View source for Social:Southern Yukaghir language

{{Short description|Yukaghir language of northeastern Russia}}
{{Infobox language
|name        = Southern Yukaghir
|altname     = Forest Yukaghir, Kolyma Yukaghir
|nativename  = Одул
|states      = {{wipe|Russia}}
|region      = [[Biography:Sakha Republic|Yakutia]] and Magadan Oblast
|ethnicity   = 1,800 Yukaghir (2020 census)<ref name=e25>{{e26|yux}}</ref>
|speakers    = 50
|date        = 2003
|ref         = <ref name="maslova">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXtB1FEeikQC|title=A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir|last=Maslova|first=Elena|date=2003|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110175271|language=en}}</ref>
|speakers2   = ca. 10 active (2010)<ref name="Язык лесных юкагиров"/>
|familycolor = Palaeosiberian
|fam1        = [[Social:Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir]]
|iso3        = yux
|glotto      = sout2750
|glottorefname=Southern Yukaghir
|glottopedia = Kolyma-Jukagirisch
|notice=IPA
|map= Yukaghir map.svg
|mapcaption= Pre-contact distribution of Southern Yukaghir (purple) and other [[Social:Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir languages]]
|map2        = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
|mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Forest Yukagir is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
| mapscale         = 0.8
}}

The '''Southern''', '''Kolyma''' or '''Forest Yukaghir''' language is one of two extant [[Social:Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir languages]].

Last spoken in the forest zone near the sources of the Kolyma, divided between the [[Biography:Sakha Republic|Sakha Republic]] and the Magadan Oblast (around {{coord|65|N|153|E|}}), previously in the wider area of the upper Kolyma region. In 2010 it had about 10 active speakers.<ref name="Язык лесных юкагиров">{{cite book| author =  | chapter = Язык лесных юкагиров| chapter-url = | format = | url =  | title = Язык и общество. Энциклопедия | orig-year = | agency =  | edition = Издательский центр «Азбуковник»  |location= М. |date = 2016 |publisher=  |volume=  | pages = 614–618| series =  | isbn = }}</ref>

== Status ==
{{As of|2003}}, Kolyma Yukaghir is a moribund language, with only 50 remaining speakers with the language as their mother tongue. No speakers are monolingual, since all speak Russian and most speak Yakut. The first language for all Yukaghir under 60 is Russian, although many still have Kolyma Yukaghir as a mother tongue, and the average age for fluent, first-language speakers is 63 or more. In the past, multilingualism was common in the region, and Kolyma Yukaghir, Yakut, Even, and Chukchi all served as languages of intercultural communication, depending on the ethnicity of the addressee. Yukaghirs 60 and older follow this custom. Middle-aged Yukaghir, from 41 to 60, still have Yukaghir as their mother tongue and speak to elders in it, although they use Russian for all other communication. The youngest generation of Yukaghir is almost entirely monolingual in Russian, the only language used at school. Although Kolyma Yukaghir has been taught at school since 1985, the youngest generation still know little to none of the language.<ref name="maslova" />

==Classification and grammatical features==
The relationship of the Yukaghir languages with other language families is uncertain, though it has been suggested that they are distantly related to the [[Social:Uralic languages|Uralic languages]], thus forming the putative [[Social:Uralic–Yukaghir languages|Uralic–Yukaghir]] language family.<ref>Collinder, Björn (1940) Jukagirisch und Uralisch. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.</ref>

Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir are the only two remnants of what used to be one of the dominant language families of northeastern Siberia, spreading from the River Anadyr in the east to the River Lena in the west.<ref>Dolgikh, Boris O. (1960) Rodovoj i plemennoj sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII v. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR</ref> On the basis of the evidence of early sources, it can be assumed that there existed a Yukaghir dialect continuum, with what is today Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir at the extremes.<ref>Nikolaeva, Irina (2008) Chuvan and Omok languages? In: A. Lubotsky et al. (Eds.) Evidence and Counter-Evidence. Festschrift Frederik Kortland. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 313–336.</ref>

Kolyma Yukaghir and [[Social:Tundra Yukaghir language|Tundra Yukaghir]] are not mutually intelligible. Both Yukaghir languages have residual [[Social:Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] and a complex phonotactics of consonants, rich agglutinative morphology and are strictly head-final. They have practically no finite subordination and very few coordinate structures. Yukaghir has a split intransitive alignment system based on discourse-pragmatic features. In absence of narrow focus, the system is organised on a nominative–accusative basis; when focused, direct objects and subjects of intransitive verbs are co-aligned (special focus case, special focus agreement).

==Writing System==

== Phonology ==
All charts are from Maslova (2003).

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! colspan="2" |Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
!Close-mid
|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|{{IPA link|ø}} {{IPA link|øː}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
!Open
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}
Kolyma Yukaghir demonstrates contrastive vowel length.<ref name="maslova"/>

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Post-<br>alveolar
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|p
|t
|d
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|k
|g
|q
|(ʔ)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|t͡ɕ
|d͡ʑ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|(s)
|(z)
|ʃ
|ʒ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|ʁ
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
| colspan="2" |n
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |ɲ
| colspan="2" |ŋ
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| colspan="2" |r
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!<small>plain</small>
|
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |j
| colspan="2" |w
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
|
| colspan="2" |l
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |ʎ
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|}
Kolyma Yukaghir has a glottal stop, but only as a marginal phoneme in some interjections (ex. ''maʔ'': "take!").<ref name="maslova" />

[b, x, ɣ, ç, ʝ] occur as allophones of /w, q, ʁ, tɕ, dʑ/.

When a labial approximant /w/ occurs at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a [u].

When a velar nasal /ŋ/ occurs before a voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/, it becomes a voiced uvular stop [ɢ].

The phonemes /(s) (z)/ only occur in Russian loanwords.

== Sample ==
An [[Social:Interlinear gloss|interlinear gloss]]ed sample:
;Yarqadan
Recorded by Ljudmila Zhukova from Ljubov' Demina in 1988.<ref>http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/nikolaeva/documentation/texts/start1.html {{bare URL inline|date=April 2023}}</ref>
{|
|-
|пэ ||  аан-дә-пә-гәт || йарқә ||  поҗольә-гәт ||  пойньаа-сьии-л || туде || оозии-гәлә	|| Йарқәдән ||   емей  ||  ой ||  миидә  || чурууҗә || қон-таа-сьии-ну-м.
|-
|mountain	||   	under-3-PL-ABL	   ||	ice	||   	shining-ABL || white-DEL-AN	<br/>DEL=delimitative<br>AN=action nominalizer||   	he.GEN	||   water-ACC	  || 	Yarqadan<br/> (*йарқә-д-ун lit. "ice river")	||   	mother	   ||	stream	||   	along	 || 	quietly	 ||  go-TR-DEL-IMPF-TR.3SG
|}  
:"From the bottom of the mountains, from the whiteness of the ice our mother Yarqadan quietly carries its shining water downstream."

== References ==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* Vakhtin, N. B. 1991. ''The Yukaghir language in Sociolinguistic Perspective''. Steszew, Poland: International Institute of Ethnolinguistic and Oriental Studies.
* Krejnovich, Eruhim A., ''Jukagirskij jazyk''. Moscow / Leningrad: Nauka (1958).
* Maslova, Elena, ''A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir'', Mouton Grammar Library, 27 (2003).
* Maslova, Elena, ''Tundra Yukaghir'', LINCOM Europa. Languages of the World/Materials 372 (2003).

== External links ==
* [http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Kolyma-Jukagirisch Southern Yukaghir] at ''Glottopedia''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222031203/http://www.stanford.edu/~emaslova/Yukaghir.htm The Yukaghir Languages]
* [http://www.sgr.fi/yukaghir/ Online Documentation of Kolyma (Southern) Yukaghir]
* [http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Yukaghir.html Bibliography]

{{Paleosiberian languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yukaghir, Southern, Language}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Southern Yukaghir language}}