View source for Social:Sepik–Ramu languages

{{Short description|Obsolete language family of New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language family
 |name     = Sepik–Ramu
 |acceptance=obsolete
 |region   = New Guinea
 |familycolor = Papuan
 |family   = Proposed language family
 |child2   = [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
 |child1   = [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]]
 |child3   = Nor–Pondo
 |child4   = [[Social:Leonhard Schultze languages|Leonhard Schultze]] (Walio–Papi)
 |child5   = ''Tayap''
 |glotto   = none
}}

The '''Sepik–Ramu languages''' are an obsolete [[Social:Language family|language family]] of New Guinea linking the [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]], Nor–Pondo (Lower Sepik), [[Social:Leonhard Schultze languages|Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi)]] and [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]] families, together with the Taiap [[Social:Language isolate|language isolate]], and proposed by Donald Laycock and John Z'graggen in 1975.<ref>Laycock, D. C. and Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Sepik-Ramu Phylum. In Wurm, S.A. (ed.), Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study 1, 729-763. Australian National University.</ref>

Sepik–Ramu would consist of a hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea, but spoken by only 200,000 people in all. The languages tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones.

The best known Sepik–Ramu language is Iatmül. The most populous are Iatmül's fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken, with about 35,000 speakers apiece.

Malcolm Ross and William A. Foley separately re-evaluated the Sepik–Ramu hypothesis in 2005. They both found no evidence that it forms a valid family. However, all of the constituent branches, except for Yuat within Ramu, remain individually valid in his evaluation. Ross links Nor–Pondo to Ramu in a [[Social:Ramu–Lower Sepik languages|Ramu–Lower Sepik]] proposal, places Leonhard Schultze (tentatively broken up into Walio and Papi) within an extended [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]] family, and treats Yuat and Taiap as independent families.

==Classification==
===Ethnologue===
This list is a mirror of the classification in ''[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue]]'' 15.

{{tree list}}
* '''Sepik–Ramu phylum''' (based on Laycock 1973)
** ''Taiap'' isolate
** [[Social:Leonhard Schultze languages|Leonhard Schultze]] stock
*** '''[[Social:Walio languages|Walio]]''' family (4 languages)
*** '''[[Social:Papi languages|Papi]]''' family (2 languages)
** Nor–Pondo stock (6 languages)
** Ramu subphylum (37 languages)
*** [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]] superstock (29 languages)
**** Grass stock (5 languages)
**** '''[[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]''' family (2 languages)
**** Annaberg stock (3 languages)
**** Ruboni stock (8 languages)
***** '''Ottilien''' family
***** '''Misegian''' family
**** Goam stock (11 languages)
***** '''Ataitan''' family
***** '''Tamolan''' family
*** Yuat–Langam superstock (13 languages)
**** '''[[Social:Mongol–Langam languages|Mongol–Langam]]''' family
**** Yuat–Maramba stock
***** ''Maramba'' isolate (unattested)
***** '''[[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]''' family
** [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]] subphylum (50 languages) [see subclassification at that article]
{{tree list/end}}

===Foley (2018)===
Uncontroversially coherent subgroups accepted by Foley (2018) are:<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{tree list}}
*'''[[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]]''' (11 groups)
**[[Social:Ndu languages|Ndu]] ([[Social:Middle Sepik languages|Middle Sepik]]?)
**Nukuma ([[Social:Middle Sepik languages|Middle Sepik]]?)
**''Yerakai'' ([[Social:Middle Sepik languages|Middle Sepik]]?)
**Yellow River ([[Social:Middle Sepik languages|Middle Sepik]]?)
**Tama
**Sepik Hill
**Ram
**Wogamus (Upper Sepik?)
**Iwam (Upper Sepik?)
**''Abau'' (Upper Sepik?)
**''Amal''
{{tree list/end}}
{{col-break}}
{{tree list}}
*'''[[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]''' (5 groups)
**Middle Ramu
**Tamolan
**Ataitan (Tanggu)
**Ottilien–Misegian
**Grass

*'''[[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]]'''

*'''[[Social:Leonhard Schultze languages|Leonhard Schultze]] (Walio-Papi)'''
**[[Social:Walio languages|Walio]]
**[[Social:Papi languages|Papi]]

*'''[[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]'''

*'''''Taiap'''''
{{tree list/end}}
{{col-end}}

==Lexical comparison==
Below is a comparison of proto-[[Social:Ndu languages|Ndu]], proto-[[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]], and proto-Ottilien reconstructed by and listed in Foley (2005).<ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu">{{cite book | last = Foley | first = William A. |  year = 2005 | chapter = Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin | title = Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples | location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | isbn = 0858835622 | oclc = 67292782 | editor = Andrew Pawley |  editor2 = Robert Attenborough | editor3 = Robin Hide | editor4 = Jack Golson | pages = 109&ndash;144 }}</ref>

:{| {{table}}
! gloss !! proto-[[Social:Ndu languages|Ndu]] !! proto-[[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]] !! proto-Ottilien
|-
| man, person || *ntɨw || *nor || *namot
|-
| water || *ŋkɨw || *arɨm || 
|-
| fire || *ya || *awr || *s(u)ək
|-
| sun || *ɲa ||  || *ra(u)
|-
| moon || *mpapmɨw || *m(w)il ? || *kər(v)i
|-
| breast || *mɨwɲ || *nɨŋgay || *mɨr
|-
| tooth || *nɨmpɨy || *sisiŋk ? || *nda(r)
|-
| bone || *apə || *sariŋamp || *ɣar
|-
| tongue || *tɨkŋa || *minɨŋ || *mi(m)
|-
| eye || *mɨyR || *tambri || *rəmeak
|-
| nose || *tam(w)ə ||  || *ŋgum
|-
| leg || *man || *namuŋk || *or ?
|-
| ear || *wan || *kwand- || 
|-
| name || *cɨ ||  || *ɣi
|-
| pig || *mp(w)al || *numpran || *rəkəm
|-
| snake || *kampwəy || *wakɨn || *ndop
|-
| mosquito || *kɨvɨy || *naŋgun || *ŋgit
|-
| eat || *kɨ || *am(b) || *amb
|-
| go || *yɨ || *wa || *saŋg
|-
| come || *ya || *ya || *kɨp
|-
| sit || *rə || *sa || *mbirak
|-
| stand || *rap(m) ||  || *-tik
|-
| one || *nək || *mb(w)ia- || *kaku
|-
| two ||  || *ri-pa- || *mbuniŋ
|-
| three ||  || *-ram || 
|}

Due to its highly divergent lexicon, Foley does not classify [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]] with [[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]] and [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]].

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database,<ref name="TNG-org">{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/family/eastgeelvinkbay |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> Foley (2005),<ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu"/> and Usher (2020) (for Proto-Arafundi).<ref name="Usher-2020">{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/ |first=Timothy |last=Usher |year=2020 |title=New Guinea World |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216170855/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Body parts
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! head !! hair !! ear !! eye !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! leg !! blood !! bone !! skin !! breast
|-
! Trans-New Guinea
! Proto-Trans-New Guinea
| *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna || *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun || *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) || *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV || *mundu; *mutu || *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi || *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e || *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu || *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa || *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) || *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu || *amu
|-
! Yadë
! Nagatiman
| ʌsu || ʌsʌǏahuᵽa || ąhuǏuʔ || na:ba || yɛlu ||  || aǏižiʔ ||  || wi:nuʔ || ɛlɛ:b̶u || žib̶uʔ || ma:ba
|-
! Busa
! Odiai
| owuna || etete || dinʌ || dena || wʌti || wuti || dʌgʌrʌ ||  || aɔ̨ || ab̶uwibʌ || tati || ną
|-
! Amto-Musan
! Amto
| twæ || (twæ) iwɔ || ye || mo || ni || i || hæne; hʌne ||  || nʌkei || hae || ka || ne
|-
! Amto-Musan
! Siawi
| nani || nanigi || eʔ || mene || Ǐimʌ || ʔi || hanɛ ||  || hařʔ || hařʔ || ʔaoko || ne
|-
! [[Social:Left May languages|Left May]]
! Bo
| kʌmi || kʌmsiya || kɔ || mʌǏo || ki || ki || lɛsɛ ||  || kwo || mutuk || tʌpɔ || nɔ
|-
! [[Social:Walio languages|Walio]]
! Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect)
| tipafu || yei || afe || nimau || tɩmʌsi || nʌfe || tanotai ||  || teyuowa || ihuwa || toefahewa || mama
|-
! [[Social:Papi languages|Papi]]
! Papi
| auwiyu || ařupisi || mʌgʌnaba || sunweyo || tʌnipɔku || sʋmunu || sakeyo ||  || taneke || naikʌmio || pʌsiyæ || abiyaiɔ
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Abau
! Abau
| makwe ||  || nwek || nane; nanɛ || kasan || nas || sane; sanɛ || sune; sunɛ || nyoh || ayo; i || ohi || mu
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Iwam
! Iwam
| mu ||  || wun || nu || nomwos || piknu || kwane || wərku; wɨrku || ni || keew; kew || pəw || muy
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Wogamusin-Chenapian
! Chenapian
| toapᵒ; tuwap || taoɛnavon; taunabon || gwabuo; ugwabə || džinano; ǰinino || mɨnɨk; munɩk || diu; duɨʔ || taun; ton || soʷanaup; šonawəp || ne; nᵊe || dža; ǰa· || bɩn; bön || mu; muʔ
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Tama
! Yessan-Mayo
| tara ||  || wan || la; lə || raŋkɨ; raŋki || lər; lir || tawlə || towa; warə || nap || yaha || was || mu; mukw
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Ram
! Pouye
| nouraka ||  || maroalaka || nowar || wolokə || piyapa || laləmu || lalə || aywi || lakə || nəpyei || muy
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Yellow River
! Namia
| magu ||  || mak || eno || nəmala; nɨmala || pinarɨ; pinarə || lar || li:; lipala || norə || lak || urarə || mu
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Ndu
! [[Social:Proto-Ndu|Proto-Ndu]]<ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu"/>
|  ||  || *wan || *mɨyR || *tam(w)ə || *nɨmpɨy || *tɨkŋa || *man ||  || *apə ||  || *mɨwɲ
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Nukuma
! Kwoma
| masək ||  || fu:; mabiya || mi:; miyi || sumojɨ; sumwonj || pu; tarəkwi || kwunja; tarekwoy || ya:te; yati || pi || apo; hapa || mampə || muk; muku
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Sanio
! Saniyo-Hiyewe
| tu; worɛ siyaʔi || mato towe; tutowe || apahɛ; apaniyɛ || nihe; nihɛ || ɛrɛme; ɛrɛmɛ || pi || sořowɛ; soruwɛ || lowe; rowɛ || fisa'i; fisaʔi || paʔaře; pa'arɛ || tahɛ || mo'u; moʔu
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Bahinemo
! Bahinemo
| thu || thunʌba || bʌsiya || niya || sɛkʌnɩ || pi || thɔlu || lowa || mahələ || hʌbi || thʌbi || mosu
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Alamblak
! Alamblak
| mʌbogath; mɛ̈ƀɨǥatʰ || tʰɨ'maʀ̌č; tʌmarts; tʰɨ'maʀ̌š || yimbɣindang; yɩmbɨǥin'daŋgɨtʰ; yɩmbʌlindangʌm || ɲinga; 'ɲiŋgaʀ̥̥̌; ningaw || 'hʰušɨ ɨtʰ; khusɩmʌth; 'kʰučɨmɨtʰ; kusm || bɩ'čɛ̈tʰ; biʃə; bɩ'šɛ̈tʰ; bɩsʌm || tor; torkh; 'tʰoʀ̥̌tʰ || wʌlat; 'wɷ'řatʰ; wura || khukhupam; kɨ'kʰupʰam || thʌphim; tɨ'pɩʀ̥̌; tɨpi || tʰɨ'ǥatʰ; thʌkhath || mingam; miŋatʰ; niŋgam
|-
! Tayap
! Tayap<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXWcDwAAQBAJ |title=A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language |last1=Kulick |first1=Don |last2=Terrill |first2=Angela |series=Pacific Linguistics 661 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter Inc. |year=2019 |isbn=9781501512209 |location=Boston/Berlin }}</ref>
| kokir || kokɨrŋgrɨt || neke || ŋgino || raw || rewi || malɨt || ndow || and || nɨŋg || toto || min
|-
! [[Social:Piawi languages|Piawi]]
! Haruai (Wiyaw dialect)
| 'jeʥ̮ᵊ'mat̮ɑ || jeʥ̮ᵊˈϕan || ɾ̥ɨmɨnt̮ɕ || 'momakʰ || haŋi'etʰ || andzᵊmakᵡ || alᵊ'bʌɲ || ϕa'letʰ || haɲ || jantʰ || jɩmaɤ wɨɲ || kau
|-
! [[Social:Piawi languages|Piawi]]
! Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect)
| iʥ̮uə'xə || iˌʥ̮imə'da || jɛn'waϕe || mɛmɛʥ̮ə'magə || nama'gə || ˌjɛd̮ʑɩ 'magə || su'ə; syê || hə'damə'si || ga'ja || jɛ'də || wɩ'ɲi || a'hu
|-
! [[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]
! Proto-[[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]<ref name="Usher-2020"/>
| *kopa || *tum[a] || *kund[a] ||  || *pok || *kandz[a] || *taTumat[a] || *panamb[a] || *kombet- || *jekimb[a] || *kumb[a]-; *tut[a] || *ji[t/s]
|-
! [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]
! Biwat
| fop; fopeh || fufuimaivi; fufuimaye || tuanhe; tundu || siketeh; sipta || gerekeh; ŋerek || andu; andusivahe || be; behe || gambang; geambangeh || amberaeh; ambra || amfuva; amfuvaheh || gamfuin; iaveteh || meru; meruhe
|-
! [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]
! Kyenele (Miyak dialect)
| ᵽop || fusibɩľu || tandu || sɩpʰala || nʌnɛlɩŋ || ŋandu || mpe || ŋgambaŋ || ambala || amᵽuwa || nᵽɩsakʰ || miřu
|-
! [[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]]
! Proto-Lower Sepik<ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu"/>
|  ||  || *kwand-; *kwandum || *tambri ||  || *sisiŋk; *?*sisiŋk || *minɨŋ; *minɨŋk || *namuŋk || *ya-; *ya-r || *sariŋamp ||  || *nɨŋgay; *nɨŋkay
|-
! [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
! Ambakich (Arango dialect)
| katʃi || katʃokei || kər || dun || kɨpɨ || aur || mil || brip || sin || karatʃ || okanɨk || oɾitʃ
|-
! [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
! Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay<ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu"/>
|  ||  || *kwar || *rəmeak || *ŋgum || *nda(r) || *mi(m) || *or ? ||  || *ɣar ||  || *mɨr
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Nature
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! louse !! dog !! pig !! bird !! egg !! tree !! sun !! moon !! water !! fire !! stone !! path
|-
! Trans-New Guinea
! Proto-Trans-New Guinea
| *niman ||  ||  || *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem || *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka || *ida; *inda ~ *iñja || *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana || *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] || *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] || *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p || *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna || 
|-
! Yadë
! Nagatiman
| mibaʔ || kaliʔ || gǏɛǏiʔ || pʋlɛʔ || kah || ti: ||  ||  || tuʔ || ahuʐiʔ || anɩziʔ || ařʌgɛʔ
|-
! Busa
! Odiai
| amo || inʌri || waru || wʌnʌ || mʌiyʌ || nda ||  ||  || ani ||  || bitɔ || ti
|-
! Amto-Musan
! Amto
| nanu || hɔ || ma || ai || ai: || amɩ ||  ||  || wi: || maři || tipeki || mo
|-
! Amto-Musan
! Siawi
| nani || so: || kinʌdiʔ || ʔai || iǏɔ || ameʔ ||  ||  || wi || maǏi || tʌbɛki || mono
|-
! [[Social:Left May languages|Left May]]
! Bo
| ka || naři || ᵽu || wɔ || wɔi || ka ||  ||  || ʔu || ta || tʌpʌki || keři; kʌři
|-
! [[Social:Walio languages|Walio]]
! Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect)
| dibafuyei || ifau; ivau || ami ami || auma || aumufu || yanu ||  ||  || utlauwe || tanuwa; tiyami || tab̶iya || efʌmowa
|-
! [[Social:Papi languages|Papi]]
! Papi
| ařupɩsɩ || agabu || tʌmaub̶o || ɔb̶ɔ; ɔ:sani || usouyo || na:b̶ʌkʌ ||  ||  || ařukowa || řiku || tab̶iyaio || pʌbřiyaio
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Abau
! Abau
| mapru || nwɔf; nwɔhɔ || fwok || ahnɛ || ne || no; nɔw || e; ey || yen; yeny || fu; hu || ya || məny || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Iwam
! Iwam
| ŋən; nɨn || nwa || hu || owit || yen || pae(kap); paykap || pi || pwan || op; o(p) || pay || siya || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Wogamusin-Chenapian
! Chenapian
| damian; dəmiaʔ || gwara; ogwara || kᵘo; ku || džɛosiʔ; ǰɛoši || noə; ṣⁱu no || məntəp; montoap || džabɨn; ǰaƀan || nu || džoʔ; ǰoʔ || un || nogɛrao; noguařo || uni
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Tama
! Yessan-Mayo
| nɨ; ni || wala || for || ap || yen; yɨn || me || yabəl; yampəl || lup; lɨyf || ok; okw || k-er; kər || pa || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Ram
! Pouye
| nipikəm || aukwə ||  || yio || warə || tau || taliyə || yalma || you || tapo || tɨl || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Yellow River
! Namia
| nanpeu || ar; ara || lwae || eyu || puna || mi || wuluwa || yem || ijo; ito || ipi || lijei || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Ndu
! [[Social:Proto-Ndu|Proto-Ndu]]
|  || *r; *wac || *mp(w)al ||  ||  || *mɨy || *ɲa || *mpapmɨw || *ŋkɨw || *ya ||  || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Nukuma
! Kwoma
| nəkə; nɨka || asa || buri; poyi || apu || apo; bey; mpei || me || ya || nowəka; nɨwɨka || uku || hi; hi: || papa || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Sanio
! Saniyo-Hiyewe
| nɛmɛ || yo; you || fe || iřowɛ; iruwɛ || hotɛ || me; mɛ || poɔyuɛ; poweyɛ || yamɛ; yamɛ' || sa'i; saʔi || yɛhɛ || tapiyɛ || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Bahinemo
! Bahinemo
| nʌmu || yo || fa || wabo || wabo mu || mi || tɩniya || yamal || hagi || ya || ba || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Alamblak
! Alamblak
| nəm; 'nɛ̈mɨtʰ; nʌmo || yauʀ̥̌ʸ; yawi; yawu || 'ᵽɛ̈gɨʀ̥̌; fagʌr; fəɣ || nongwar; 'nugwaʀ̥̌ || fɣa; fokam; ᵽo'ǥat || mᵼč; mim; mᵼš; mɨy || mar; 'mařɨʀ̥̌ || yam; 'yamɨtʰ; yamʌth || bukbam; 'bupʰam; bu-pam || kaɣ; kʰaǥɨtʰ; khaxth || tʰaǥᵗč|š; taxim || yɨ'ǥotʸoǥatʰ
|-
! Tayap
! Tayap
| kɨkrikɨ; pakɨnd || nje || mbor || tam || naŋa || nɨm || arawer || karep || awin || otar || moŋapat; njiŋai; ŋawmbɨ || nder
|-
! [[Social:Piawi languages|Piawi]]
! Haruai (Wiyaw dialect)
| jɩm || waɲa || han || 'jaʷər || jaur mɩntɕ || bɨ || naijʌ || r̥̃ʌn || ɾ̥a'bʌ || ɾ̥ᵼn || ɾ̥ɩgɨ || ganɨmϕ
|-
! [[Social:Piawi languages|Piawi]]
! Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect)
| i'mɤd̮ʑi || wɛ'ɲa || jɛ'nɤ || jau'thə || jau't͑umu'si || mɤ'na || ɽə'ma || sɔ'kɷnə || gɯ || ɲa'bɤ || ɽɩ'gə || 'diədə
|-
! [[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]
! Proto-[[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]
| *emuŋg || *tawa[m/mb] || *jat || *kenet || *mund[a] || *jes || *kVjom || *kepa || *jomb || *jamb || *naŋgum || 
|-
! [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]
! Biwat
| uta; utaeh || ken; kenhe || vereh; vre || kaok; kaokhek || momoateh; mumuat || mung; mungeh || va; vaeh || mumere; mumereh || mam; mumeh || mehen; men || ghateh; yiak || maikua; miakuahe
|-
! [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]
! Kyenele (Miyak dialect)
| wututʰoma || gɛn || ƀeǏe || wanma || wanmuma || mï || ƀanma || ŋgɨŋat || maŋam || mɨn || mɨndɩm || mayt
|-
! [[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]]
! Proto-Lower Sepik
| *nam ||  || *numpran ||  || *awŋ; *awŋk || *y(uw)an || *sɨnmari || *?*m(w)il; *m(w)il || *arɨm || *awr; *aw-r ||  || 
|-
! [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
! Ambakich (Arango dialect)
| ɛwar || ɛrɛl || ksu || gumai || mimo || ondɨr̥ || ɛmɩm || bran || amɨ || an || mɨndɨr || duwan
|-
! [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
! Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay
|  ||  || *rəkəm || *ŋgwarak ||  ||  || *ra(u) || *kər(v)i ||  || *s(u)ək ||  || 
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Miscellaneous
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! man !! woman !! name !! eat !! one !! two
|-
! Trans-New Guinea
! Proto-Trans-New Guinea
| *abV; *ambi || *panV; *pan(V) || *ibi; *imbi; *wani || *na; *na- ||  || *ta(l,t)(a,e)
|-
! Yadë
! Nagatiman
|  || mɩsɛʔ ||  || hiɛǏɛ || žuwaʔ || teǏɛʔ
|-
! Busa
! Odiai
| nutu || tɔ ||  || muniʌren || otutu || tinʌnʌ
|-
! Amto-Musan
! Amto
| kyu || hama ||  || me:ne || ohu || kiyaA
|-
! Amto-Musan
! Siawi
| yɛnokono || ʔeǏo ||  || pe || sʌmo || himolo
|-
! [[Social:Left May languages|Left May]]
! Bo
| nʌkʌ || kwa ||  || sanoʔ || sɔsɔ || tisʌ
|-
! [[Social:Walio languages|Walio]]
! Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect)
| to; to i:wa || sauto ||  || afaʔunařu || ařʌsʌbau || ařʌfři
|-
! [[Social:Papi languages|Papi]]
! Papi
| sanoᵽo || su:bu ||  || opo akepo || sunuboku || suwʌbiyaio
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Abau
! Abau
| lu; or; ur || sa || uru || ra || mun; rin || pris
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Iwam
! Iwam
| kam; yen-kam || wik ||  || (n)ai; (nd)ai || oe; ruk; su || ŋwis
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Wogamusin-Chenapian
! Chenapian
| tama; tamö || tauwo; tawö || tamgu ||  || nař; sⁱərəʔ || ǰⁱək; nɛsi; ṣiṣi
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Tama
! Yessan-Mayo
| tama; tamə || ta: ||  || a(m) || wurɨ || fes
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Ram
! Pouye
| lamo || tʔlum ||  ||  ||  || yikən
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Yellow River
! Namia
| lu || ere || ilei || (t) || tipia || pəli
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Ndu
! [[Social:Proto-Ndu|Proto-Ndu]]
| *ntiw ||  || *cɨ || *kɨ || *nək || 
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Nukuma
! Kwoma
| ma || mi:ma || hi || a || pochi || uprus
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Sanio
! Saniyo-Hiyewe
| mɛni; mitaru || taunɛ; tawnɛ || yapɛ || aiyei; asiyʌ || hɛta'i; taʔi || hɛsi
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Bahinemo
! Bahinemo
| 'ɩma || swani || wufa || diyaw || dʌbatha || husi
|-
! [[Social:Sepik languages|Sepik]], Alamblak
! Alamblak
| yima; 'yi'maʀ̥̌ || 'metɨtʰ7; metum || 'yuƀatʰ; yufa; yufat || fa; ka; 'kʰaɛ̈ʀ̥̌; weyanum; ye || rɛphar; rpa; řɨpʰatʰ || hutsif; xočiᵽ; 'xošɩᵽ
|-
! Tayap
! Tayap
| munje || noŋor || nomb || a || nambar; mbatep || sene
|-
! [[Social:Piawi languages|Piawi]]
! Haruai (Wiyaw dialect)
| 'nabʌ || mʌ || hʌmpʰ || nɨm'da || waɲɩŋ'geϕ || jɩ'mag 'jɩŋgʷʌ
|-
! [[Social:Piawi languages|Piawi]]
! Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect)
| na'ba || mə'gə || nabamɩ'he || ˌmomə'dɛɽə || a'gə || ˌhəgə'naβəma'ɨ
|-
! [[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]
! Proto-[[Social:Arafundi languages|Arafundi]]
| *nuŋgum || *nam || *membi[a] || *nembV- ||  || *kamin, *kondamin
|-
! [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]
! Biwat
| foakpa; fuakpahe || arepa; arepahe || vu'geh; vuŋ || ueh jiveh; u-u give || nategeh; natek || arauu; aravueh
|-
! [[Social:Yuat languages|Yuat]]
! Kyenele (Miyak dialect)
| aƀɷt || miandu ||  || tšɛntšɛntšuƀa || ŋaykʰʌkʰ || aǏawin
|-
! [[Social:Lower Sepik languages|Lower Sepik]]
! Proto-Lower Sepik
|  || *ŋay ||  || *am-; *am(b) || *mb(w)ia- || *ri-pa-
|-
! [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
! Ambakich (Arango dialect)
| kambo || anatʃo || dʒi || mɨondɨmqam || koŋ; ondɨsɨno || nuŋgun
|-
! [[Social:Ramu languages|Ramu]]
! Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay
|  ||  || *ɣi || *amb || *kaku || *mbuniŋ
|}

==See also==
*Papuan languages
*[[Social:Northwest Papuan languages|Northwest Papuan languages]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sepik-Ramu languages}}
[[Category:Proposed language families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Sepik–Ramu languages}}