</sup> 'wet'
* *r-ʔuk<sup>D</sup> 'white'
* *C-ŋil<sup>C</sup> 'yellow'

;Verbs
* *p-la<sup>A</sup> 'afraid'
* *pluŋ<sup>C</sup> 'alive'
* *tsi<sup>C</sup> 'ask'
* *m-plau<sup>B</sup> 'bark (v.)'
* *ʔap<sup>D</sup> 'bathe'
* *ʈai<sup>B</sup> 'bite'
* *rəm<sup>C</sup> 'bite'
* *tsol<sup>A</sup> 'buy'
* *pa<sup>C</sup> 'carry on back (1)'
* *m-blik<sup>D</sup> 'carry on back (2)'
* *s-le<sup>B</sup> 'choose'
* *kləp<sup>D</sup> 'close eye (1)'
* *nəp<sup>D</sup> 'close eye (2)'
* *(C-)ma<sup>A</sup> 'come'
* *m-duŋ<sup>A</sup> 'come (return)'
* *ɖəŋ<sup>A</sup> 'crow (v.)'
* *te<sup>C</sup> 'cut (1)'
* *hrən<sup>C</sup> 'cut (2)'
* *caɯ<sup>C</sup> 'descend (1)'
* *d-loŋ<sup>A</sup> 'descend (2)'
* *pɣon<sup>A</sup> 'die'
* *du<sup>A</sup> 'do'
* *l-pən<sup>A</sup> 'dream'
* *hrom<sup>C</sup> 'drink'
* *m-ʈak<sup>D</sup> 'dry in sun'
* *kan<sup>A</sup> 'eat'
* *tok<sup>D</sup> 'fall'
* *t-lui<sup>A</sup> 'flow'
* *dəp<sup>D</sup> 'forget'
* *nak<sup>D</sup> 'give'
* *pwən<sup>B</sup> 'get (1)'
* *m-to<sup>B</sup> 'get (2)'
* *ɣwa<sup>C</sup> 'go'
* *kəm<sup>C</sup> 'hatch'
* *ʔən<sup>A</sup> 'have'
* *dʒək<sup>D</sup> 'hear'
* *kom<sup>A</sup> 'hold in mouth (1)'
* *ʔom<sup>A</sup> 'hold in mouth (2)'
* *p-ɣon<sup>A</sup> 'kill'
* *so<sup>A</sup> 'know'
* *k-so<sup>A</sup> 'laugh'
* *lim<sup>C</sup> 'lick'
* *(h)ŋwai<sup>A/B</sup> 'love'
* *təm<sup>C</sup> 'plant (v.)'
* *bet<sup>D</sup> 'pluck'
* *(ʔ)jəŋ<sup>A/C</sup> 'rest'
* *ʔi<sup>B</sup> 'scold (1)'
* *kən<sup>C</sup> 'scold (2)'
* *hɲan<sup>B</sup> 'scold (3)'
* *kai<sup>A</sup> 'see'
* *ti<sup>C</sup> 'see (look)'
* *s-ɣwi<sup>A</sup> 'sell'
* *səl<sup>B</sup> 'shake/shiver'
* *d-ri<sup>C</sup> 'sick'
* *ŋu<sup>B</sup> 'sleep (1)'
* *ʔu<sup>B</sup> 'sleep (2)'
* *mu<sup>B</sup> 'smell'
* *pɣa<sup>B</sup> 'split (1)'
* *de<sup>B</sup> 'split (2)'
* *lum<sup>C</sup> 'steal'
* *tsu<sup>C</sup> 'steam (v.)'
* *d-lwal C/A 'swallow (v.)'
* *klut<sup>D</sup> 'take off'
* *tʂun<sup>A</sup> 'teach'
* *hŋa(ɯ)<sup>A</sup> 'wait'
* *C-pwi<sup>A</sup> 'walk'
* *le<sup>C</sup> 'wear'
* *ɲit<sup>D</sup> 'weep'

;Space, time, and deictics
* *lju<sup>A</sup> 'above'
* *lon<sup>A</sup> 'back/behind'
* *dəŋ<sup>C</sup> 'back/behind'
* *kun<sup>A</sup> 'before/front'
* *ɲun<sup>B/C</sup> 'below'
* *(h)wən<sup>A</sup> 'day'
* *t-luŋ<sup>C</sup> 'inside'
* *mjaŋ<sup>B</sup> 'left'
* *m-ɖjan<sup>A</sup> 'month'
* *ri<sup>C</sup> 'outside'
* *(x-)mit<sup>D</sup> 'right'
* *ʔ-ɲa<sup>C/B</sup> 'that'
* *ʔ-ni<sup>C/B</sup> 'this'
* *m-(p)ɣiŋ<sup>A</sup> 'year'

;Numerals
* *tʂəm<sup>C</sup> 'one'
* *sa<sup>A</sup> 'two'
* *tu<sup>A</sup> 'three'
* *pə<sup>A</sup> 'four'
* *r-ma<sup>A</sup> 'five'
* *x-nəm<sup>A</sup> 'six'
* *t-ru<sup>A</sup> 'seven'
* *m-ru<sup>A</sup> 'eight'
* *s-ɣwa<sup>B</sup> 'nine'
* *pwlot<sup>D</sup> 'ten'
* *kjən<sup>A</sup> 'hundred'
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Chen, Y.-L. (2018). ''Proto-Ong-Be (Doctoral dissertation)''. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
*Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. [https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/kra Potential loanwords in Kra].
*Miyake, Marc. 2018. [http://www.amritas.com/180512.htm#05112359 Chu and Kra-Dai].
*Miyake, Marc. 2013. The other Kra-Dai numerals (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/131005.htm#10052320 1], [http://www.amritas.com/131012.htm#10062359 2]).
*Miyake, Marc. 2013. [http://www.amritas.com/131005.htm#10022350 Proto-Kra 'seven'].
*Miyake, Marc. 2013. [http://www.amritas.com/130928.htm#09282306 Retroflexion or lenition?: Kra-Dai 'eye'].
*Miyake, Marc. 2013. [http://www.amritas.com/131012.htm#10122349 Thurgood's "Tai-Kadai and Austronesian: the nature of the historical relationship" (1994)].
*Miyake, Marc. 2012. [http://www.amritas.com/120908.htm#09022359 ''t'' for *''p'' in Vietnamese].
*Miyake, Marc. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/111008.htm#10052345 Dating Proto-Kra-Dai: the clue of the old chicken].
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080809.htm Did Proto-Kra have retroflex initials?] (Parts [http://www.amritas.com/080726.htm#07262239 1], [http://www.amritas.com/080802.htm 2-6], [http://www.amritas.com/080809.htm 7-9], [http://www.amritas.com/080816.htm#08102020 10], [http://www.amritas.com/080816.htm#08140207 11])
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080726.htm#07250325 Correspondences between Proto-Kra and Proto-Tai implosives].
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080412.htm#04081536 From presyllables to Proto-Kra clusters?]
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080412.htm#08112355 Proto-Kra presyllables and clusters with labial stops]
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080816.htm#08122359 Were Kra words for 'chopsticks' borrowed from Chinese?]
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/080301.htm#02280321 布央 Cloth center consonants].
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/111008.htm#10042054 Limited knowledge only gets you *''so'' far].
*Miyake, Marc. 2008. [http://www.amritas.com/111008.htm#10032205 What's *''so'' funny about knowledge?]
*Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf Proto-Kra]." ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' '''23''' (1): 1-251.
*Ostapirat, Weera. (2009). [https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JLC/article/view/20210 Proto-Tai and Kra-Dai Finals *-l and *-c]. ''Journal of Language and Culture, 28''(2), 41-56.
*Ostapirat, Weera. (2013). [https://brill.com/view/journals/bcl/7/1/article-p189_6.xml The Rime System of Proto-Tai]. ''Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7''(1), 189-227.
*Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2009). [https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/13855/Pittayaporn,%20Pittayawat.pdf ''The Phonology of Proto-Tai (Doctoral dissertation)''.] Cornell University.
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Social:Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian language]]
*[[Social:Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai language]]
*[[Social:Proto-Kam–Sui language|Proto-Kam–Sui language]]
*[[Social:Proto-Tai language|Proto-Tai language]]
*[[Social:Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai languages]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130426145447/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=690 ABVD: Proto-Kra word list]
* [https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/classification.php?node=Tai-Kadai ABVD: word lists of Kra-Dai languages]

{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

[[Category:Proto-languages|Kra]]

{{Sourceattribution|Proto-Kra|1}}