View source for Social:Tai Ya language

{{Infobox language
|name=Tai Ya
|nativename=Tai Cung
|states={{wipe|China}}, thailand
|speakers=50,000 
|date=2000 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Tai–Kadai
|fam2=Tai
|fam3=Southwestern (Thai)
|fam4=Northwestern (Shan)
|iso3=cuu
|glotto=taiy1242
|glottorefname=Tai Ya
}}

'''Tai Ya''' ({{zh|傣雅语}}), also known as Tai Cung, Tai Chung and Dai Ya,<ref name="Frawley2003">{{cite book|author=William Frawley|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC|access-date=8 September 2013|date=1 May 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513977-8|page=210}}</ref> is a Southwestern Tai language of southern {{wipe|China}}. It has one dialect, '''Tai Hongjin''' ({{zh|红金傣语}}); Red Tai.

Speakers of Tai Hongjin live in the Red River (红河 or 元江) and Jinsha River (金沙江) watershed regions of south-central Yunnan. Most are Buddhists, but few are Theravada. It is also spoken by around 5,000–6,000 people in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand.

Unlike other more widely studied Dai languages, Tai Ya has no traditional [[Social:Orthography|orthography]], though it has a rich oral tradition.<ref name="PersonYang2005">{{cite book|author1=Kirk R. Person|author2=Wenxue Yang|title=The Tones of Tai Ya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=8 September 2013|year=2005|publisher=Department of Linguistics, School of Graduate Studies, Payap University}}</ref> Papers<ref>{{citation | first = T. Tehan | last = Tehan | author2 = E. Dawkins | contribution = Tai Ya Reversing Language Shift 7 December 2010 1 Tai Ya in Thailand Present and Future: Reversing Language Shift | title = Tai Ya Reversing Language Shift | pages = 2–3 | date = 2010-12-07 | contribution-url = http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/papers/Tai_Ya_Vitality_Paper_Dec2010.pdf }}</ref> have noted that this lack of orthography may endanger the survival of Tai Ya in future generations in Thailand, as the Tai Ya people shift towards the use of [[Social:Northern Thai language|Northern Thai]] and [[Social:Thai language|Central Thai]], due to the lack of literature in Tai Ya. However, it has been attested that language vitality as a whole (including the majority speakers in Yunnan Province) is high and "likely to be spoken by future generations".<ref name="PersonYang2005" />

==Dialects==
Tai Hongjin can be split into five dialects, which are often [[Social:Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] (Zhou 2001:14).

*'''Yuánxīn 元新''' (''Yuanyang-Xinping''): Honghe County 红河县, Yuanyang County 元阳县 of ''Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture 红河州''; Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County 新平彝族傣族自治县 of ''Yuxi City 玉溪市''.
*'''Yǒngwǔ 永武''' (''Yongren-Wuding''): Yongren County 永仁县, Wuding County 武定县, Lufeng County 禄丰县, Dayao County 大姚县 &mdash; all in ''Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 楚雄彝族自治州''.
*'''Mǎguān 马关''': Maguan County of ''Wenshan Prefecture''.
*'''Yuánjiāng 元江''': Honghe County 红河县, Yuanyang County 元阳县 of ''Honghe Prefecture 红河州''; Yuanjiang County 元江县 of ''Yuxi City 玉溪市''.
*'''Lǜshí 绿石''' (''Lüchun-Shiping''): Lüchun County 绿春县, Shiping County 石屏县, Jianshui County 建水县 &mdash; all in ''Honghe Prefecture 红河州''. This dialect has more open rimes and nasal finals.

The total number of Tai Hongjin speakers combined is 136,000 (Zhou 2001:14). A related but separate Tai language called '''Dǎi Jīnpíng''' (金平傣语) is spoken in Jinping County (金平县), Honghe Prefecture (红河州), which Zhou (2001) reports as having 15,400 speakers.<ref>The Dai Jinping data point studied in Zhou (2001) is that of Xinmeng village 新勐村, Mengla township 勐拉乡, Jinping County 金平县.</ref> This language has its own [[Social:Writing systems of Southeast Asia|traditional script]] as well (see Zhou 2001:379).

===Heipu===
'''Heipu''' 黑蒲 (autonym: '''Kalang''' 卡郎 ''{{IPA|kʰa˧lun˨˩}}''; also called '''Baiyi''' 摆彝 by the Han Chinese) is a variety of ''Tai Ya'' (傣雅) spoken by 118 people in the two villages<ref>[http://www.doc88.com/p-97281176367.html 云南民族识别参考资料] (1955), p.69</ref> of Shitouzhai (石头寨<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250526 |title=新平县建兴乡盘龙村民委员会石头寨 |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201143823/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250526 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) and Xiaomiao (小庙<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250527 |title=新平县建兴乡盘龙村民委员会小庙 |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201210740/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250527 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) in Panlong Township (盘龙乡), District 5 (五区), Xinping County, Yunnan (You 2013:268).<ref name="You2013">You Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. ''Classifying ethnic groups of Yunnan'' [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].</ref> Heipu (黑蒲) is a Han Chinese exonym referring to their practice of [[Medicine:Teeth blackening|teeth blackening]]. In Xinping County, the Heipu also refer to themselves as the ''Tai Kha'' (傣卡) (You 2013:336).<ref name="You2013"/> It is mutually intelligible with Tai Ya as spoken in District 4 (四区) of Xinping County. However, Heipu is unique in that it has only four tones, and has lost the final stops -p, -t, -k. Heipu is not to be confused with two other groups of the same name:

*''Heipu'' 黑蒲, an ethnic Zhuang group in Lijiang County, Yunnan with a population of 675 (You 2013:55).<ref name="You2013"/>
*''Heipu'' 黑蒲, an ethnic Bulang group in Mojiang County, Yunnan with the autonym ''Wa'' 娃 (You 2013:335-336).

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Dawkins, Erin. 2007. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/A%20Sociolinguistic%20Survey%20of%20Tai%20Ya%20in%20Thailand.pdf ''A sociolingustic survey of Tai Ya in Thailand'']. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Tehan, Thomas M., and Erin Dawkins. 2010. [http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/papers/Tai_Ya_Vitality_Paper_Dec2010.pdf ''Tai Ya in Thailand Present and Future: Reversing Language Shift'']. Research Project #53-01 in Linguistics Department Research Series, Payap University, Chiangmai, Thailand.
*Xing Gongwan 邢公畹. 1989. Honghe Shangyou Daiyayu 红河上游傣雅语. China: Yuwen.

== Further reading ==
*Xing Gongwan [邢公畹]. 1989. Upper Hongjin Dai Ya Language [红河上游傣雅语]. Language Publishing House [语文出版社].
*Zhou Yaowen [周耀文]. 2001. A Study of Dai Dialects [傣语方言研究]. Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].

== External links ==
* 283-word wordlist in Wuding Tianxin Tai dialect archived with [[Social:Kaipuleohone|Kaipuleohone]]

{{refend}}

{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}


zh:傣雅语

{{Sourceattribution|Tai Ya language|1}}