View source for Software:Apertium

{{short description|Open-source rule-based machine translation platform}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Apertium
| logo = Apertium logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| screenshot = Apertium-tolk.png
| screenshot_size = 150px
| caption = Apertium-tolk, a simple desktop user interface for Apertium that translates as the user types
| collapsible = 
| author = 
| developer = 
| released = 
| discontinued = 
| ver layout = simple
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|edit|reference|P348}}
| latest release date    = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|P348|P577}}}}
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date = 
| programming language = [[C++]]
| operating system = [[POSIX|POSIX compatible]] and [[Software:Windows NT|Windows NT]] (limited support)
| platform = 
| language = 35 languages, see below
| language count = 
| language footnote = 
| genre = [[Rule-based machine translation]]
| license = [[Software:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]]
| website = {{url|https://www.apertium.org}}
| repo = {{url|https://github.com/apertium}}
| AsOf = 
}}
'''Apertium''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free/open-source]] [[Rule-based machine translation|rule-based machine translation]] platform. It is [[Free software|free software]] and released under the terms of the [[Software:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]].

== Overview ==
Apertium is a transfer-based [[Machine translation|machine translation]] system, which uses finite state transducers for all of its lexical transformations, and Constraint Grammar taggers as well as [[Hidden Markov model|hidden Markov model]]s or [[Perceptron]]s for [[Part-of-speech tagging|part-of-speech tagging]] / word category disambiguation.<ref>Francis M. Tyers (2010) "[http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/~fran/publications/eamt2010.pdf Rule-based Breton to French machine translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117214609/http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/~fran/publications/eamt2010.pdf |date=2016-11-17 }}". 'Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the European Association of Machine Translation, EAMT10', pp. 174--181</ref> A structural transfer component is responsible for word movement and agreement; most Apertium language pairs up until now have used "chunking" or shallow transfer rules, though newer pairs use (possibly recursive) rules defined in a [[Context-free grammar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khanna |first1=Tanmai |last2=Washington |first2=Jonathan N. |last3=Tyers |first3=Francis M. |last4=Bayatlı |first4=Sevilay |last5=Swanson |first5=Daniel G. |last6=Pirinen |first6=Tommi A. |last7=Tang |first7=Irene |last8=Alòs i Font |first8=Hèctor |title=Recent advances in Apertium, a free/open-source rule-based machine translation platform for low-resource languages |journal=Machine Translation |date=1 December 2021 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=475–502 |doi=10.1007/s10590-021-09260-6|doi-access=free |hdl=10037/22990 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Many existing [[Machine translation|machine translation]] systems available at present are commercial or use [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] technologies, which makes them very hard to adapt to new usages. Apertium code and data is [[Free software|free software]] and uses a [[Language-independent specification|language-independent specification]], to allow for the ease of contributing to Apertium, more efficient development, and enhancing the project's overall growth.

At present (December 2020), Apertium has released 51 stable language pairs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Main_Page|title = Apertium}}</ref> delivering fast translation with reasonably intelligible results (errors are easily corrected). Being an [[Open-source software|open-source]] project, Apertium provides tools for potential developers to build their own language pair and contribute to the project.

== History ==
Apertium originated as one of the machine translation engines in the project OpenTrad, which was funded by the {{wipe|Spain}} government, and developed by the Transducens research group at the Universitat d'Alacant. It was originally designed to translate between closely related languages, although it has recently been expanded to treat more divergent language pairs. To create a new machine translation system, one just has to develop linguistic data (dictionaries, rules) in well-specified [[XML]] formats.

Language data developed for it (in collaboration with the Universidade de Vigo, the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and the Universitat Pompeu Fabra) currently support (in stable version) the [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]], [[Social:Aragonese language|Aragonese]], Asturian, [[Biography:Basque language|Basque]], [[Social:Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Social:Breton language|Breton]], [[Social:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Social:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Social:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Social:Danish language|Danish]], [[Social:English language|English]], [[Social:Esperanto|Esperanto]], [[Social:French language|French]], Galician, [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]], [[Social:Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Social:Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Social:Italian language|Italian]], [[Social:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Social:Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Social:Malaysian language|Malaysian]], [[Social:Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Social:Northern Sami|Northern Sami]], [[Social:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[Social:Bokmål|Bokmål]] and [[Social:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]]), Occitan, [[Social:Polish language|Polish]], [[Social:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Social:Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Social:Russian language|Russian]], Sardinian, Serbo-Croatian, Silesian, Slovene, [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Social:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Social:Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Social:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]], and [[Social:Welsh language|Welsh]] languages. A full list is available below. Several companies are also involved in the development of Apertium, including Prompsit Language Engineering, Imaxin Software and Eleka Ingeniaritza Linguistikoa.

The project has taken part in the 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/org/list/public/google/gsoc2009|title = Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2009|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/org/list/public/google/gsoc2010|title = Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2010|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/org/list/public/google/gsoc2011|title = Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2011|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/org/list/public/google/gsoc2012|title = Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2012|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/org/list/public/google/gsoc2013|title = Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2013|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> and 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/gsoc/org/list/public/google/gsoc2014|title = Accepted organizations for Google Summer of Code 2014|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> editions of Google Summer of Code and the 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gci/2010|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2010|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gci/2011|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2011|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gci/2012|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code In 2012|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gci/2013|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2013|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gci/2014|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2014|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2015|url = https://codein.withgoogle.com/archive/2015/organization/|website = |access-date = }}</ref> 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2016|url = https://codein.withgoogle.com/organizations/|website = |access-date = }}</ref> and 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title = Accepted organizations for Google Code-in 2017|url = https://codein.withgoogle.com/organizations/|website = |access-date = }}</ref> editions of Google Code-In.

== Translation methodology ==
[[File:Apertium-pipeline.png|thumb|524x524px|Pipeline of Apertium machine translation system]]
This is an overall, step-by-step view how Apertium works.

The diagram displays the steps that Apertium takes to translate a source-language text (the text we want to translate) into a target-language text (the translated text).
#Source language text is passed into Apertium for translation.
#The ''deformatter'' removes [[Markup language|formatting markup]] (HTML, RTF, etc.) that should be kept in place but not translated.
#The ''morphological analyser'' segments the text (expanding elisions, marking set phrases, etc.), and looks up segments in the language dictionaries, returning dictionary forms and tags for all matches. In pairs that involve [[Social:Agglutinative language|agglutinative morphology]], including a number of [[Social:Turkic languages|Turkic languages]], a [[Software:HFST|Helsinki Finite State Transducer]] (HFST) is used. Otherwise, an Apertium-specific finite state transducer system called ''lttoolbox,''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lttoolbox - Apertium|url = http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Lttoolbox|website = wiki.apertium.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref> is used. 
#The ''morphological disambiguator'' (the ''morphological analyser'' and the ''morphological disambiguator'' together form the ''[[Part-of-speech tagging|part of speech tagger]]'') resolves ambiguous segments (i.e., when there is more than one match) by choosing one match. Apertium uses Constraint Grammar rules (with the vislcg3 parser<ref>{{Cite web|title = VISL|url = http://beta.visl.sdu.dk/visl/vislcg-doc.html|website = beta.visl.sdu.dk|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>) for most of its language pairs.
# ''Retokenisation'' uses a finite state transducer to match  sequences of lexical units and may reorder or translate tags (often used for translating idiomatic expressions into something that more approaches the target language grammar)
#''Lexical transfer'' looks up disambiguated source-language basewords to find their target-language equivalents (i.e., mapping source language to target language). For ''lexical transfer'', Apertium uses an [[XML]]-based dictionary format called ''bidix.''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bilingual dictionary - Apertium|url = http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Bidix|website = wiki.apertium.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
#''Lexical selection'' chooses between alternative translations when the source text word has alternative meanings. Apertium uses a specific [[XML]]-based technology, ''apertium-lex-tools,''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Constraint-based lexical selection module - Apertium|url = http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Constraint-based_lexical_selection_module|website = wiki.apertium.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref> to perform ''lexical selection''.
#''Structural transfer'' (i.e., it is an [[XML]] format that allows writing complex structural transfer rules) can consist of one-step chunking transfer, three-step chunking transfer or a [[Context-free grammar|CFG]]-based transfer module. The chunking modules flag grammatical differences between the source language and target language (e.g. gender or number agreement) by creating a sequence of chunks containing markers for this. They then reorder or modify chunks in order to produce a grammatical translation in the target-language. The newer CFG-based module matches input sequences into possible parse trees, selecting the best-ranking one and applying transformation rules on the tree.
#The ''morphological generator'' uses the tags to deliver the correct target language surface form. The morphological generator is a morphological transducer,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Morphological dictionary - Apertium|url = http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Morphological_dictionary|website = wiki.apertium.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref> just like the morphological analyser. A morphological transducer both analyses and generates forms.
#The ''post-generator'' makes any necessary [[Social:Orthography|orthographic]] changes due to the contact of words (e.g. elisions).
#The ''reformatter'' replaces [[Markup language|formatting markup]] (HTML, RTF, etc.) that was removed by the deformatter in the first step.
#Apertium delivers the target-language translation.

== Language pairs ==
List of currently stable language pairs, hover over the language codes to see the languages that they represent.

<div style="overflow:auto">
{| style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;" class="wikitable"
!  !! {{tooltip|<code>af</code>|Afrikaans}} !! {{tooltip|<code>ar</code>|Arabic}} !! {{tooltip|<code>an</code>|Aragonese}} !! {{tooltip|<code>ast</code>|Asturian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>eu</code>|Basque}} !! {{tooltip|<code>br</code>|Breton}}
! {{tooltip|<code>bg</code>|Bulgarian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>ca</code>|Catalan}} !! {{tooltip|<code>da</code>|Danish}} !! {{tooltip|<code>nl</code>|Dutch}} !! {{tooltip|<code>en</code>|English}} !! {{tooltip|<code>eo</code>|Esperanto}}
! {{tooltip|<code>fi</code>|Finnish}} !! {{tooltip|<code>fr</code>|French}} !! {{tooltip|<code>gl</code>|Galician}} !! {{tooltip|<code>de</code>|German}} !! {{tooltip|<code>hin</code>|Hindi}} !! {{tooltip|<code>is</code>|Icelandic}}
! {{tooltip|<code>id</code>|Indonesian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>it</code>|Italian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>kaz</code>|Kazakh}} !! {{tooltip|<code>mk</code>|Macedonian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>ms</code>|Malaysian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>mt</code>|Maltese}}
! {{tooltip|<code>sme</code>|Northern Sami}} !! {{tooltip|<code>nb</code>|Norwegian (Bokmål)}} !! {{tooltip|<code>nn</code>|Norwegian (Nynorsk)}} !! {{tooltip|<code>oc</code>|Occitan}} !! {{tooltip|<code>pt</code>|Portuguese}}
! {{tooltip|<code>ro</code>|Romanian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>sc</code>|Sardinian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>hbs</code>|Serbo-Croatian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>slv</code>|Slovenian}} !! {{tooltip|<code>es</code>|Spanish}}
! {{tooltip|<code>sv</code>|Swedish}} !! {{tooltip|<code>tat</code>|Tatar}} !! {{tooltip|<code>urd</code>|Urdu}} !! {{tooltip|<code>cy</code>|Welsh}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]
| &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]
| {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Asturian
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Biography:Basque language|Basque]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Breton language|Breton]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Catalan language|Catalan]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Danish language|Danish]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Dutch language|Dutch]]
| {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:English language|English]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←)
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Esperanto|Esperanto]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:French language|French]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Galician
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:German language|German]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Italian language|Italian]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Malay language|Malaysian]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Maltese language|Maltese]]
| {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Northern Sámi|Northern Sami]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[Social:Bokmål|Bokmål]])
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || &mdash; || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[Social:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Occitan
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Romanian language|Romanian]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Sardinian
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Serbo-Croatian
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Slovenian
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{yes}} (←) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Swedish language|Swedish]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Tatar language|Tatar]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Urdu|Urdu]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (⇄) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash; || {{no}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Social:Welsh language|Welsh]]
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} (→) || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || &mdash;
|}
</div>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Software:Babel Fish (website)|Babel Fish]] (discontinued; redirects to main Yahoo! site)
*[[Software:Comparison of machine translation applications|Comparison of machine translation applications]]
*[[Jollo]] (discontinued)
*[[Software:Microsoft Translator|Microsoft Translator]]
*[[Software:Moses (machine translation)|Moses]]
*[[Software:OpenLogos|OpenLogos]]
*[[SYSTRAN]]
*[[Software:Yandex.Translate|Yandex.Translate]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== References ===
*Corbí-Bellot, M. et al. (2005) "An open-source shallow-transfer machine translation engine for the romance languages of Spain" in ''Proceedings of the European Association for Machine Translation, 10th Annual Conference, Budapest 2005'', pp.&nbsp;79–86
*Armentano-Oller, C. et al. (2006) "Open-source Portuguese-Spanish machine translation" ''in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3960 [Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Computational Processing of Written and Spoken Portuguese, PROPOR 2006]'', p 50–59.
*Forcada, M. L. et al. (2010) "Documentation of the Open-Source Shallow-Transfer Machine Translation Platform ''Apertium''" ''in Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Informatics, University of Alacant''.
*Forcada, M. L. et al. (2011) "''Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation''". in "{{doi|10.1007/s10590-011-9090-0}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.apertium.org Apertium home]
*[http://wiki.apertium.org Apertium Wiki]
*[http://www.opentrad.org/ OpenTrad]
*{{SourceForge|apertium|Apertium}}

=== End-user services and software ===
(All services are based on the Apertium engine)

==== Online translation websites ====
*[https://www.apertium.org Apertium Translation home]
*[http://aplica.prompsit.com Prompsit Translator] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20161226162826/http://aplica.prompsit.com/ |date=2016-12-26 }}
*[https://politraductor.upv.es/ PoliTraductor Translator]
*[http://apertium.ua.es/ University d' Alacant Translator]
*[http://apertium.uoc.edu/ Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Translator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117192333/http://apertium.uoc.edu/ |date=2016-01-17 }}

==== Offline applications ====
*[http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Apertium-Caffeine Apertium Caffeine]
*[http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Android Apertium Android]
*[http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Apertium-OmegaT Apertium OmegaT]

[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:Machine translation software]]
[[Category:Natural language processing software]]
[[Category:Natural language processing toolkits]]

{{Sourceattribution|Apertium}}