View source for Social:Purépecha language

{{Short description|Indigenous language spoken in parts of Mexico}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Purépecha
| altname          = Tarascan
| nativename       = ''Pʼurhépecha''
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|[pʰuˈɽepet͡ʃa]}}
| region           = Michoacán
| states           = Mexico
| ethnicity        = Purépecha
| speakers         = {{sigfig|142459|2}}
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = <ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020] INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.</ref>
| familycolor      = American
| family           = [[Social:Language isolate|Language isolate]] 
| lc1              = tsz
| ld1              = Eastern
| lc2              = pua
| ld2              = Western
| glotto           = tara1323
| glottorefname    = Tarascan
| ELP              = 7569
| ELPname          = Purepecha
| map              = Purepecha map.svg
| mapcaption       = Distribution of Purépecha in Mexico, green indicates historical language homeland and red is modern-day speakers. 
| notice           = IPA
}}

'''Purépecha''' (also '''''Pʼurhépecha''''' {{IPA-xx|pʰuˈɽepet͡ʃa|}}, {{lang-tsz|Phorhé}} or ''Phorhépecha''), often called '''Tarascan''', a term coined by Spanish colonizers ({{lang-es|Tarasco}}) which can be seen as pejorative,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Mexico - The State of Michoacan |url=http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/michoacan.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=www.houstonculture.org}}</ref> is a [[Social:Language isolate|language isolate]] or small [[Social:Language family|language family]] that is spoken by some 140,000 Purépecha in the highlands of Michoacán, Mexico.

Purépecha was the main language of the pre-Columbian Tarascan State and became widespread in the region during its heyday in the late post-Classic period. The small town of Purepero got its name from the indigenous people who lived there. 

Even though it is spoken within the boundaries of [[Place:Mesoamerica|Mesoamerica]], Purépecha does not share many of the traits defining the [[Social:Mesoamerican language area|Mesoamerican language area]], suggesting that the language is a remnant of an indigenous substrate that existed several thousands of years ago before the migration of speakers that contributed to the formation of the sprachbund, or alternatively is a relatively new arrival to the area.

==Classification==
Purépecha has long been classified as a [[Social:Language isolate|language isolate]] unrelated to any other known language. That judgement is repeated in Lyle Campbell's authoritative classification.{{sfn|Campbell|1997}} Joseph Greenberg assigned it to the [[Social:Chibchan languages|Chibchan language family]],{{sfn|Greenberg|1987}} but like the rest of his American classification, that proposal is rejected by specialists.{{sfn|Campbell|1997}}

There are a number of dialects,{{sfn|Friedrich|1971a}} which [[Organization:SIL International|SIL International]] divides into two languages, but Campbell (1997) considers Purépecha to be a single language.

==Demography==
The language is spoken mostly in rural communities in the highlands of Michoacán. The former center of the Tarascan State was around Lake Pátzcuaro and remains an important center of the Purépecha community.

''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' counts Purépecha as two languages: a central language, spoken by approximately 40,000 people (2005) around Pátzcuaro, and a western highland language, spoken by 135,000 speakers (2005) around Zamora, Los Reyes de Salgado, Paracho de Verduzco, and Pamatácuaro, all of which are in the vicinity of the volcano Parícutin. Recent migration has formed communities of speakers in the cities of Guadalajara, Tijuana and [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]] and in the {{wipe|United States}}. The total population of speakers is rising (from 58,000 in 1960 to 96,000 in 1990 and 120,000 in 2000{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza |2006|p=53}}), but the percentage of speakers relative to non-speakers is falling, and the degree of bilingualism is rising, which makes it an endangered language. Fewer than 10% of speakers are now monolingual.{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|p=53}}

==History==
[[File:Diccionario en lengua tarasca en lengua de Mechuacan (1559).tif|thumbnail|left|Dictionary of the ''Mechuacan'' (Michoacán, Tarascan) language, Fray Maturino Gilberti, 1559]]

The Purépecha are known to have migrated from elsewhere to their current location, as their tradition includes stories of having traveled from the [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]] to their current locations. [[Social:Ethnohistory|Ethnohistorical]] accounts mention them as a people dwelling in the same region of Michoacán they live in now as early as the 13th century. According to the ''Relación de Michoacán'', the communities around Lake Pátzcuaro were gathered into the strong Purépecha State by the leader of the Uacúsecha group of Purépecha speakers, Tariácuri. Around 1300, he undertook the first conquests of other and installed his sons Hiripan and Tangáxoan as lords of Ihuatzio and Tzintzuntzan respectively while he himself ruled from Pátzcuaro City. By the time of the death of Taríacuri, in around 1350, his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Pátzcuaro.

His son Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo. In 1460 the Purépecha State reached the Pacific Coast at Zacatula, advanced into the Toluca Valley, and also, on the northern rim, reached into the present-day state of Guanajuato. In the 15th century, the Purépecha state was at war with the Aztecs. Many Nahua peoples who had lived side by side with Purépecha-speakers were relocated outside of the Tarascan frontiers, and [[Social:Otomi language|Otomi]]-speakers fleeing the Aztec expansion resettled on the border between the two polities. That created a fairly homogeneous area of Purépecha speakers, with no other languages spoken in the core area around Lake Pátzcuaro.{{sfn|Pollard|1993}}
[[File:Oraciones en tarasco.pdf|thumb|page=7|Prayer book in the language by J. J. Apolonio Maya dated 1849 (click to browse).]]
During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Purépecha State was at first peacefully incorporated into the realm of New Spain, but with the killing of Cazonci Tangaxuán II by Nuño de Guzmán, the relation became one of Spanish dominance by force. Exceptions were the hospital communities of Vasco de Quiroga, such as Santa Fé de la Laguna, where Purépecha could live with a degree of protection from Spanish domination. Through Spanish friars, the Purépecha learned to write in the Latin script, and Purépecha became a literary language in the early colonial period. There is a body of written sources in Purépecha from the period, including several dictionaries, confessionaries, and land titles. Among the most important colonial works are the grammar (1558)<ref>Gilberti, Fray Maturino. 1987. ''Arte de la lengua de Michuacan'' [facsimile 1558] Benedict Warren (ed.) Morelia, Michoacán: Fimax.</ref> and dictionary (1559)<ref>Gilberti, Fray Maturino. 1991. ''Vocabulario en lengua de Mechuacan'' [Facsimile 1559] Benedict Warren (ed.) Morelia, Michoacán: Fimax.</ref> of Fray Maturino Gilberti, and the grammar and dictionary (1574) by Juan Baptista de Lagunas <ref>Lagunas, Juan Baptista de. 1984. ''Arte y Dictionario Con Otras Obras en Lengua Michuacana''. Benedict Warren (ed.) Morelia, Michoacán: Fimax.</ref>

From ca. 1700, the status of Purépecha changed, and throughout the 20th century, the Mexican government pursued a policy of [[Social:Hispanicization|Hispanicization]]. Speakers of indigenous languages were actively encouraged to abandon their languages in favor of Spanish. However, in accord with international changes in favor of recognizing the [[Social:Linguistic rights|linguistic rights]] of indigenous peoples and promoting [[Philosophy:Multiculturalism|multiculturalism]] in colonial states, the Congress of the Union of Mexico approved the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples in 2003, giving Purépecha and Mexico's other indigenous languages official status as "national languages."

== Orthography ==
[[File:Purépecha tospråklig skole.jpg|thumb|A bilingual Purépecha/Spanish school in the Purépecha community of Janitzio, Michoacán. Since Mexico's 2000 indigenous language law, indigenous languages like Purépecha share the same status as Spanish in the areas in which they are spoken, and many schools offer the curriculum in indigenous languages.]]
The official alphabet is the P{{hamza}}URHEPECHA JIMBO KARARAKUECHA (Purépecha Alphabet):
*'''''a  b  ch  ch{{hamza}} d  e  g  i  ï  j  k  k{{hamza}} m  n  nh  o  p  p{{hamza}} r  rh  s  t  t{{hamza}} ts  ts{{hamza}} u  x'''''.{{sfn|Pahuamba et al|1997}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.purhepecha.com.mx/takukata.php |title=CBACK CrackerTracker :: Security Alert |access-date=2010-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024250/http://www.purhepecha.com.mx/takukata.php |archive-date=2010-11-20 }}</ref>

The letters ''b, d, g'' occur in spelling only after ''m, n'': ''mb, nd, ng'', which reflects the pronunciation of ''p, t, k'' after nasal consonants.

== Phonology ==
In all dialects of Purépecha, the stress accent is phonemic. As in Spanish orthography, a stressed syllable is indicated by the acute accent. Minimal pairs are formed: 
*''karáni'' 'write' — ''kárani'' 'fly'
*''p'amáni'' 'wrap it' — ''p'ámani'' 'touch a liquid'
Usually, the second syllable of the word is stressed, but occasionally, it is the first.

The phonemic inventory of the Tarécuato dialect is presented below.{{sfn|De Wolf|1989}} It differs from other dialects in having a velar nasal phoneme. The table of phonemes uses the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and also gives the alphabet equivalents, enclosed in angle brackets, if it is not obvious.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| {{IPAlink|i}} 
| {{IPAlink|ɨ}} {{angbr|ï}}
| {{IPAlink|u}}
|- 
! Mid
| {{IPAlink|e}}
|
| {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
! Open
|
| {{IPAlink|ɑ}} {{angbr|a}}
|
|}

The two mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are uncommon, especially the latter.

The high central vowel is almost always after {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/ts/}} and is then almost an allophone of {{IPA|/i/}}.

The final vowel of a word is usually voiceless (whispered) or deleted except before a pause.

Vowel clusters are very rare except for sequences that are generated by adding grammatical suffixes like the plural -''echa'' or -''icha'', the copula -''i'', or the genitive -''iri''. Vowel clusters are usually not the first two sounds of a word.

===Consonants===
Purépecha is one of the few languages in the Mesoamerica without a [[Social:Phoneme|phonemic]] glottal stop (a distinction shared by the Huave language and by some [[Social:Nahuan languages|Nahuan languages]]). It lacks any laterals ('l'-sounds). However, in the speech of many young Spanish-Purépecha bilinguals, the retroflex rhotic has been replaced by {{IPAblink|l}} under the influence of Spanish.{{sfn|Chamoreau|2003b|p=25}}

There are distinct series of non-aspirated and aspirated consonants and affricate consonants; in the spelling aspiration is noted by an apostrophe. There are two rhotics ('r'-sounds, one of them being retroflex).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar<br/>or palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
!{{small|plain}}
!{{small|labialised}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|nh}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |  Plosive
! <small>plain</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|kʷ}} {{angbr|ku}}
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{angbr|p'}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{angbr|t'}}
|
| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|k'}}
| {{IPAlink|kʷʰ}} {{angbr|k'u}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|ts}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{angbr|ts'}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}} {{angbr|ch'}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |  Fricative
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|x}}
| {{IPAlink|x}} {{angbr|j}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Rhotic
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
| {{IPAlink|ɽ}} {{angbr|rh}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|u}}
|}

The official orthography does not have distinct representations for the four phonemes {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, {{IPA|/kʷʰ/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}. It uses the letter {{angbr|i}} for both {{IPA|/i, j/}} and the letter {{angbr|u}} for both {{IPA|/u, w/}}, but both semivowels are fairly rare. When {{angbr|k}} or {{angbr|k'}} is followed by {{angbr|u}} and another vowel letter, the sequence virtually always represents the labio-velar phonemes.

Intervocally, aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated. After nasals, aspirated consonants lose their aspiration and unaspirated consonants become voiced.

==Grammar==
===Typology===
Purépecha is an [[Social:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]], but sound change has led to a certain degree of fusion. It is sometimes considered a polysynthetic language because of its complex morphology and frequent long words.{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|p=61}} Unlike most other languages that are considered polysynthetic, it has no noun compounding or incorporation. The language is exclusively suffixing and has a large number of suffixes (as many as 160{{sfn|Pollard|1993}}) and [[Social:Clitic|clitic]]s. The verb distinguishes 13 aspects and 6 modes. The language is double-marking in the typology of Johanna Nichols, as it marks grammatical relations on both the dependent phrases and phrasal heads.

The language has both grammatical case and postpositions. The case system distinguishes nominative, accusative, genitive, comitative, instrumental, and locative cases, but there are also many nominal derivational affixes. Word order is flexible, and the basic word order has been described as either [[Social:Subject–verb–object|SVO]]{{sfn|Capistrán|2002}} or [[Social:Subject–object–verb|SOV]].{{sfn|Friedrich|1984}} However, most authors note that other word orders are frequently used for [[Philosophy:Pragmatics|pragmatic]] purposes such as focus or [[Social:Topic and comment|topic tracking]].{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|p=71}}

===Nouns===
Nouns are inflected by the basic formula Noun + Number + Case.

The language distinguishes between plural and unspecified numbers, with no dedicated singular form.{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|pp=74–75}}

Plurals formed by the suffix ''-echa/-icha'' or ''-cha''.
*''kúmi-wátsï''  'fox' – ''kúmi-wátsïcha''  'foxes'
*''iréta''  'town' – ''irétaacha''  'towns'

{{interlinear|indent=2
|warhít'''icha''' tephar'''icha''' maru
|women-'''PL''' fat-'''PL''' some
|'some fat women'}}

The nominative case is unmarked. The accusative case (also called the objective case) is used to mark direct and sometimes indirect objects and is marked by the suffix ''-ni'':
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|Pedrú pyásti tsúntsu'''ni'''
|Pedrú pyá-s-ti tsúntsu-'''ni'''
|Pedro buy-PFV-3P pot-'''ACC'''
|'Pedro bought the pot'}}

The genitive case is marked by ''-ri'' ''-eri'': 
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|imá wárhiti'''ri''' wíchu
|imá wárhiti-'''ri''' wíchu
|that woman-'''GEN''' dog
|'that woman's dog'}}

The locative case is marked by ''-rhu'', ''-o''
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|kúntaati María'''o'''
|ku-nta-a-ti María-'''o'''
|meet-ITER-FUT-3IND Maria-'''LOC'''
|'He'll meet him at María's place'{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|p=306}}}}

The instrumental case is marked by the particle ''jimpó'' or the suffix ''-mpu''
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|jiríkurhniniksï tsakápu k'éri má '''jimpó'''
|jiríkurhi-ni{{=}}ksï tsakápu k'éri má '''jimpó'''
|hide-INF-3PL rock big one '''INS'''
|'They hid behind some big rocks'{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza |2006|p=331}}}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|ampé'''mpo'''ri ánchikuarhiwa
|ampé-'''mpu'''{{=}}ri anchikuarhi-wa-∅
|what-'''INS''' work-FUT-3SG
|'What will he/she work with?'{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza |2006|p=339}}}}

The comitative case is marked by the particle ''jinkóni'' or the suffix ''-nkuni''
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|apóntini warhíti má '''jinkóni'''
|apónti-ni wárhiti má '''jinkóni'''
|sleep-INF woman one '''COM'''
|'to sleep with a woman'{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|p=376}}}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|xi niwákani imá'''nkuni'''
|xi ni-wa-ka-{{=}}ni imá-'''nkuni'''
|I go-FUT-1st/2nd-1P DEM-'''COM'''
|'I'll go with him/her'{{sfn|Villavicencio Zarza|2006|p=381}}}}

Discourse-pragmatic focus on a noun or noun phrase is indicated by the clitic ''-sï''.{{sfn|Capistrán|2002}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|Ampé'''sï''' arhá Pedrú?
|ampé-'''sï''' arh-∅-∅-á Pedrú
|what-'''FOC''' eat-PFV-INTERR Pedro
|'What did Pedro eat?'}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing3=yes
|kurúcha'''sï''' atí.
|Kurúcha-'''sï''' a-∅-tí
|fish-'''FOC''' eat-PFV-3P
|'he ate '''fish'''' (i.e., 'fish is what he ate')}}

===Verbs===
Verbs inflect for aspects and moods as well as for person and number of the subject and the object. There are also a number of suffixes expressing shape, position, or body parts that affect or are affected by the verbal action.{{sfn|Friedrich|1969}}{{sfn|Friedrich|1970}}{{sfn|Friedrich|1971b}}

Transitivity is manipulated by suffixes forming transitive verbs with applicative or [[Social:Causative|causative]] meaning or intransitives with passive or inchoative meanings.

==Media==
Purépecha-language programming is broadcast by the radio station XEPUR-AM, located in Cherán, Michoacán. It is a project of the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples.

==Toponyms==
* Acuitzio – "Place of the snakes"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
* Cuerámaro – "Coat of the swamps"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
* Cóporo – "Over the big road"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
* Cupareo – "Crossroads"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
* Tzintzuntzan – "Place of hummingbirds"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
* Zurumuato – "Place in straw hill"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |edition=OUP paperback |series=Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, no. 4 |others=William Bright (series general ed.) |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-509427-5 |oclc=32923907}}
*{{cite book |last=Capistrán |first=Alejandra |year=2002 |chapter=Variaciones de orden de constituyentes en p'orhépecha |editor-first=Paulette |editor-last=Levy |title=Del cora al maya yucateco: estudios lingüísticos sobre algunas lenguas indígenas mexicanas |location=Mexico City |publisher=UNAM |language=es}}
*{{cite journal |last=Chamoreau |first=Claudine |year=2003b |title=Purépecha de Jarácuaro, Michoacán |location=Mexico City: El Colegio de México |journal=Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México |volume=25 |language=es}}
*{{cite book |last=Chamoreau |first=Claudine |year=2003 |title=Parlons Purépecha |location=Paris |publisher=L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-7475-4357-6 |language=fr}}
*{{cite book |last=Chamoreau |first=Claudine |year=2009 |title=Hablemos Purépecha |location=Morelia, Mexico |publisher=Universidad Intercultural Indígena de Michoacán |isbn=978-607-424-042-9 |language=es}}
*{{cite book |last=De Wolf |first=Paul |year=1989 |title=Estudios Lingüísticos sobre la lengua P'orhé |location=Mexico City |publisher=Colegio de Michoacán |language=es}}
*{{cite book |last=De Wolf |first=Paul |year=1991 |title=Curso básico del tarasco hablado |location=Zamora |publisher=Colegio de Michoacán |isbn=978-968-7230-61-0 |language=es}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Foster |first=Mary LeCron |year=1969 |title=The Tarascan Language |degree=PhD |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9q74905b}}
*{{cite book |last=Foster |first=Mary LeCron |year=1971 |chapter=Tarascan |editor=Jesse Sawyer |title=Studies in American Indian Languages |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Paul |year=1984 |chapter=Tarascan: From Meaning to Sound. |editor=Munro Edmonson |title=Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians |volume=2 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press.}}
*{{cite journal |last=Friedrich |first=Paul |title=Shape in Grammar |journal=Language |volume=46 |issue=2, Part 1 |year=1970 |pages=379–407 |doi=10.2307/412285 |jstor=412285}}
*{{cite journal |last=Friedrich |first=Paul |title=Dialectal Variation in Tarascan Phonology |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=1971a |pages=164–187 |jstor=1264603 |doi=10.1086/465157 |s2cid=144551580}}
*{{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Paul |title=The Tarascan suffixes of locative space: meaning and morphotactics |year=1971b |publisher=Indiana University |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-87750-159-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Paul |title=A phonology of Tarascan |year=1975 |publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Anthropology |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-916256-03-6}}
*{{cite journal |last=Friedrich |first=Paul |title=Distinctive Features and Functional Groups in Tarascan Phonology |journal=Language |volume=47 |issue=4 |year=1971c |pages=849–865 |doi=10.2307/412160 |jstor=412160}}
*{{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Joseph |year=1987 |title=Language in the Americas |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Hernández Dimas |first=Ma. Guadalupe |year=1999 |url=http://www.uarhi.org/documentos/curso%20p'ure.doc |title=Curso de lengua p'urhépecha |location=Mexico City |publisher=UNAM |language=es |display-authors=0}}
*{{cite book |last=Monzón |first=Cristina |year=1997 |title=Introducción a la lengua y cultura tarascas |location=Valencia, Spain |publisher=Universidad de Valencia |isbn=978-84-370-3307-5 |language=es}}
*{{cite book |last=Pollard |first=Helen Perlstein |year=1993 |title=Taríacuri's Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State |series=The Civilization of the American Indian series |volume=209 |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2497-1 |oclc=26801144 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tariacurislegacy0000poll}}
*{{cite book |last=Villavicencio Zarza |first=Frida |title=P'orhépecha kaso sïrátahenkwa: Desarrollo del sistema de casos del purépecha |year=2006 |publisher=Colegio de México, Centro de Investigaciones Superiores en Antropología Social |location=Mexico, DF |isbn=978-968-496-592-8 |language=es}}
{{Refend}} <!--close biblio/reference style options -->

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= pua/K’éri Jimbo}}
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Purepecha_Swadesh_list Purépecha Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
*[http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/blc_cont_disp.pl?LA_33+10016 Field recordings of Purépecha] carried out by linguist William Shipley, archived at the Berkeley Language Center
*[http://www.purhepecha.com The P'urhépecha WEB page] From Michoacán, México. (In Spanish)

{{Mesoamerican families}}
{{Languages of Mexico}}
{{Language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purhepecha Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Purépecha language}}