View source for Social:Wakhi language

{{Short description|Eastern Iranian language spoken by the Wakhi people}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Wakhi
| nativename       = وخی<br/>x̌ik zik, х̌ик зик
| states           = Afghanistan, {{wipe|China}}, {{wipe|Pakistan}}, Tajikistan
| ethnicity        = Wakhi
| speakers         = 20,000 in Pakistan (2016);<br/>58,000
| date             = 1992–2012
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = Iranian
| fam4             = [[Social:Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]]
| ancestor         = [[Social:Scythian languages|Scythian]]
| ancestor2        = [[Social:Saka language|Saka]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frye|first1=R.N.|title=The History of Ancient Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye|url-access=registration|date=1984|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/192 192]|isbn=9783406093975|quote=[T]hese western Saka he distinguishes from eastern Saka who moved south through the Kashgar-Tashkurgan-Gilgit-Swat route to the plains of the sub-continent of India. This would account for the existence of the ancient Khotanese-Saka speakers, documents of whom have been found in western Sinkiang, and the modern Wakhi language of Wakhan in Afghanistan, another modern branch of descendants of Saka speakers parallel to the Ossetes in the west.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=H.W.|title=The culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan|date=1982|publisher=Caravan Books|pages=7–10|quote=It is noteworthy that the Wakhi language of Wakhan has features, phonetics, and vocabulary the nearest of Iranian dialects to Khotan Saka.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carpelan|first1=C.|last2=Parpola|first2=A.|last3=Koskikallio|first3=P.|title=Early Contacts Between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations: Papers Presented at an International Symposium Held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, 8–10 January, 1999|journal=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|date=2001|volume=242|page=136|quote=...descendants of these languages survive now only in the Ossete language of the Caucasus and the Wakhi language of the Pamirs, the latter related to the Saka once spoken in Khotan.}}</ref>
| script           = Perso-Arabic, [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], Latin
| iso3             = wbl
| glotto           = wakh1245
| glottorefname    = Wakhi
| lingua           = 58-ABD-c
| notice           = IPA
| image            = [[File:Wakhi in Nastaliq, Latin, and Cyrillic.png|200px]]
| imagecaption     = Wakhi written in Arabic script in Nastaliq style, Latin script and in [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic script]]
}}
{{Incubator|code=wbl}}

'''Wakhi''' (Wakhi: {{lang|wbl|وخی}}/В̌aхi, {{IPA-fa|waχi|IPA}}) is an [[Social:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] in the [[Social:Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] branch of the language family spoken today in Wakhan District, Northern Afghanistan and also in Tajikistan, Northern {{wipe|Pakistan}} and Western {{wipe|China}}.

Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Wakhi like other languages of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<ref>https://pssr.org.pk/issues/v4/3/the-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf</ref>

==Classification and distribution==
Wakhi is one of several languages that belong to the areal [[Social:Pamir languages|Pamir language group]]. It is believed to be a descendant of the [[Social:Saka language|Scytho-Khotanese language]] that was once spoken in the [[History:Kingdom of Khotan|Kingdom of Khotan]].

The Wakhi people are occasionally called Pamiris and Guhjali. It is spoken by the inhabitants of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, parts of Gilgit-Baltistan (the former NAs) of Pakistan, Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan and Xinjiang in Western {{wipe|China}}. The Wakhi use the self-appellation 'X̌ik' (ethnic) and suffix it with 'wor'/'war' to denote their language as 'X̌ik-wor' themselves. The noun 'X̌ik' comes from ''*waxša-ī̆ka-'' (an inhabitant of ''*Waxša-'' 'Oxus', for Wakhan, in Wakhi 'Wux̌'. There are other equivalents for the name Wakhi (Anglicised) or Wakhani (Arabic and Persian), Vakhantsy (Russian), Gojali/Gojo (Dingrik-wor/Shina), Guyits/Guicho (Burushaski), Wakhigi/Wakhik-war (Kivi-wor/Khow-wor) and Cert (Turki). The language belongs, as yet to be confirmed according to studies and sources, to the southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family (450) of languages, where the Ishkashmi, Shighni/...nani and Wakhi languages are included. A very rough estimate of the population of Wakhis is 58,000 worldwide. The Wakhi live in six countries. In the Gilgit-Baltistan region of {{wipe|Pakistan}}, the Wakhi people mainly live in Gojal, Ishkoman, Darkut and in Chitral District's Broghol. They also live in some parts of Wakhan in Afghanistan, Gorno-Badakhshan in Tajikistan, the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in {{wipe|China}}, {{wipe|Russia}} and [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]].

===In Afghanistan===
In the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Wakhi is spoken from Putur, near Ishkashim, to the upper reaches of the Wakhan River.<ref>{{cite book|last=Payne|first=John|editor-first=Rüdiger|editor-last=Schmitt|title=Compendium Linguarum Iranicum|publisher=Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag|year=1989|location=Wiesbaden|pages=419|chapter=Pamir Languages|isbn=3-88226-413-6}}</ref>

===In Tajikistan===
In Tajikistan, the Wakhi and other communities that speak one of the [[Social:Pamir languages|Pamir languages]] refer to themselves as Pamiri or Badakhshani and there has been a movement to separate their identity from that of the majority [[Social:Persian language|Persian]]-speaking Tajiks. [[Social:Linguistics|Linguists]] universally refer to Wakhi as an [[Social:Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian language]] independent of Tajik Persian, but many Tajik [[Social:Nationalism|nationalists]] insist that Wakhi and other Pamir languages are actually dialects of Tajik.<ref>{{cite book|last=Viires|first=Ants|author2=Lauri Vahtre|title=The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire|publisher=NGO Red Book|year=2001|location=Tallinn
|url=http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/index1.shtml|isbn=9985-9369-2-2}}</ref>

===In Pakistan===
In Gilgit-Baltistan, Wakhi is spoken in the sparsely populated upper portions of five of the northernmost valleys: Hunza, Gojal, Ishkoman, Yasin, Gupis and Yarkhun. The Hunza valley has the largest Wakhi population in Pakistan. The Wakhis of Ishkoman live primarily in the Karambar valley, in the town of Imit and beyond. In Yasin, they live mostly in the vicinity of Darkot and in Yarhkun, they are found in Baroghil and in a few other small villages in the high, upper portion of valley.

In Pakistan, the central organization of the Wakhi is the Wakhi Cultural Association Pakistan (WCA), an organization that is registered with the Government of Pakistan and which works with the collaboration of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Lok Virsa Pakistan. The Association is working for the preservation of the Wakhi language and culture, as well as documenting their poetry and [[Physics:Music|music]].

Radio Pakistan Gilgit relays the Wakhi radio programme "Sadoyah Boomy Dunyo", the voice of the roof of the world. The Wakhi Cultural Association has arranged more than twenty programmes since 1984, which includes cultural shows, musical nights and large-scale musical festivals with the collaboration of Lok Virsa Pakistan, the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP) and Pakistan television. In 2000, the WCA won a "Best Programme" organizer award in the Silk Road Festival from the President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf. A computerized codification of the Wakhi script has been released, which will help to promote the language development programme and documentation of Wakhi poetry, literature and [[History:History|history]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association report 1991–2001|publisher=Wakhi Cultural Association|location=Pakistan|year=2001}}</ref>

===In China===
Wakhi is also spoken in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, in Xinjiang of China, mainly in the township of Dafdar.

===In Russia===
There are approximately 6,000 Wakhi in {{wipe|Russia}}, Most of them have migrated from Tajikistan and Afghanistan.

===In Turkey===
There are some Wakhi villages in [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]] in the eastern regions, where they have migrated from Afghanistan in 1979 during the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan and Russian war]].<ref>See the book online{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} "The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan in Turkey"</ref>

==Orthography==
Traditionally, Wakhi was not a written language. Writing systems have been developed for the language using Arabic, [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] and Latin scripts.

===Arabic script===
This Arabic alphabet is mainly used in Afghanistan and Pakistan:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pamirian.ru/Wakhi_language_transition.pdf|title= &#91;.m&#93; masterhost - профессиональный хостинг сайтаwww.pamirian.ru|website=www.pamirian.ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502141043/http://www.pamirian.ru/Wakhi_language_transition.pdf|archive-date=2018-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&key=wbl-Arab|title=ScriptSource - Wakhi written with Arabic script, Naskh variant}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|-align=center
!Letter
|'''ا'''||'''آ'''||'''ب'''||'''پ'''||'''ت'''||'''ټ'''||'''ث'''||'''ج'''||'''ڃ'''||'''چ'''||'''ڇ'''||'''څ'''||'''ځ'''||'''ح'''||'''خ'''||'''د'''||'''ډ'''||'''ذ'''||'''ر'''||'''ز'''||'''ږ'''||'''ژ'''||'''ڙ'''||'''س'''
|-align=center
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[a], Ø||[o]||[b]||[p]||[t̪]||[ʈ]||[θ]||[d͡ʒ]||[ɖ͡ʐ]||[t͡ʃ]||[ʈ͡ʂ]||[t͡s]||[d͡z]||[h]||[χ]||[d̪]||[ɖ]||[ð]||[r]||[z]||[ɣ]||[ʒ]||[ʐ]||[s]
|-align=center
!Letter
|'''ښ'''||'''ش'''||'''ڜ'''||'''ص'''||'''ض'''||'''ط'''||'''ظ'''||'''ع'''||'''غ'''||'''ف'''||'''ڤ'''||'''ق'''||'''ک'''||'''گ'''||'''ل'''||'''م'''||'''ن'''||'''ه'''||'''و'''||'''ؤ'''||'''وْ'''||'''ي'''||'''ی'''
|-align=center
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[x]||[ʃ]||[ʂ]||[s]||[z]||[t]||[z]||Ø||[ʁ]||[f]||[v]||[q]||[k]||[g]||[l]||[m]||[n]||[h]||[w], [ə]||[u]||[ɨ]||[i]||[j], [e]
|}

===Cyrillic script===
When Wakhi is written in Cyrillic, the sounds are usually represented by these letters:
{|class="wikitable Unicode"
|-align=center
!Letter
|'''А а'''||'''Б б'''||'''В в'''||'''В̌ в̌'''||'''Г г'''||'''Ғ ғ'''||'''Г̌ г̌'''||'''Д д'''||'''Д̣ д̣'''||'''Д̌ д̌'''||'''Е е'''||'''Ё ё'''||'''Ж ж'''||'''Ж̣ ж̣'''||'''З з'''||'''Ҙ ҙ'''||'''И и'''||'''Й й'''||'''К к'''||'''Қ қ'''||'''Л л'''||'''М м'''||'''Н н'''||'''О о'''||'''П п'''
|-align=center
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[a]||[b]||[v]||[w]||[g]||[ʁ]||[ɣ]||[d̪]||[ɖ]||[ð]||[e], [je]||[jo]||[ʒ]||[ʐ]||[z]||[d͡z]||[i]||[j]||[k]||[q]||[l]||[m]||[n]||[o]||[p]
|-align=center
!Letter
|'''Р р'''||'''С с'''||'''Т т'''||'''Т̣ т̣'''||'''Т̌ т̌'''||'''У у'''||'''Ф ф'''||'''Х х'''||'''Х̌ х̌'''||'''Ҳ ҳ'''||'''Ц ц'''||'''Ч ч'''||'''Ч̣ ч̣'''||'''Ҷ ҷ'''||'''Ҷ̣ ҷ̣'''||'''Ш ш'''||'''Ш̣ ш̣'''||'''Щ щ'''||'''Ъ ъ'''||'''Ы ы'''||'''Ә ә'''||'''Ь ь'''||'''Э э'''||'''Ю ю'''||'''Я я'''
|-align=center
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[r]||[s]||[t̪]||[ʈ]
||[θ]||[u]||[f]||[χ]||[x]||[h]||[t͡s]||[t͡ʃ]||[ʈ͡ʂ]||[d͡ʒ]||[ɖ͡ʐ]||[ʃ]||[ʂ]||[ʃt͡ʃ]||Ø||[ɨ]||[ə]||Ø||[e]||[ju]||[ja]
|}

===Latin script===
[[Image:WakhiAlphabetNew.png|250px|thumb|right|The new Wakhi Alphabet, which includes some Cyrillic and Greek letters, which was developed in 1984 by Haqiqat Ali:<ref name="Ali 1984">{{cite book
|last=Ali|first=Haqiqat
|title=Wakhi Language
|volume=1
|year=1984
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju1jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Haqiqat+Ali%22+%2BWakhi
}}</ref>]]A Latin alphabet, which in some variants includes Cyrillic and Greek letters, was developed in 1953 by I.I. Zaroubine and V. S. Sokolova, and further developed by A.L Grünberg and I.M Stéblinn-Kamensky in the early 1960s:<ref name=Luke/><ref name="Ali 1984"/>

{|class="wikitable Unicode"
|-align=center
!Letter
|'''A a'''||'''Ā ā'''||'''Ā̒ ā̒'''||'''B b'''||'''C c'''||'''Č č'''||'''Č̣ č̣'''||'''D d'''||'''Ḍ ḍ'''||'''Δ δ'''||'''E e'''||'''Ə ə'''||'''F f'''||'''G g'''||'''Ɣ γ'''||'''Ɣ̌ ɣ̌'''||'''H h'''||'''I i'''||'''J̌ ǰ'''||'''J̣̌ ǰ̣'''||'''K k'''||'''L l'''||'''M m'''||'''N n'''
|-align=center
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[a]|| || ||[b]||[t͡s]||[t͡ʃ]||[ʈ͡ʂ]||[d̪]||[ɖ]||[ð]||[e]||[ə]||[f]||[g]||[ʁ]||[ɣ]||[h]||[i]||[d͡ʒ]||[ɖ͡ʐ]||[k]||[l]||[m]||[n]
|-align=center
!Letter
|'''O o'''||'''Ō ō'''||'''Ō̒ ō̒'''||'''P p'''||'''Q q'''||'''R r'''||'''S s'''||'''Š š'''||'''Ṣ̌ ṣ̌'''||'''T t'''||'''Ṭ ṭ'''||'''[[Biology:Theta|Θ]] θ'''||'''U u'''||'''U̒ u̒'''||'''Ū̒ ū̒'''||'''V v'''||'''W w'''||'''X x'''||'''X̌ x̌'''||'''Y y'''||'''Z z'''||'''Ž ž'''||'''Ẓ̌ ẓ̌'''||'''Ʒ ʒ'''||'''Ы ы'''
|-align=center
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|[o]|| || ||[p]||[q]||[r]||[s]||[ʃ]||[ʂ]||[t̪]||[ʈ]||[θ]||[u]|| || ||[v]||[w]||[χ]||[x]||[j]||[z]||[ʒ]||[ʐ]||[d͡z]||[ɨ]
|}

===Sample text===
Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2001 is shown below:<ref name="Luke">{{cite book |title=Luqo Inǰil (Gospel of Luke) |publisher=Bəzыrg Kitob tarǰimacrakыzg institute |year=2001 |version=(in Wakhi)}}: [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-rom-source.jpg Title page], [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-rom-1.jpg passages in Roman alphabet][http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-rom-2.jpg], [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-cyr-1.jpg passages in Cyrillic alphabet][http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-cyr-2.jpg]</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2–4)'''
!Wakhi in Latin alphabet
!Wakhi in Cyrillic alphabet
!English (KJV)

|-
|<sup>2</sup>Yiso yavər x̌atəy: «Sayišt ʒi dəo carəv, x̌anəv: „Ey bzыrgwor Tat ki də osmonət cəy! Ti bəzыrg nung bər olam ыmыt! Ləcər dəwroni Ti podšoyi γ̌at-ət, zəmin-ət zəmon də hыkmi taw ыmыt!
|<sup>2</sup>Йисо йавəр х̌атəй: «Сайишт ҙи дəо царəв, х̌анəв: „Ей бзыргв̌ор Тат ки дə осмонəт цəй! Ти бəзырг нунг бəр олам ымыт! Лəцəр дəв̌рони Ти подшойи г̌ат-əт, зəмин-əт зəмон дə ҳыкми тав̌ ымыт!
|<sup>2</sup>And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, "Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth.
|-
|<sup>3</sup>Spo rыsq-ət rыzi sakər nəsib car!
|<sup>3</sup>Спо рысқ-əт рызи сакəр нəсиб цар!
|<sup>3</sup>Give us day by day our daily bread.
|-
|<sup>4</sup>Cə spo gənoən šəxs! Sak bə kuy, ki sakər šakiγ̌ cə kərk! kыx̌tər baxṣ̌əṣ̌ carən. Cə bandi nafs-ət awasən, Cə waswasayi Iblisən saki niga δыr!“»
|<sup>4</sup>Цə спо гəноəн шəхс! Сак бə куй, ки сакəр шакиг̌ цə кəрк! Кых̌тəр бахш̣əш̣ царəн. Цə банди нафс-əт ав̌асəн, Цə в̌асв̌асайи Иблисəн саки нига д̌ыр!“»
|<sup>4</sup>And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil."
|}

==Vocabulary==
The Wakhi lexicon exhibits significant differences with the other Pamir languages. Gawarjon's comparison of the dialects of [[Social:Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]] and Wakhi spoken in China is reproduced below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Lexical comparison of seven Iranian languages'''<ref name=Gawarjon>{{cite book
  |last=Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng)
  |title=Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì)
  |publisher=Nationalities Publishing House
  |year=1985
  |location=Beijing
  }}</ref>
! [[Social:English language|English gloss]]
! [[Social:Persian language|Persian]]
! [[Social:Tajik language|Tajik]]
! [[Social:Shughni language|Shughni]]
! [[Social:Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]]
! [[Social:Pashto|Pashto]]
! Wakhi
! Avestan
|-
| one || {{IPA|jæk}} (یک) || {{IPA|jak}} (як) || {{IPA|jiw}} || {{IPA|iw}} || {{IPA|jaw}} (يو) || {{IPA|ji}} || aēuua-
|-
| meat || {{IPA|ɡuʃt}} (گوشت) || {{IPA|ɡuʃt}} (гушт) || {{IPA|ɡuːxt}} || {{IPA|ɡɯxt}} || {{IPA|ɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa}} (غوښه) || {{IPA|ɡuʂt}} || ?
|-
| son || {{IPA|pesær}} (پسر) || {{IPA|pisar}} (писар) || {{IPA|puts}} || {{IPA|pɯts}} || {{IPA|zoi}} (زوی) || {{IPA|putr}} || puθra-
|-
| fire || {{IPA|ɒtæʃ}} (اتش) || {{IPA|otaʃ}} (оташ) || {{IPA|joːts}} || {{IPA|juts}} || {{IPA|or}} (اور) || {{IPA|rɯχniɡ}} || ātar-
|-
| water || {{IPA|ɒb}} (اب) || {{IPA|ob}} (об) || {{IPA|xats}} || {{IPA|xats}} || {{IPA|obə}} (اوبه) || {{IPA|jupk}} || āp-, ap-
|-
| hand || {{IPA|dæst}} (دست) || {{IPA|dast}} (даѕт) || {{IPA|ðust}} || {{IPA|ðɯst}} || {{IPA|lɑs}} (لاس) || {{IPA|ðast}} || zasta-
|-
| foot || {{IPA|pɒ}} (پا) || {{IPA|po}} (по) || {{IPA|poːð}} || {{IPA|peð}} || {{IPA|pxa, pʂa}} (پښه) || {{IPA|pɯð}} || pāδ-
|-
| tooth || {{IPA|dændɒn}} (دندان) || {{IPA|dandon}} (дандон) || {{IPA|ðinðʉn}} || {{IPA|ðanðun}} || {{IPA|ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ}} (غاښ) || {{IPA|ðɯnðɯk}} || daṇt-
|-
| eye || {{IPA|tʃæʃm}} (چشم) || {{IPA|tʃaʃm}} (чашм) || {{IPA|tsem}} || {{IPA|tsem}} || {{IPA|stərɡa}} (سترګه) || {{IPA|tʂəʐm}} || cašman-
|-
| horse || {{IPA|æsb}} (اسب) || {{IPA|asp}} (асп) || {{IPA|voːrdʒ}} || {{IPA|vurdʒ}} || {{IPA|ɑs}} (masculine), {{IPA|aspa}} (feminine) (آس,اسپه)|| {{IPA|jaʃ}} || aspa-
|-
| cloud || {{IPA|æbr}} (ابر) || {{IPA|abr}} (абр) || {{IPA|abri}} || {{IPA|varm}} || {{IPA|urjadz}} (اوريځ) || {{IPA|mur}} || maēγa-, aβra-
|-
| wheat || {{IPA|ɡændom}} (گندم) || {{IPA|ɡandum}} (гандум) || {{IPA|ʒindam}} || {{IPA|ʒandam}} || {{IPA|ɣanam}} (غنم) || {{IPA|ɣɯdim}} || gaṇtuma-
|-
| many || {{IPA|besjɒr}} (بسيار) || {{IPA|bisjor}} (бисёр) || {{IPA|bisjoːr}} || {{IPA|pɯr}} || {{IPA|ɖer}} (ډېر) || {{IPA|təqi}} || pouru-
|-
| high || {{IPA|bolænd}} (بلند) || {{IPA|baland}} (баланд) || {{IPA|biland}} || {{IPA|bɯland}} || {{IPA|lwaɻ}} (لوړ) || {{IPA|bɯland}} || bərəzaṇt-
|-
| far || {{IPA|dur}} (دور) || {{IPA|dur}} (дур) || {{IPA|ðar}} || {{IPA|ðar}} || {{IPA|ləre}} (لرې) || {{IPA|ðir}} || dūra-
|-
| good || {{IPA|χub}} (خوب) || {{IPA|χub}} (хуб) || {{IPA|χub}} || {{IPA|tʃardʒ}} || {{IPA|xə, ʂə}} (ښه) || {{IPA|baf}} || vohu-, vaŋhu-
|-
| small || {{IPA|kutʃik}} (کوچک) || {{IPA|χurd}} (хурд) || {{IPA|dzul}} || {{IPA|dzɯl}} || {{IPA|ləɡ, ləʐ}} (لږ) || {{IPA|dzəqlai}} || ?
|-
| to say || {{IPA|ɡoft}} (گفت) || {{IPA|ɡuft}} (гуфт) || {{IPA|lʉvd}} || {{IPA|levd}} || {{IPA|wajəl}} (ويل) || {{IPA|xənak}} || aoj-, mrū-, saŋh-
|-
| to do || {{IPA|kærd}} (کرد) || {{IPA|kard}} (кард) || {{IPA|tʃiːd}} || {{IPA|tʃeiɡ}} || {{IPA|kawəl}} (کول) || {{IPA|tsərak}} || kar-
|-
| easiness || {{IPA|ɒsɒni}} (آسانی) || {{IPA|osonj}} (осонй) || {{IPA|os:uni}} || {{IPA|ossoni}} || {{IPA|asanatiya}} (اسانتیا) || {{IPA|ossony}} || usi-
|-
| to see || {{IPA|did}} (ديد)/ bin (present stem) ||{{IPA|did}} (дид)/ bin(бин) ||{{IPA|wiːnt}} || {{IPA|wand}} || {{IPA|lid}} (لید)/ win (present stem)||{{IPA|wiŋɡ}} || dī-, vaēn-
|}

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
!Front!!Central!!Back
|-
!Close
|{{IPA link|i}}||{{IPA link|ɨ}}||{{IPA link|u}}
|-
!Mid
|{{IPA link|e}}||{{IPA link|ə}}||{{IPA link|o}}
|-
!Open
|colspan="3"|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|}

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Alveolo-<br />palatal
! Retroflex
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-align=center
! Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ }} {{IPA link|d̪}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|q}}
|
|-align=center
! Affricate
|
|
|{{IPA link|t͡s}} {{IPA link|d͡z}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂ}} {{IPA link|ɖ͡ʐ}}
|
|
|
|-align=center
! Fricative
|{{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|θ}} {{IPA link|ð}}
|{{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{IPA link|ʐ}}
|{{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}}
|{{IPA link|χ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}}
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-align=center
! align="left" | Approximant
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|-align=center
! Rhotic
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Publications==
In Pakistan multiple books have been published since 1980s. 
X̌ikwor zik by Master Haqiqat, Religious hymes by Riaz Ahmed Riaz.
Qaida e Wakhi Zaban by Ahmed Jami Sakhi.
Magzines and Parlon Wakhi by Karim Khan Saka.
"Beyoz-e-Bulbul" by Nazir Ahmad Bulbul.
A collection of old and new poems folklores compiled by Bulbulik Heritage Center, Gulmit.

==See also==
* Wakhi people

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Kaufman, Daniel. "[https://www.sunysb.edu/commcms/nacil/pdfs/slides-handouts/Kaufman_NACIL1_handout.pdf Double oblique case and agreement across two dialects of Wakhi]." First North American Conference in Iranian Linguistics (NACIL). Vol. 1. 2017.

==External links==
* [http://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/engpamirlanguages.html English-Ishkashimi-Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghulami Vocabulary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090102044259/http://bulbulek.webs.com/ Wakhi poetry]

{{Languages of China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wakhi Language}}
[[Category:Eastern Iranian languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Wakhi language}}