View source for Software:Cobalt (CAD program)

{{Short description|3D computer graphics software}}
{{Infobox software
| name                   = Cobalt
| logo                   = 
| screenshot             = [[File:Cobalt ray-tracing, high-end coffee tamper.jpg|frameless]]
| caption                = Cobalt's integral ray-tracing capabilities afford the designer detailed control of a wide variety of surface properties, including the amount of dimpling in the polished sandstone table. Shown here is a high-end espresso tamper with an integrated bubble level
| collapsible            = 
| author                 = 
| developer              = [[Company:Ashlar-Vellum|Ashlar-Vellum]]
| released               = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
| discontinued           = 
| latest release version = 11
| latest release date    = {{Start date and age|2019|02|04|df=yes/no}}
| latest preview version = 12
| latest preview date    = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} -->
| programming language   = 
| operating system       = [[Software:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]], [[Software:MacOS|macOS]]
| platform               = 
| size                   = 
| language               = 
| status                 = 
| genre                  = [[Engineering:Computer-aided design|Computer-aided design]]
| license                = Proprietary
| website                = {{URL|http://www.ashlar.com/3d-modeling/3d-modeling-cobalt.html}}
}}

'''Cobalt''' is a [[Solid modeling#Parametric modeling|parametric]]-based [[Engineering:Computer-aided design|computer-aided design]] (CAD) and [[3D modeling|3D modeling]] program that runs on both [[Engineering:Macintosh|Macintosh]] and [[Software:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]] operating systems. The program combines the direct-modeling way to create and edit objects (exemplified by programs such as [[Software:SpaceClaim|SpaceClaim]]) and the highly structured, history-driven parametric way exemplified by programs like Pro/ENGINEER. A product of [[Company:Ashlar-Vellum|Ashlar-Vellum]], Cobalt is [[Wire-frame model|Wireframe]]-based and history-driven with associativity and 2D equation-driven parametrics and constraints. It offers surfacing tools, mold design tools, detailing, and engineering features. Cobalt includes a library of 149,000 mechanical parts.<ref name="Features">{{cite web |title=Cobalt™ 3D Modeling Feature List |url=http://www.ashlar.com/3d-modeling/3d-modeling-cobalt-features.html |publisher=ashlar.com |accessdate=May 11, 2012}}</ref>

Cobalt's interface, which the company named the "Vellum interface" after its eponymous flagship product, was designed in 1988 by Dr. [[Biography:Martin Newell (computer scientist)|Martin Newell]] (who created the Utah teapot in 1975 and went on to work at [[Company:PARC|Xerox PARC]], where the [[WIMP (computing)|WIMP]] paradigm for [[Graphical user interface|graphical user interface]]s was invented) and Dan Fitzpatrick. The central feature of the Vellum interface is its "Drafting Assistant," which facilitates the creation and alignment of the new geometry.

Cobalt has received praise for its free-form surfaces on solid modeled objects.<ref name="CADinfo review">{{cite web |url=http://ciaux.dbm.com.au/reviews/cobalt.htm |title=Ashlar-Vellum 'Designer Elements' COBALT v4.2 - Review |author=Geoff Harrod |publisher=CADinfo.net (via ciaux.dbm.com.au) |accessdate=May 12, 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Design ==

The distinguishing characteristics of Cobalt are its ease of use and the quick learning curve for new users. Cobalt inherited its 2D and 3D wire frame features from "Vellum." However, with Cobalt, wire frame geometry—which does not have to be planar—can be subsequently revolved or extruded relative to any plane or along a curved path to create 3D solids. Cobalt also allows 3D objects to be created directly using 3D tools while still retaining the designer's ability to edit those objects via history-driven parametrics and later to add further constraints. Both types of solids—extruded 2D wire frame and directly created 3D solids—can be seamlessly mixed in the same drawing. Whereas most history-based parametric solid modelers require the designer to rigorously follow a logical progression while creating models and tend to require that the designer think ahead about the planned order of transmutations of the solid model, Cobalt has a more freeform, less structured way of solid modeling that the developer refers to as "Organic Workflow".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashlar.com/products/organic-workflow.html |title=Organic Workflow™ for 3D Modeling |publisher=ashlar.com |accessdate=May 11, 2012}}</ref>

Cobalt's less structured modeling environment coupled with an integral ray-tracing capability makes it suitable for brainstorming and product development. The program's history-driven modeling and equation-driven parametrics and constraints permit designers to edit the dimensions and locations of key features in models without the need for major redesign—much like changing the value of a single cell in a complex [[Engineering:Spreadsheet|spreadsheet]].

== Drafting Assistant ==
[[File:Cobalt Drafting Assistant demo.ogv|thumb|Animation of Cobalt's Drafting Assistant, which facilitates the alignment and creation of new geometry. Two tool palettes can be seen at left: the "Tools" palette with wireframe primitives (far left), and the "Solids" palette to its right]]

Ashlar-Vellum's patented, {{age|1988|1|1}}-year-old "Drafting Assistant" is the central component of Ashlar's "Vellum interface".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=5,123,087.PN.&OS=PN/5,123,087&RS=PN/5,123,087 |title=United States Patent 5,123,087 |date=June 16, 1992 |work=USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database |publisher=patft.uspto.gov |accessdate=May 11, 2012 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118193742/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=5,123,087.PN.&OS=PN/5,123,087&RS=PN/5,123,087 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Drafting Assistant tracks the position of the designer's cursor and looks for nearby geometry. It then automatically displays information alongside the cursor regarding nearby geometric features to which the designer can snap. The designer can create new geometry at those snap points, or create construction lines to serve as guides. The Drafting Assistant is sensitive to the following geometric attributes:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashlar.com/products/drafting-assistant.html |title=The Drafting Assistant™ for CAD & 3D Modeling |publisher=ashlar.com |accessdate=May 11, 2012}}</ref>

* Centers
* Endpoints
* Intersections
* Midpoints
* Perpendicularity
* Quadrants
* Tangents
* Vertexes

Drafting Assistant remembers the last snaps with a weighted algorithm to intuit the designer's intentions; thus, it is easy to snap to intersections in empty 3D space.

In the animation at right, the designer first snaps to the X-, Y-, and Z-axis coordinates at the midpoint of the top edge and then snaps to the same spot on the leading edge, which has different X- and Z-axis coordinates. He moves his cursor to a point in 3D space where there are no geometric attributes to snap to. Although there may be 3D surfaces underneath the cursor, Drafting Assistant intuits the designer's intent and offers an intersection point comprising the Y- and Z-axis coordinates of the first edge and the X-axis coordinate of the nearest edge. At this location, the designer adds a circle freehand and then specifies a diameter of 200 millimeters by typing it into the box at bottom right. Last, the designer uses the "Remove profile from solid" tool to cut through the block. Here again, Drafting Assistant enables prompt definition of the depth of the cut by snapping to the back quadrant of the intersecting hole.

The Drafting Assistant also provides a "Message line" at the top. This displays instructions appropriate for the selected tool, prompts the designer with what he should do next with any given tool, and reminds the designer of optional modes for those tools.

Cobalt's parametrics and history tracking work permit the designer to edit later the diameter and location of either circle—both of which have dependencies (holes in the block)—and the model updates accordingly.

== Tool sets ==
[[File:Mid-Cobalt Pushbutton Sweep.ogv|thumb|A fly-by animation produced using Cobalt's built-in ray-tracing feature]]
[[Image:NURBS 3-D surface.gif|thumb|right|400px|Surfaces in Cobalt can have complex, organic shapes via three-dimensional NURBS modeling. Control points influence the directions the NURBS surface takes. The separates square below the control cage delineates the X and Y extents of the surface.]]

Cobalt features the following tool sets:<ref name="Features" />

; Animation tools: Cobalt features several modes for making animation, notably "Static" (where the sun and shadows move in a stationary scene), "Walk-through," and "Fly-by". Cobalt is also capable of six different levels of photorealistic rendering, from "Raytrace Preview Render [Shadows Off]" through "Auto Full Render [Shadows On, Antialias]". Choosing less realistic modes for trial animations allows very quick rendering—even those with several hundred frames—because Cobalt fully exploits [[Multi-core processor|multi-core microprocessors]] during rendering. The click-to-play animation (upper right) shows two industrial pushbutton switches surrounded by a virtual "photo studio" in a Cobalt model. The mirrored hemisphere enables the reader to see the back wall, floor, and ceiling lights, which all contribute to the nature of the light reflecting off the switches. Face-on images of these switches were used in the development of a touchscreen-based [[User interface|human–machine interface]] (HMI) for use in industrial manufacturing settings. To create fly-by animations, Cobalt prompts the designer to specify a path (a line or curve) for the "camera eye" to follow as well as a point at which the camera should point, and then renders the animation. A designer can specify such attributes as the angle for the camera's field of view and can turn on settings such as perspective, which gives rendered images a [[Vanishing point|vanishing point]]. Whether the designer is rendering a single image or a multi-frame animation, Cobalt offers broad control of lighting, including the ability to illuminate images with sunlight wherein the date, time of day, latitude, and longitude are all user-adjustable to obtain accurate shadows.
; Surfacing: Cobalt includes freeform Class-A [[Non-uniform rational B-spline|NURBS]] surface modeling for creating complex, aesthetic, or technical shapes. The self-running animation (lower right) demonstrates two capabilities of Cobalt: 1) how a limited number of control points govern complex NURBS surface geometry, and 2) demonstrates a fly-by animation produced by Cobalt whereby the "camera eye path" was attached to a 360-degree circle.
; 2D/3D Wireframe:
; Drafting:
; PDF Presentation:
; CAM connections: Cobalt exports topologically correct ACIS, Parasolids, and STEP files for [[Finite element method|finite element analysis]] (FEA) meshing.
; Photo-realistic rendering: Often used for concept development, [[Wire-frame model|wireframe models]] can be done in both 2D or 3D as necessary. Shapes can be drawn precisely or pushed and pulled as the designer chooses.
; Solid modelling: Cobalt exports topologically correct [[Software:ACIS|ACIS]], [[Parasolid]]s, and [[ISO 10303|STEP]] files for tool-path and [[G-code|G{{nbhyph}}code]] generation using external [[Computer-aided manufacturing|computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM) software. Alternatively [[IGES]] and [[AutoCAD DXF|DXF]] files can be used to send surface or profile data to external CAM software.

== Product family ==
Cobalt is the high-end member of a four-member family of products. The other three Ashlar-Vellum offerings are "Graphite", "Argon", and "Xenon":

* Graphite essentially inherited the feature-set of Ashlar's flagship product, Vellum. It offers 2D and 3D wireframe drafting and equation-driven parametrics.
* Argon is the most affordable, offering 3D solid modeling (but not history-based), ray tracing, and animation.
* Xenon is a less capable cousin of Cobalt, offering all of the 2D and 3D solid modeling functions of Cobalt as well as ray-trace rendering and animation. However, Xenon lacks Cobalt's geometric and equation-driven parametrics, "Associative Assembly Tools" and the mechanical parts library, nor does it support dimensioning using [[Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing|geometric dimensioning and tolerancing]] (GD&T).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashlar.com/sections/products/overview/overview.html |title=Product Overview and comparison chart |publisher=ashlar.com |accessdate=May 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121121855/http://www.ashlar.com/sections/products/overview/overview.html |archive-date=January 21, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Software:3D computer graphics software|3D computer graphics software]]
* [[3D computer graphics|3D computer graphics]]
* [[3D modeling|3D modeling]]
* [[Software:Comparison of 3D computer graphics software|Comparison of 3D computer graphics software]]
* [[Freeform surface modelling]]
* [[Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing]]
* List of computer-aided design editors
* Comparison of CAD editors for CAE

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==


[[Category:3D graphics software]]
[[Category:Computer-aided design software]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cobalt (CAD program)}}