View source for Social:War Crimes Act of 1996

{{short description|United States Law that defines a war crime to include a "grave breach of the Geneva Conventions"}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = War Crimes Act of 1996
| fullname = An Act To amend title 18, United States Code, to carry out the international obligations of the United States under the Geneva Conventions to provide criminal penalties for certain war crimes
| acronym = 
| nickname =
| enacted by = 104th
| effective date = 
| public law url = 
| cite public law = {{USPL|104|192}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|110|2104}}
| acts amended = 
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 18
| sections created = {{USC|18|2441}}<br/>renumbered from §2401 through the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 §605(p)(1)
| sections amended = 
| leghisturl = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:HR03680:@@@S
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = {{USBill|104|HR|3680}}
| introducedby = Walter B. Jones, Jr. (R-NC)
| introduceddate = June 19, 1996
| committees = House Judiciary
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = July 29, 1996
| passedvote1 = [[Social:Voice vote|voice vote]]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passeddate2 = August 2, 1996
| passedvote2 = [[Social:Unanimous consent|unanimous consent]]
| signedpresident = Bill Clinton
| signeddate = August 21, 1996
| amendments = Military Commissions Act of 2006
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''War Crimes Act of 1996''' is a law that defines a [[Social:War crime|war crime]] to include a "grave breach of the Geneva Conventions", specifically noting that "grave breach" should have the meaning defined in any convention (related to the laws of war) to which the {{wipe|United States}} is a party. The definition of "grave breach" in some of the Geneva Conventions have text that extend additional protections, but all the Conventions share the following text in common: "...&nbsp;committed against persons or property protected by the Convention: willful killing, [[Philosophy:Torture|torture]] or [[Social:Cruel and unusual punishment|inhuman treatment]], including biological experiments, willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health."

The law applies if either the victim or the perpetrator is a national of the United States or a member of the U.S. Armed Forces. The penalty may be life imprisonment or death. The death penalty is only invoked if the conduct resulted in the death of one or more victims.

The act was passed with overwhelming majorities by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

==Legislative history==
The law criminalized breaches of the Geneva Conventions so that the United States could prosecute war criminals, specifically North Vietnamese soldiers who imprisoned and tortured U.S. military personnel during the Vietnam War. The Department of Defense "fully support[ed] the purposes of the bill,"<ref name="wp060728">{{cite news | first = R. Jeffrey | last = Smith |  title = Detainee Abuse Charges Feared | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/27/AR2006072701908_pf.html | work = Washington Post | page = A1 | date =  2006-07-28 | accessdate = 2006-10-04}}</ref> recommending that it be expanded to include a longer list of war crimes. Because the United States generally followed the Conventions, the military recommended making breaches by U.S. military personnel war crimes as well "because doing so set a high standard for others to follow."<ref name="wp060728"/> The bill passed by [[Social:Unanimous consent|unanimous consent]] in the Senate and by a [[Social:Voice vote|voice vote]] in the House,<ref name="wp060728"/> showing that it was entirely uncontroversial at the time.

Ten years later, the United States Supreme Court ruled in ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld''<ref>{{ussc|548|05-184|2006}}</ref> that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions applied to the War on Terrorism, with the unstated implication that any interrogation technique that violated Common Article 3 constituted war crimes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0630-27.htm | title = Did Bush Commit War Crimes? | accessdate = 2006-10-04 | last = Brooks | first = Rosa |  date =  2006-06-30 | work = {{wipe|Los Angeles Times}} | quote = In other words, with the Hamdan decision, U.S. officials found to be responsible for subjecting war on terror detainees to torture, cruel treatment or other 'outrages upon personal dignity' could face prison or even the death penalty.}}</ref> The possibility that American officials and military personnel could be prosecuted for war crimes for committing the "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/91.htm | title = Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War | accessdate = 2006-10-04 | author = Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War | date =  1949-08-12 | publisher = {{wipe|United Nations}} Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights | page = I, a. 3, 1(c) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001201518/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/91.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-10-01}}</ref> prohibited by the Conventions led to a series of proposals to make such actions legal in certain circumstances, which resulted in the Military Commissions Act of 2006.

==Potential application==
White House officials were concerned that they and other U.S. officials could be prosecuted under the War Crimes Act for the U.S. treatment of detainees after the [[Religion:September 11 attacks|September 11 attacks]] for violations of the Geneva Conventions. In a January 2002 memorandum to the president, then-White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales authored a controversial memo that explored whether Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions applied to Al Qaeda and [[Religion:Taliban|Taliban]] combatants captured during the war in Afghanistan and held in detention facilities around the world, including Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The memo made several arguments both for and against providing Common Article 3's protections to Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants. He concluded that Common Article 3 was outdated and ill-suited for dealing with captured Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants. He described as "quaint" the provisions that require providing captured Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants "commissary privileges, scrip, athletic uniforms, and scientific instruments". He also argued that existing military regulations and instructions from the President were more than adequate to ensure that the principles of the Geneva Conventions would be applied. He also argued that undefined language in the Geneva Conventions, such as "outrages upon personal dignity" and "inhuman treatment", could make officials and military leaders subject to the War Crimes Act of 1996 if mistreatment was discovered.<ref>Gonzales, Alberto. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040519003846/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4999148/site/newsweek/ Decision Re Application of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War to the Conflict with Al Qaeda and the Taliban], Memorandum for the President, January 25, 2002. (PDF file provided by MSNBC/Newsweek)</ref>

The adoption of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 marked grave abuses of Common Article 3 to only include torture, cruel or inhumane treatment, [[Social:Murder|murder]], [[Social:Mutilation|mutilation]] or maiming, intentionally causing serious bodily harm, [[Medicine:Rape|rape]], [[Medicine:Sexual assault|sexual assault]] or abuse, and the taking of hostages, thereby limiting the scope of the original law.

==See also==
*[[Social:Command responsibility|Command responsibility]]
*Nuremberg Trials
*War crimes committed by the United States
*Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
*Human rights in the United States
*The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder
*The International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
*United States and the International Criminal Court
*Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:H.R.3680: Federal Law 18 USC Sec. 2441] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129115631/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:H.R.3680: |date=November 29, 2008 }} known as the "War Crimes Act"
*[http://assembler.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2441.html US Code, Part I, Title 18, Chapter 118, section 2441]
* Human Rights First; [http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/07801-etn-leave-no-marks.pdf Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality], August 2007

[[Category:Laws of war]]

{{Sourceattribution|War Crimes Act of 1996|1}}