View source for Social:Tai Nuea language

{{Short description|Kra–Dai language spoken in Southeast Asia}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Tai Nuea
| nativename       = {{TaiLe|ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ}}<br/>Tai Le
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-xx|tai˥ taɯ˧˩ xoŋ˥|}}
| script           = Tai Le script
| states           = {{wipe|China}}, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos
| region           = Southwest China
| ethnicity        = Tai Nua
| speakers         = 720,000
| date             = 1983–2007
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Kradai
| fam2             = Tai
| fam3             = Southwestern (Thai)
| fam4             = Northwestern
| nation           = {{flag|China}} (Dehong) co-official
| lc1              = tdd
| ld1              = Tai Nüa
| lc2              = thi
| ld2              = Tai Long
| glotto           = tain1252
| glottoname       = Tai Nua
| glotto2          = tail1247
| glottoname2      = Tai Long
| notice           = IPA
}}
'''Tai Nuea''' or '''Tai Nüa''' (Tai Nüa: {{TaiLe|ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ}}; also called '''Tai Le''', '''Dehong Dai''' or '''Chinese Shan'''; own name: ''Tai2 Lə6'', which means "Upper Tai" or "Northern Tai" or {{TaiLe|ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ}}, {{IPA|[tai taɯ xoŋ]}}; Chinese: ''Dǎinàyǔ'', 傣那语 or ''Déhóng Dǎiyǔ'', 德宏傣语; {{lang-th|ภาษาไทเหนือ}}, {{IPA-th|pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a|pron}} or {{lang|th|ภาษาไทใต้คง}}, {{IPA-th|pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ|pron}}) is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in {{wipe|China}}, especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province. It is closely related to the other Tai languages. Speakers of this language across the border in Myanmar are known as Shan.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}<!--Why, then, is there a separate article Shan language?--> It should not be confused with [[Social:Tai Lue language|Tai Lü]] (Xishuangbanna Dai).

==Names==
The language is also known as Tai Mau, Tai Kong and Tai Na.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-06 |title=Revised Proposal for Encoding the Tai Le script in the BMP of the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01369-n2372.pdf |language=en |via=unicode.org}}</ref>

Most Tai Nuea people call themselves ''{{IPA|tai˥lə˧}}'', which means 'Upper Tai' or 'Northern Tai'. Note that this is different from [[Social:Tai Lue language|Tai Lue]], which is pronounced ''{{IPA|tai˥lɪ˦˧}}'' in Tai Nuea.

Dehong is a transliteration of the term ''{{IPA|taɨ˧˩xoŋ˥}}'', where ''{{IPA|taɨ˧˩}}'' means 'bottom, under, the lower part (of)' and ''{{IPA|xoŋ˥}}'' means 'the Hong River' (more widely known as the Salween River or Nujiang 怒江 in Chinese) (Luo 1998).

==Dialects==
Zhou (2001:13) classifies Tai Nuea into the Dehong (德宏) and Menggeng (孟耿) dialects. Together, they add up to a total of 541,000 speakers.

*'''Dehong dialect 德宏土语''': 332,000 speakers
**Dehong Prefecture 德宏州: Mangshi 芒市, Yingjiang 盈江, Lianghe 梁河, Longchuan 陇川, Ruili 瑞丽, Wanding 畹町
**Baoshan District 保山地区: Baoshan 保山, Tengchong 腾冲, Longling 龙陵, Shidian 施甸
*'''Menggeng dialect 孟耿土语''': 209,000 speakers
**Pu'er City 普洱市 / Simao District 思茅地区:  Menglian 孟连, Jinggu 景谷, Lancang 澜沧, Zhenyuan 镇沅, Ximeng 西盟, Jingdong 景东, Simao 思茅, Pu'er 普洱, Mojiang 墨江
**Baoshan District 保山地区: Changning 昌宁
**Lincang District 临沧地区: Gengma 耿马, Lincang 临沧, Shuangjiang 双江, Cangyuan 沧源, Yongde 永德, Zhenkang 镇康, Yunxian 云县, Fengqing 风庆. A separate traditional script has been developed in Mengding Township 勐定镇, Lincang 临沧, and is different from the one used in the Dehong area &mdash; see Zhou (2001:371).

''Ethnologue'' also recognizes '''Tai Long''' of Laos as a separate language. It is spoken by 4,800 people (as of 2004) in Luang Prabang Province, Laos.

== Phonology ==
Tai Nuea is a tonal language with a very limited inventory of syllables with no consonant clusters. 16 syllable-initial consonants can be combined with 84 syllable finals and six [[Social:Tone (linguistics)|tones]].

=== Consonants ===

====Initials====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!plain
!sibilant
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[m]}}
| style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[n]}}
|
|
| style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| style="background-color: #ccf" |{{IPA|[p]}}
| style="background-color: #cfc" |{{IPA|[t]}}
| style="background-color: #fcf" | {{IPA|[t͡s]}}
|
| style="background-color: #fcc" |{{IPA|[k]}}
| style="background-color: #ccc" |{{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| style="background-color: #fcf" | {{IPA|(t͡sʰ)}}*
|
| style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|(kʰ)}}*
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[f]}}
|
| style="background-color: #ffc" | {{IPA|[s]}}
|
| style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[x]}}
| style="background-color: #ccc" | {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| style="background-color: #cff" |{{IPA|[l]}}
|
| style="background-color: #cff" |{{IPA|[j]}}
| style="background-color: #cff" |{{IPA|[w]}}
|
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{IPA|(kʰ) and (tsʰ)}} occur in loanwords

==== Finals ====
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=1| 
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! colspan=1| Nasal
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[m]}}
| style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[n]}}
|
| style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|-
! colspan=1| Plosive
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|[p]}}
| style="background-color: #cfc" | {{IPA|[t]}}
| 
| style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA|[k]}}
|-
! colspan=1| Approximant
| style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[w]}}
| 
| style="background-color: #cff" | {{IPA|[j]}}
|
|}

<br>

=== Vowels and diphthongs ===
Tai Nuea has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs:
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!
!Front
!Central-Back
!Back
|-
!High
| {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/ɯ/}} || {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
!Mid
| {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|/ə/}} || {{IPA|/o/}}
|-
!Low
| {{IPA|/ ɛ/}} || {{IPA|/a/}}<br>{{IPA|/aː/}} || {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|}

:Tai Nuea's diphthongs are {{IPA|iu, eu, ɛu; ui, oi, ɔi; əi, əu; ai, aɯ, au; aːi, aːu}}

=== Tones ===
Tai Nuea has six tones:
# rising {{IPA|[˨˦]}} (24)
# high falling {{IPA|[˥˧]}} (53) or high level {{IPA|[˥]}} (55)
# low level {{IPA|[˩]}} (11)
# low falling {{IPA|[˧˩]}} (31)
# mid falling {{IPA|[˦˧]}} (43) or high falling {{IPA|[˥˧]}} (53)
# mid level {{IPA|[˧]}} (33)

Syllables with p, t, k as final consonants can have only one of three tones (1., 3., or 5.).

== Writing system ==
The Tai Le script is closely related to other Southeast-Asian writing systems such as the Thai script and is thought to date back to the 14th century.

The original Tai Nuea spelling did not generally mark tones and failed to distinguish several vowels. It was reformed to make these distinctions, and diacritics were introduced to mark tones. The resulting writing system was officially introduced in 1956. In 1988, the spelling of tones was reformed; special tone letters were introduced instead of the earlier Latin diacritics.

The modern script has a total of 35 letters, including the five tone letters.

The transcription below is given according to the Unicode tables.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"; style="font-family:MPH 2B Damase"
! Letter !! Transcription !! IPA !! Letter !! Transcription !! IPA !! Letter !! Transcription !! IPA
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥐ}} || k || [k] || {{TaiLe|ᥑ}} || x || [x] || {{TaiLe|ᥒ}} || ng || [ŋ]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥓ}} || ts || [ts] || {{TaiLe|ᥔ}} || s || [s] || {{TaiLe|ᥕ}} || y || [j]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥖ}} || t || [t] || {{TaiLe|ᥗ}} || th || {{IPA|[tʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥘ}} || l || [l]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥙ}} || p || [p] || {{TaiLe|ᥚ}} || ph || {{IPA|[pʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥛ}} || m || [m]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥜ}} || f || [f] || {{TaiLe|ᥝ}} || v || [w] ||  ||  || 
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥞ}} || h || [h] || {{TaiLe|ᥟ}} || q || {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ||  ||  || 
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥠ}} || kh || {{IPA|[kʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥡ}} || tsh || {{IPA|[tsʰ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥢ}} || n || [n]
|}

===Vowels and diphthongs===
Consonants that are not followed by a vowel letter are pronounced with the inherent vowel [a]. Other vowels are indicated with the following letters:

{| class="wikitable"; style="font-family:MPH 2B Damase"
! Letter !! Transcription !! IPA !! Letter !! Transcription !! IPA
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥣ}} || a || {{IPA|[aː]}} ||  ||  || 
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥤ}} || i || [i] || {{TaiLe|ᥧ}} || u || [u]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥥ}} || ee || [e] || {{TaiLe|ᥨ}} || oo || [o]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥦ}} || eh || {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥩ}} || o || {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥪ}} || ue || {{IPA|[ɯ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥫ}} || e || [ə]
|-----
| {{TaiLe|ᥬ}} || aue || {{IPA|[aɯ]}} || {{TaiLe|ᥭ}} || ai || [ai]
|}

Diphthongs are formed by combining some vowel letters with the consonant {{TaiLe|ᥝ}} [w] and some vowel letters with ᥭ [ai]/[j].

===Tones===
In the Thai and Tai Lü writing systems, the tone value in the pronunciation of a written syllable depends on the tone class of the initial consonant, vowel length and syllable structure. In contrast, the Tai Nuea writing system has a very straightforward spelling of tones, with one letter (or diacritic) for each tone.

A tone mark is put at the end of syllable whatever it is consonant or vowel. Examples in the table show the syllable [ta] in different tones, in old (1956) and new (1988) spellings.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:MPH 2B Damase"
! Number !! New !! Old !! Pitch
|-----
| 1. || {{TaiLe|ᥖᥴ}} || {{TaiLe|ᥖ́}} || 35
|-----
| 2. || {{TaiLe|ᥖᥰ}} || {{TaiLe|ᥖ̈}} || 55
|-----
| 3. || {{TaiLe|ᥖᥱ}} || {{TaiLe|ᥖ̌}} || 11
|-----
| 4. || {{TaiLe|ᥖᥲ}} || {{TaiLe|ᥖ̀}} || 42
|-----
| 5. || {{TaiLe|ᥖᥳ}} || {{TaiLe|ᥖ̇}} || 54
|-----
| 6. || {{TaiLe|ᥖ}} || {{TaiLe|ᥖ}} || 33
|}

The sixth tone (mid level) is not marked. And if a checked syllable{{clarify|date=December 2022}} having the fifth tone, it is also not marked.

==Grammar==
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! colspan="2" | 
! Meaning
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! {{small|exclusive}}
| rowspan="2" | ᥐᥝ (kau33)
| ᥖᥧ (tu33)
|-
! {{small|inclusive}}
| ᥞᥝᥰ (hau55)
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
| ᥛᥬᥰ (maɯ55)
| ᥔᥧᥴ (su35)
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| ᥛᥢᥰ (man55)
| ᥑᥝᥴ (xau35)
|}

=== Syntax ===
Tai Nuea uses an SVO word order.

=== Adverb ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Meaning
|-
| ᥔᥒᥴ (sang35) || What
|-
|  || Why
|-
| ᥐᥤᥱ (ki11) || How many
|-
| ᥚᥬᥴ (phaɯ35) || Who
|-
| ᥗᥬᥴ (thaɯ35) || Where
|}

==Text sample==
{{fs interlinear|indent=2
|ᥛᥬᥰ ᥐᥤᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ ᥞᥪᥴ?
|maɯ55 kin33 xau42 jau54 hi35
|you eat rice PERF.PTC INTERR.PTC
|Have you eaten? (a common greeting)}}

{{fs interlinear|indent=2
|ᥐᥝ ᥛᥨᥝ ᥖᥣᥢᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ
|kau33 mou35 tan42 xam55 tai55 taɯ42 xong55
|I can speak language Tai De hong
|I can speak Dehong Tai/ Tai Nuea.}}

== Language use ==
Tai Nuea has official status in some parts of Yunnan (China), where it is used on signs and in education. Yunnan People's Radio Station (''Yúnnán rénmín guǎngbō diàntái'' 云南人民广播电台) broadcasts in Tai Nuea. On the other hand, however, very little printed material is published in Tai Nuea in China. However, many signs of roads and stores in Mangshi are in Tai Nuea.

In Thailand, a collection of 108 proverbs was published with translations into Thai and English.<ref>Thawi Swangpanyangkoon and Edward Robinson. 1994. (2537 Thai). Dehong Tai proverbs. Sathaban Thai Suksa, Chulalankorn Mahawitayalai.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Chantanaroj |first=Apiradee |title=A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Tai Nua Speech Varieties |date=2007 |degree=Master's |publisher=Payap University |url=http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Apiradee_Chantanaroj_Thesis.pdf |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502150746/https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Apiradee_Chantanaroj_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-02}}
* {{Cite book |last=Luo |first=Yongxian |title=A Dictionary of Dehong, Southwest China |date=1998 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |location=Canberra |language=en |doi=10.15144/PL-C145 |hdl=1885/146619 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Teekhachunhatean |first=Roong-a-roon รุ่งอรุณ ทีฆชุณหเถียร |date=2000 |title=Reflections on Tai Dehong Society from Language Point of View |journal=Phaasaa Lae Phaasaasart / Journal of Language and Linguistics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=71–82}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yaowen 周耀文 |last2=Fang |first2=Bolong 方伯龙 |last3=Meng |first3=Zunxian 孟尊贤 |date=1981 |title=Déhóng Dǎiwén |script-title=zh:德宏傣文 |trans-title=Dehong Dai |journal=Mínzú yǔwén |language=zh |volume=1981 |issue=3 |script-journal=zh:民族语文}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zhou |first1=Yaowen 周耀文 |title=Dǎiyǔ fāngyán yánjiū: Yǔyīn, cíhuì, wénzì |last2=Luo |first2=Meizhen 罗美珍 |date=2001 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:傣语方言硏究 : 语音, 词汇, 文字}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Gongjin 张公瑾 |date=1981 |title=Dǎiwén jí qí wénxiàn |script-title=zh:傣文及其文献 |trans-title=The Dai language and Dai Documents |journal=Zhōngguóshǐ yánjiū dòngtài |language=zh |volume=1981 |issue=6 |script-journal=zh:中国史研究动态}}
* {{Cite book |last=Berlie |first=Jean A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYWTPgAACAAJ |title=Neua (Na) in Yunnan (PRC) and the LPDR: A Minority and a "Non-Minority" in the Chinese and Lao Political Systems |date=1993 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |location=London |language=en |}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=tdd}}
* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tai/TaiDehong/index.htm Tai Dehong]
* [http://www.cass.cn/minzusuo/mzwz/08.htm Dehong Daiwen jianjie ji zifuji 德宏傣文简介及字符集] (''Introduction to Dehong Dai with examples''; in Chinese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060117120054/http://daizu.anyp.cn/6.aspx Daiyu, Daiwen 傣语、傣文] (in Chinese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403221243/http://ynjy.cn/officeall/language/ Yunnan sheng yuyan wenzi wang 云南省语言文字网] (''Yunnan province language and writing web''; in Chinese)

{{Languages of Burma}}
{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tai Nua Language}}
[[Category:Languages of China]]

{{Sourceattribution|Tai Nuea language|1}}