View source for Social:Statism

{{Short description|Doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree}}
{{party politics}}

In political science, '''statism''' or '''etatism''' (from [[Social:French language|French]] ''état'', "state") is the doctrine that the [[Philosophy:Political authority|political authority]] of the [[Earth:State (polity)|state]] is [[Social:Legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] to some degree.{{sfn|Bakunin|1990}}{{sfn|Cudworth|2007}}<ref name="barrow">{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=Clyde W. |title=Critical Theories of State: Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Post-Marxist |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-299-13714-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3zo8mCl580C |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This may include [[Finance:Economic policy|economic]] and [[Social:Social policy|social policy]], especially in regard to taxation and the [[Social:Means of production|means of production]].<ref>{{harvp|Bakunin|1990}}; {{harvp|Cudworth|2007}}; {{harvp|Kvistad|1999}}; {{harvp|Levy|2006|p=469}}; {{harvp|Obadare|2010}}</ref>

While in use since the 1850s, the term statism gained significant usage in American political discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termed [[Social:Anti-statism|anti-statism]] or [[Social:Anarchism|anarchism]]. The latter is characterized by a complete rejection of all [[Hierarchical organization|hierarchical]] rulership.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |section=Anarchism |title=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=31 March 2005 |isbn=978-0-415-32495-3 |title-link=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Statism can take many forms, from [[Philosophy:Limited government|small government]] to [[Social:Big government|big government]]. Minarchism is a political philosophy that prefers a minimal state such as a [[Social:Night-watchman state|night-watchman state]] to protect people from [[Philosophy:Aggression|aggression]], theft, [[Finance:Breach of contract|breach of contract]] and [[Finance:Fraud|fraud]] with the military, [[Social:Police|police]] and courts. This may also include fire departments, prisons and other functions.<ref>{{harvp|Machan|2002|pp=569–588}}; {{harvp|Block|2007|pp=61–90}}; {{harvp|Long|2008}}; {{harvp|Parker|2010}}</ref> The [[Social:Welfare state|welfare state]] is another form within the spectrum of statism.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-537167-1 |last=Friedrich |first=Carl |title=Limited Government: A Comparison |url=https://archive.org/details/limitedgovernmen0000frie |url-access=registration |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1974 |oclc=803732}}</ref><ref name="Welfare State by Marx">{{cite book |publisher=Wilson |last=Marx |first=Herbert |title=The Welfare State |location=New York City, New York |year=1950}}</ref> [[Social:Authoritarianism|Authoritarian]] philosophies view a strong, authoritative state as required to legislate or enforce morality and cultural practices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/authoritarian |title=authoritarian |date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/644/ |title=The Authoritarian Impulse in Constitutional Law |last=West |first=Robin |journal=Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works |date=1988 |publisher=Georgetown University Law Center |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> [[Philosophy:Totalitarianism|Totalitarianism]] is that which prefers a maximum, all-encompassing state.<ref>{{harvp|Arendt|1966}}; {{harvp|Cernak|2011}}; {{harvp|Friedrich|1964}}; {{harvp|Gleason|1995}}; {{harvp|Schapiro|1972}}</ref>

Political theory has long questioned the nature and [[Philosophy:Rights|rights]] of the state. Some forms of [[Social:Corporatism|corporatism]] extol the moral position that the corporate group, usually the state, is greater than the sum of its parts and that individuals have a moral obligation to serve the state. Skepticism towards statism in [[Social:Western culture|Western culture]]s is largely rooted in [[Philosophy:Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosophy. [[Biography:John Locke|John Locke]] notably influenced modern thinking in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688, especially ''A Letter Concerning Toleration'' (1667), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1689) and ''[[Philosophy:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding|An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]'' (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of [[Philosophy:Liberalism|liberal]] political theory, i.e., that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boaz |first=David |date=2010 |title=The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman |publisher=Simon & Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMs6OaHu6iEC&dq=John+Locke+libertarian&pg=PA123 |page=123 |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9781439118337}} {{ISBN|1439118337}}.</ref>

== Economic statism ==
Economic statism promotes the view that the state has a major, necessary and legitimate role in directing the major aspects of the economy, either directly through state-owned enterprises and [[Social:Economic planning|economic planning]] of production, or indirectly through [[Social:Economic interventionism|economic interventionism]] and macro-economic regulation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jones |first=R. J. Barry |date=2001 |title=Statism |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy |edition=1st |volume=3 |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

=== State capitalism ===
{{main|Social:State capitalism}}
State capitalism is a form of capitalism that features high concentrations of state-owned commercial enterprises or state direction of an economy based on the accumulation of capital, wage labor and market allocation.

In some cases, state capitalism refers to economic policies such as [[Finance:Dirigisme|dirigisme]], which existed in {{wipe|France}} during the second half of the 20th century and to the present-day economies of the People's Republic of China and [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]], where the government owns controlling shares in [[Finance:Public company|publicly traded companies]].<ref name="Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance, 2012">{{cite book |last=Musacchio |first=Aldo |date=2012 |title=Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance}}</ref> Some authors also define the former economies of the Eastern Bloc as constituting a form of state capitalism.

=== State interventionism ===
The term statism is sometimes used to refer to [[Finance:Market economy|market economies]] with large amounts of government intervention, regulation or influence over markets. Market economies that feature high degrees of intervention are sometimes referred to as "mixed economies". [[Social:Economic interventionism|Economic interventionism]] asserts that the state has a legitimate or necessary role within the framework of a [[Philosophy:Capitalism|capitalist economy]] by intervening in markets, regulating against overreaches of [[Finance:Private sector|private sector]] industry and either providing or subsidizing goods and services not adequately produced by the market.

=== State socialism ===
{{main|Philosophy:State socialism}}
State socialism broadly refers to forms of [[Social:Socialism|socialism]] based on state ownership of the means of production and state-directed allocation of resources. It is often used in reference to [[Social:Soviet-type economic planning|Soviet-type economic systems]] of former [[Social:Communist state|communist state]]s and, by extension, those of North Korea, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China.

Critics of state socialism argue that its known manifestations in Soviet-model states are merely forms of [[Social:State capitalism|state capitalism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Michie |first=Jonathan |title=Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences |publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]] |date=January 1, 2001 |isbn=978-1579580919 |page=1595 |quote=State capitalism has inconsistently been used as a synonym for 'state socialism', although neither phrase has a stable denotation.}}</ref> claiming that the Soviet model of economics was based upon a process of state-directed [[Finance:Capital accumulation|capital accumulation]] and social hierarchy.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Bertrand |editor1-last=Badie |editor1-link=Bertrand Badie |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser |editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3-first=Leonardo |editor3-last=Morlino |editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino |title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-1412959636 |page=2459 |quote=The repressive state apparatus is in fact acting as an instrument of state capitalism to carry out the process of capital accumulation through forcible extraction of surplus from the working class and peasantry.}}</ref>

Politically, state socialism is often used to designate any socialist political ideology or movement that advocates for the use of state power for the construction of socialism, or to the belief that the state must be appropriated and used to ensure the success of a socialist revolution. It is usually used in reference to [[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] socialists who champion a single-party state.

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Social:Anarchism|Anarchism]] and [[Philosophy:Libertarianism|libertarianism]]
* [[Social:Anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalism]]
* [[Social:Anti-statism|Anti-statism]]
* [[Social:Autocracy|Autocracy]]
* [[Social:Big government|Big government]] and [[Philosophy:Small government|small government]]
* [[Social:Fascism|Fascism]]
* [[Social:Federalism|Federalism]]
* [[Social:Imperialism|Imperialism]]
* [[Philosophy:Oligarchy|Oligarchy]]
* [[Social:Stateless society|Stateless society]]
* Sovereignty
* [[Subsidiarity]]

{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Arendt |first=Hannah |title=The Origins of Totalitarianism |publisher=Harcourt Brace & World |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoftotalit0000unse_j3v9 |url-access=registration |location=New York City, New York |year=1966}}
* {{cite book |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |title=Statism and Anarchy |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |isbn=978-0-521-36182-8 |location=Cambridge |year=1990}}
* {{cite journal |last=Block |first=Walter |title=Anarchism and Minarchism; No Rapprochement Possible: Reply to Tibor Machan |issn=0363-2873 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–90 |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |last=Cernak |first=Linda |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=ABDO |isbn=978-1-61714-795-1 |location=Edina, Minnesota |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Cudworth |first=Erika |title=The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7486-2176-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr8tAAAAYAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Carl |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |location=New York City, New York |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Abbott |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505017-2 |location=Oxford, England |year=1995 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/totalitarianismi00glea}}
* {{cite book |last=Kvistad |first=Gregg |title=The Rise and Demise of German Statism: Loyalty and Political Membership |publisher=[[Company:Berghahn Books|Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-1-57181-161-5 |location=Providence [u.a.] |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Jonah D. |title=The State After Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=469 |isbn=978-0-674-02276-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |title=Anarchism Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? |publisher=[[Company:Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-6066-8 |location=Aldershot, England |year=2008}}
* {{cite journal |last=Machan |first=Tibor |title=Anarchism and Minarchism: A Rapprochement |issn=1145-6396 |volume=12 |pages=569–588 |journal=Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines |year=2002 |issue=4 |doi=10.2202/1145-6396.1077 |s2cid=153541595}}
* {{cite book |last=Obadare |first=Ebenezer |title=Statism, Youth, and Civic Imagination: A Critical Study of the National Youth Service Corps Programme in Nigeria |publisher=Codesria |isbn=978-2-86978-303-4 |location=Dakar, Senegal |year=2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Parker |first=Martin |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84972-734-1 |title=The Dictionary of Alternatives Utopianism and Organisation |location=London, England |year=2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Schapiro |first=Leonard |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Praeger |location=New York City, New York |year=1972}}
{{refend}}

{{authoritarian types of rule}}
{{Political ideologies}}

[[Category:Economic systems]]
[[Category:Political realism]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political theories]]

{{Sourceattribution|Statism}}