View source for Social:Rape during the liberation of France

U.S. soldiers were committing [[Medicine:Rape|rape]] against French women during and after the liberation of France in the later stages of [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. The sociologist J. Robert Lilly of Northern Kentucky University estimates that U.S. servicemen committed around 4,500 rapes in France between June 1944 and the end of the war in 1945.
==Background==
{{Off topic|date=July 2019}}
The invasion of Normandy in June and a second invasion in the south in August, put over two million front line and support troops of the Western Allies into France in 1944.

The [[Social:Liberation of Paris|Liberation of Paris]] followed on 25 August. Except for German forces penned in the south-west (e.g., around [[Earth:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]) or in ports, the majority of German troops were pushed back to the Siegfried Line by the end of 1944. After the war, the repatriation for demobilisation of the troops took time. Even in 1946, months after VE-day, there were still about 1.5 million troops in Europe.<ref>Levenstein p90</ref> The housing and management of the thousands of troops awaiting embarkation on a ship for home was a problem.

''Life'' magazine reported the widespread view among American troops of France as "a tremendous brothel inhabited by 40 million hedonists who spent all their time eating, drinking, making love, and, in general, having a hell of a good time".<ref name="Levenstein2010">{{cite book|author=Harvey Levenstein|title=We'll Always Have Paris: American Tourists in France since 1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36xgYf4G8JoC&pg=PA92|access-date=9 June 2013|date=15 March 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-47380-2|pages=92–}}</ref><ref name="Inc1945">{{cite book|author=Time Inc|title=LIFE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=9 June 2013|date=10 December 1945|publisher=Time Inc|pages=20–|issn=0024-3019}}</ref>

==French complaints==
[[File:Normandía.PNG|thumb|Normandy region]]

By the late summer of 1944, soon after the invasion of Normandy, women in Normandy began to report [[Medicine:Rape|rape]]s by American soldiers.<ref name=s20130529/> Hundreds of cases were reported.<ref name=afp20130526>{{cite news|first=Fabienne |last=Faur |title=GIs were liberators yes, but also trouble in Normandy |date=2013-05-26 |publisher=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hY3cUraWo4fVJqWbA34Fd2IeTFOQ?docId=CNG.26cca045d911d64d66269c72328f270e.b11 |access-date=2014-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303160004/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hY3cUraWo4fVJqWbA34Fd2IeTFOQ?docId=CNG.26cca045d911d64d66269c72328f270e.b11 |archive-date=March 3, 2014 }}</ref>

In 1945, after the end of the war in Europe, Le Havre was filled with American servicemen awaiting return to the States. A Le Havre citizen wrote to the mayor that the people of Le Havre were "attacked, robbed, run over both on the street and in our houses" and "This is a regime of terror, imposed by bandits in uniform."<ref name=s20130529>{{cite news | author= Mathieu von Rohr  | title='Bandits in Uniform': The Dark Side of GIs in Liberated France| date=May 29, 2013 | publisher=Spiegel | url =http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/new-book-reveals-dark-side-of-american-soldiers-in-liberated-france-a-902266.html | access-date = 2013-05-31}}</ref> A coffeehouse owner from Le Havre testified, "We expected friends who would not make us ashamed of our defeat. Instead, there came only incomprehension, arrogance, incredibly bad manners and the swagger of conquerors."<ref>{{cite news |last1=von Rohr |first1=Mathieu |title=The Dark Side of GIs in Liberated France |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/new-book-reveals-dark-side-of-american-soldiers-in-liberated-france-a-902266.html |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=Der Spiegel |date=29 May 2013}}</ref> Such behavior also was common in Cherbourg. One resident stated that "With the Germans, the men had to camouflage themselves—but with the Americans, we had to hide the women."<ref name=afp20130526/>

U.S. troops committed 208 rapes and about 30 murders in the department of Manche.<ref name="Wieviorka329">{{cite book |last= Wieviorka |first= Olivier |title= Normandy: From the Landings to the Liberation of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwCmJiSaREwC&q=Rape+during+the+liberation+of+France&pg=PA329 |publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |date=2010 |isbn= 978-0674047471 |page= 329}}</ref>

==U.S. military response==

A brothel, the "Blue and Gray Corral", was set up near the village of St. Renan in September 1944 by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt, commander of the 29th Infantry Division, partly to counter a wave of rape accusations against American soldiers. It was shut down after a mere five hours in order to prevent civilians in the United States from finding out about a military-run brothel.<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news | title=The Dark Side of Liberation| date=May 20, 2013| work={{wipe|New York Times}} | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/books/rape-by-american-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-france.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0/ | access-date = September 10, 2013}}</ref>

The Free French Forces high command sent a letter of complaint to the Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force General Dwight D. Eisenhower.<ref name=cbs20130602/> He gave his commanders orders to take action against all allegations of murder, rape, assault, robbery and other crimes.<ref name=cbs20130602>{{cite news | title=When some liberators were criminals| date=June 2, 2013| work=CBS News | url =http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3445_162-57587207/when-the-liberators-were-criminals/ | access-date = June 2, 2013}}</ref> In August 1945, Pierre Voisin, mayor of Le Havre urged Colonel Thomas Weed, U.S. commander in the region, to set up brothels outside Le Havre.<ref name=afp20130526/> However, U.S. commanders refused.<ref name=afp20130526/>

White American soldiers were much less likely to be executed for rape. 130 of the 153 troops disciplined for rape by the Army were African American. U.S. forces executed 29 soldiers for rape, 25 of them African American.<ref name="bbc20090605">{{cite news | first=Hugh  | last=Schofield  | title=Revisionists challenge D-Day story  | date=5 June 2009 | publisher=BBC | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8084210.stm | access-date = 2013-06-08}}</ref> Many convictions against African Americans were based on circumstantial evidence. For example, Marie Lepottevin identified William Downs only because he was "much larger" than the other soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France|last=Roberts|first=Mary Louise|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-92311-6|location=Chicago|pages=210}}</ref>

==Historical and criminological studies==
According to Alice Kaplan, an American historian of France and chair of the Department of French at [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]], the U.S. military tolerated rape of French women less than that of German women. She argued that the number of rapes is well documented and is less than that of some other armies during that era, writing that "Nine hundred and four American soldiers were tried for rape in Europe, and even if the actual numbers were much higher, they do not compare with a terrible legacy of World War II-era rapes" committed, for example, by the Japanese in Nanking, by Germans in the German-occupied areas, by the French-Moroccans in Italy and by the Soviet soldiers across Eastern Europe and Germany.<ref name="Kaplan2005,154-">{{cite book|author=Alice Kaplan|title=The Interpreter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXosaqz_iUgC&pg=PA154|access-date=8 June 2013|date=30 August 2005|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-7432-7481-4|pages=154–}}</ref> J. Robert Lilly, Regents professor of sociology and criminology at [[Organization:Northern Kentucky University|Northern Kentucky University]], reported in ''Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe in World War II'' his estimate that 14,000 rapes were committed by U.S. soldiers in France, Germany and the United Kingdom between 1942 and 1945.<ref name="TBF">Lilly, J. Robert. (2007) ''Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe in World War II''. [[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan]].</ref><ref name=g20070327>{{cite news|author=Wilson, David|title=The secret war: We know that conflict creates conditions in which soldiers commit rape and murder. Why should American GIs in the 1940s be an exception?|date=27 March 2007|work={{wipe|The Guardian}}|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/mar/27/thesecretwar|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> More specifically, Lilly estimated that U.S. servicemen committed around 3,500 rapes in France between June 1944 and the end of the war.<ref name=bbc20090605/>

==See also==
*War rape
;Allied forces
*Rape during the occupation of Poland
*[[Social:Rape during the occupation of Germany|Rape during the occupation of Germany]]
*Rape during the occupation of Japan
;Axis forces
*[[Medicine:Comfort women|Comfort women]]
*German military brothels in World War II

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last= Virgili |first= Fabrice |title= Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIWksyfmHf8C&q=Rape+during+the+liberation+of+France&pg=PA194 |publisher= [[Company:Berg Publishers|Berg Publishers]] |date=2002 |isbn= 1859735843}}
*{{cite book |last= Lilly |first= J. Robert  |title= Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe in World War II  |publisher= [[Company:Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-50647-3 }}
*{{cite book|last= Hitchcock  |first= William |title= The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QSWIsVPHEoC&q=Rape+during+the+liberation+of+France&pg=PA54 |publisher= Free Press |date=2009 |isbn= 978-1439123300 }}
*{{cite book |last= Roberts |first= Mary Louise |title= What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |date=2013 |isbn=9780226923116 }}
*{{cite book |last= Wieviorka |first= Olivier |title= Normandy: From the Landings to the Liberation of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwCmJiSaREwC&q=Rape+during+the+liberation+of+France&pg=PA329 |publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0674047471 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.npr.org/2013/05/31/187350487/sex-overseas-what-soldiers-do-complicates-wwii-history Author Interview:Mary Louise Roberts], National Public Radio, May 31, 2013


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[[Category:Human rights abuses]]

{{Sourceattribution|Rape during the liberation of France|1}}