View source for Software:EBCDIC

'''Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code'''<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Systems Programming |last=Donovan |first=John J. |isbn=0-07-085175-1 |date=1972 |page=65 |publisher=McGraw-Hill }}</ref> ('''EBCDIC''';<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|b|s|ᵻ|d|ɪ|k}}) is an eight-[[Bit|bit]] [[Character encoding|character encoding]] used mainly on IBM mainframe and [[Company:IBM|IBM]] midrange computer operating systems. It descended from the code used with [[Engineering:Punched card|punched card]]s and the corresponding six-bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s.<ref name="Bemer_P-Bit"/> It is supported by various non-IBM platforms, such as Fujitsu-Siemens' [[Software:BS2000|BS2000/OSD]], OS-IV, MSP, and MSP-EX, the [[SDS Sigma series]], [[Company:Unisys|Unisys]] VS/9, Unisys MCP and [[Company:International Computers Limited|ICL]] VME.

== History ==
[[File:Blue-punch-card-front-horiz top-char-contrast-stretched.png|thumb|upright=1.888|[[Punched card]] with the Hollerith encoding of the 1964 EBCDIC character set. Contrast at the top is enhanced to show the printed characters. The "number" punches (0–9) directly translate to the lower 4 bits of EBCDIC, though the upper 4 bits of EBCDIC are more complex.]]
EBCDIC was devised in 1963 and 1964 by [[Company:IBM|IBM]] and was announced with the release of the IBM System/360 line of mainframe [[Computer|computer]]s. It is an eight-bit character encoding, developed separately from the seven-bit [[ASCII]] encoding scheme. It was created to extend the existing [[Binary-coded decimal#IBM|Binary-Coded Decimal]] (BCD) Interchange Code, or BCDIC, which itself was devised as an efficient means of encoding the two ''zone'' and ''number'' punches on punched cards into six bits. The distinct encoding of 's' and 'S' (using position 2 instead of 1) was maintained from punched cards where it was desirable not to have hole punches too close to each other to ensure the integrity of the physical card.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doug Jones's punched card codes |url=http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/codes.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=homepage.cs.uiowa.edu}}</ref> 
While IBM was a chief proponent of the ASCII standardization committee,<ref name="SR-IX"/> the company did not have time to prepare ASCII peripherals (such as card punch machines) to ship with its System/360 computers, so the company settled on EBCDIC.<ref name="Bemer_P-Bit"/> The System/360 became wildly successful, together with clones such as [[RCA Spectra 70]], ICL System 4, and Fujitsu FACOM, thus so did EBCDIC.

All IBM's mainframe [[Operating system|operating system]]s, and its [[Software:IBM i|IBM i]] operating system for midrange computers, use EBCDIC as their inherent encoding<ref name="ibmebcdic"/> (with toleration for ASCII, for example, [[Software:ISPF|ISPF]] in z/OS can browse and edit both EBCDIC and ASCII encoded files). Software can translate to and from encodings, and modern mainframes (such as [[IBM Z]]) include processor instructions, at the hardware level, to accelerate translation between character sets. Modern z/OS compilers for the C and C++ languages on [[IBM Z]] mainframes, and earlier OS/390 C and C++ compilers on IBM System/390 mainframes, support a POSIX-compatible execution environment that makes use of ASCII by default.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/3.1.0?topic=pages-enhanced-ascii|title=Enhanced ASCII|work=z/OS UNIX System Services Planning|date=2024-08-28}}</ref>

Not all operating systems running on IBM hardware use EBCDIC; [[Software:IBM AIX|IBM AIX]], [[Software:Linux on IBM Z|Linux on IBM Z]], and Linux on Power all use ASCII, as do all operating systems that run on the [[Engineering:IBM Personal Computer|IBM Personal Computer]] and its successors.

== Compatibility with ASCII ==
There were numerous difficulties to writing software that would work in both ASCII and EBCDIC.
* The gaps between letters made simple code that worked in ASCII fail on EBCDIC. For example {{code|1=for (c = 'A'; c <= 'Z'; ++c) putchar(c);|lang=c}} would print the alphabet from A to Z if ASCII is used, but print 41 characters (including a number of unassigned ones) in EBCDIC.
* Sorting EBCDIC put lowercase letters before uppercase letters and letters before numbers, exactly the opposite of ASCII.
* Most programming languages and file formats and network protocols designed for ASCII used available punctuation marks (such as caret {{char|^}}, tilde {{char|~}}, square brackets, and the curly braces {{char|{{(}}}} and {{char|{{)}}}}) that did not exist in EBCDIC, making translation to EBCDIC systems difficult. Workarounds such as trigraphs were used.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rationale for International Standard – Programming Languages – C|version=Revision 5.10|date=April 2003|url=http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/C99RationaleV5.10.pdf#page=204|at=§ MSE.4: Support for invariant ISO/IEC 646|access-date=2022-11-24 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606072228/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/C99RationaleV5.10.pdf|archive-date=2016-06-06}}</ref> Conversely EBCDIC had some characters such as {{char|¬}} logical not, {{char|¢}} (US cent) that were used on IBM systems and could not be translated to ASCII. The logical not character is used in the PL/I programming language, and some other IBM languages.
* The EBCDIC character NL (next line) was best treated as the ASCII LF, but as EBCDIC also contains a character called LF this was not always done consistently.
* If seven-bit ASCII was used, there was an "unused" high bit in 8-bit bytes, and many pieces of software stored other information there. Software would also pack the seven bits and discard the eighth, such as packing five seven-bit ASCII characters in a [[36-bit|36-bit]] word.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/1970_PDP-10_Ref/1970PDP10Ref_Part2.pdf|title=PDP-10 Reference Handbook, Book 2: Assembling the Source Program|page=221|publisher=[[Company:Digital Equipment Corporation|Digital Equipment Corporation]]}}</ref> On the [[Engineering:PDP-11|PDP-11]], bytes with the high bit set were treated as negative numbers, behavior that was copied to [[C (programming language)|C]], causing unexpected problems if the high bit was set. These all made it difficult to switch from ASCII to the 8-bit EBCDIC (and also made it difficult to switch to 8-bit [[Extended ASCII|extended ASCII]] encodings).

== Code page layout ==


The table below shows the "invariant subset"<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_ibm_i_71/nls/rbagsinvariantcharset.htm| website = IBM Knowledge Center | title = Invariant character set| date = 14 August 2018 }}</ref> of EBCDIC, which are characters that ''should'' have the same assignments on all EBCDIC code pages that use the Latin alphabet. (This includes most of the ISO/IEC 646 invariant repertoire, except the exclamation mark.) It also shows (in gray) missing ASCII and EBCDIC punctuation, located where they are in Code Page 37 (one of the code page variants of EBCDIC). The blank cells are filled with region-specific characters in the variants, but the characters in gray are often swapped around or replaced as well. Like ASCII, the invariant subset works only for languages using only the ISO basic Latin alphabet, such as English.

{|{{chset-table-header1|EBCDIC}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|0x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0000 NULL|{{Control code link|NUL}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0001 START OF HEADING|{{Control code link|SOH}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0002 START OF TEXT|{{Control code link|STX}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0003 END OF TEXT|{{Control code link|ETX}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|SEL}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION|{{Control code link|HT}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|RNL}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+007F DELETE|{{Control code link|DEL}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|GE}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|SPS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|EBCDIC:RPT}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000B LINE TABULATION|{{Control code link|VT}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000C FORM FEED (FF)|{{Control code link|FF}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)|{{Control code link|CR}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000E SHIFT OUT|{{Control code link|SO}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000F SHIFT IN|{{Control code link|SI}}}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|1x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0010 DATA LINK ESCAPE|{{Control code link|DLE}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0011 DEVICE CONTROL ONE|{{Control code link|DC1}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0012 DEVICE CONTROL TWO|{{Control code link|DC2}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0013 DEVICE CONTROL THREE|{{Control code link|DC3}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|RES/ENP|RES/<br/>ENP}}|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL)|{{Control code link|NL}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0008 BACKSPACE|{{Control code link|BS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|POC}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0018 CANCEL|{{Control code link|CAN}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0019 END OF MEDIUM|{{Control code link|EM}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|UBS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|CU1}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001C INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR|{{Control code link|IFS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001D INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE|{{Control code link|IGS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001E INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO|{{Control code link|IRS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001F INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE|{{Control code link|US|IUS}}/<br/>{{Control code link|IUS/ITB|ITB}}|style=line-height:1}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|2x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|DS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|EBCDIC:SOS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|EBCDIC:FS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|WUS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|BYP/INP|BYP/<br/>INP}}|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+000A LINE FEED (LF)|{{Control code link|LF}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0017 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|{{Control code link|ETB}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001B ESCAPE|{{Control code link|ESC}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|SA}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|SFE}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|SM/SW|SM/<br/>SW}}|style=line-height:1}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|CSP}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|MFA}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0005 ENQUIRY|{{Control code link|ENQ}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0006 ACKNOWLEDGE|{{Control code link|ACK}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0007 BELL|{{Control code link|BEL}}}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|3x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0016 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|{{Control code link|SYN}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|IR}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|PP}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|TRN}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|NBS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0004 END OF TRANSMISSION|{{Control code link|EOT}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|SBS}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|IT}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|RFF}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|CU3}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0014 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|{{Control code link|DC4}}}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0015 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|{{Control code link|NAK}}}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+001A SUBSTITUTE|{{Control code link|SUB}}}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|4x}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|U+0020 SPACE|SP}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+00A2 CENT SIGN|¢|74|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002E FULL STOP|.}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN|[[Less-than sign|&lt;]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS|(}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002B PLUS SIGN|+}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007C VERTICAL LINE|[[Vertical bar|{{pipe}}]]|79|style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|5x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0026 AMPERSAND|[[Ampersand|&]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK|[[!|!]]|90|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0024 DOLLAR SIGN|$|91|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002A ASTERISK|*}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS|)}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003B SEMICOLON|;}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+00AC NOT SIGN|¬|95|style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|6x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS|-}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002F SOLIDUS|/}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+00A6 BROKEN BAR|[[¦|¦]]|106|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+002C COMMA|,}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0025 PERCENT SIGN|%}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005F LOW LINE|[[Underscore|]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN|[[Greater-than sign|&gt;]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003F QUESTION MARK|?}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|7x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0060 GRAVE ACCENT|`|121|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003A COLON|:}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0023 NUMBER SIGN|#|123|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0040 COMMERCIAL AT|@|124|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0027 APOSTROPHE|'}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+003D EQUALS SIGN|[[Equals sign|=]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0022 QUOTATION MARK|"}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|8x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A|a}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B|b}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C|c}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D|d}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E|e}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F|f}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G|g}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H|[[Company:H|h]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I|i}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+00B1 PLUS-MINUS SIGN|±|143|style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|9x}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J|j}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K|k}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L|l}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M|m}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N|n}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O|o}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P|p}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|[[Software:Q|q]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R|r}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|Ax}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007E TILDE|[[~|~]]|161|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S|s}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T|t}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U|u}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V|v}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W|w}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X|x}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|y}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|z}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|Bx}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|^|176|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005B LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&#91;|186|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005D RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET|&#93;|187|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|Cx}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET|{|192|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|A}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0042 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|B}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0043 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|C}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0044 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|D}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|E}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0046 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|F}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0047 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|G}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0048 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|[[Company:H|H]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|I}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|Dx}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+007D RIGHT CURLY BRACKET|}|208|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+004A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|J}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+004B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|K}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+004C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|L}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+004D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|M}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|N}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|O}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|P}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0051 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|[[Software:Q|Q]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0052 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|R}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|Ex}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS|\|224|style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0053 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|S}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0054 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|T}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0055 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|U}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|V}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0057 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|W}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|X}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|Y}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|Z}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|-
|{{chset-left1|Fx}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0030 DIGIT ZERO|[[0|0]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0031 DIGIT ONE|[[1|1]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0032 DIGIT TWO|[[2|2]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0033 DIGIT THREE|[[3|3]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0034 DIGIT FOUR|[[4|4]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0035 DIGIT FIVE|[[5|5]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0036 DIGIT SIX|[[6|6]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN|[[7|7]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT|[[8|8]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|U+0039 DIGIT NINE|[[9|9]]}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-cell1|||style=background:#DDD}}
|{{chset-ctrl1|      |{{Control code link|EO}}}}
|}

== Definitions of non-ASCII EBCDIC controls ==
Following are the definitions of EBCDIC control characters which either do not map onto the ASCII control characters, or have additional uses. When mapped to Unicode, these are mostly mapped to C1 control character codepoints in a manner specified by IBM's Character Data Representation Architecture (CDRA).<ref name="utr16cdra">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr16/tr16-6.html#Step%202 |title=3.3 Step 2: Byte Conversion |work=UTF-EBCDIC |id=Unicode Technical Report #16 |last1=Umamaheswaran |first1=V.S. |publisher=[[Organization:Unicode Consortium|Unicode Consortium]] |date=1999-11-08 |quotation=The 64 control characters...the ASCII DELETE character (U+007F)...are mapped respecting EBCDIC conventions, as defined in IBM Character Data Representation Architecture, CDRA, with one exception -- the pairing of EBCDIC Line Feed and New Line control characters are swapped from their CDRA default pairings to ISO/IEC 6429 Line Feed (U+000A) and Next Line (U+0085) control characters}}</ref><ref name="ms037">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP037.TXT |title=cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table |last1=Steele |first1=Shawn |publisher=[[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]]/[[Organization:Unicode Consortium|Unicode Consortium]] |date=1996-04-24}}</ref>

Although the default mapping of New Line (NL) corresponds to the ISO/IEC 6429 Next Line character (NEL, U+0085, the behaviour of which is also specified, but not required, in Unicode Annex 14),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr14/tr14-43.html#NL |version=Revision 43 |title=NL: Next Line (A) (Non-tailorable) |work=Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm |id=Unicode Standard Annex #14 |date=2019-02-15 |first1=Andy |last1=Heninger |publisher=[[Organization:Unicode Consortium|Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> most of these C1-mapped controls match neither those in the ISO/IEC 6429 C1 set, nor those in other registered C1 control sets such as ISO 6630.<ref>{{cite iso-ir|number=124 |title=Additional Control Functions for Bibliographic Use according to International Standard ISO 6630 |sponsor=ISO/TC 46 |date=1986-02-01}}</ref> Although this effectively makes the non-ASCII EBCDIC controls a unique C1 control set, they are not among the C1 control sets registered in the ISO-IR registry,<ref>{{citation |title=ISO/IEC International Register of Coded Character Sets To Be Used With Escape Sequences |id=ISO-IR |publisher=ITSCJ/[[Organization:Information Processing Society of Japan|IPSJ]] |url=https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/english/vbcqpr00000004qn-att/ISO-IR.pdf |access-date=2023-05-13  |archive-date=2023-05-12  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512232742/https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/english/vbcqpr00000004qn-att/ISO-IR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> meaning that they do not have an assigned control set designation sequence (as specified by ISO/IEC 2022, and optionally permitted in ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode)).<ref>{{citation|mode=cs1 |id=ISO/IEC 10646 |title=Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) |author=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 |publisher=ISO |edition=5th |year=2017 |url=https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c069119_ISO_IEC_10646_2017.zip |section=12.4: Identification of control function set |pages=19–20 |quotation=For other C0 or C1 sets, the final octet F shall be obtained from the International Register of Coded Character Sets....If such an escape sequence appears within a code unit sequence conforming to this International Standard, it shall be padded in accordance with Clause 11.}}</ref>

Besides U+0085 (Next Line), the Unicode Standard does not prescribe an interpretation of C1 control characters, leaving their interpretation to higher level protocols (it suggests, but does not require, their ISO/IEC 6429 interpretations in the absence of use for other purposes),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/ch23.pdf#page=3 |chapter=23.1: Control Codes |title=The Unicode Standard |edition=12.0.0 |date=2019 |author=Unicode Consortium |isbn=978-1-936213-22-1 |pages=868–870}}</ref> so this mapping is permissible in, but not specified by, Unicode.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Mnemonic !! EBCDIC !! CDRA pairing<ref name="utr16cdra" /><ref name="ms037"/> !!class="unsortable"| Name !!class="unsortable"| Description<ref name="IBM_G-1"/>
|- id = "SEL"
| SEL ||data-sort-value="4" rowspan=2| 04 ||data-sort-value="156" rowspan=2| 009C || Select || Device control character taking a single-byte parameter.
|- id = "PF"
| PF || Punch Off || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "RNL"
| RNL ||data-sort-value="6" rowspan=2| 06 ||data-sort-value="134" rowspan=2| 0086 || Required New Line || Line-break resetting {{Control code link|internal=1|IT|Indent Tab}} mode
|- id = "LC"
| LC || Lower Case || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "GE"
| GE ||data-sort-value="8"| 08 ||data-sort-value="151"| 0097 || Graphic Escape || Non-locking shift that changes the interpretation of the following character (see e.g. [[Code page 310]]). Compare ISO/IEC 6429's {{Control code link|SS2}} (008E).
|- id = "SPS"
| SPS ||data-sort-value="9"| 09 ||data-sort-value="141"| 008D || Superscript || Begin superscript or undo subscript. Compare ISO/IEC 6429's {{Control code link|PLU}} (008C).
|- id = "RPT"
| RPT ||data-sort-value="10" rowspan=2| 0A ||data-sort-value="142" rowspan=2| 008E || Repeat || Switch to an operation mode repeating a print buffer
|- id = "SMM"
| SMM || Start of Manual Message || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "RES/ENP"
| RES/ENP ||data-sort-value="20"| 14 ||data-sort-value="157"| 009D || Restore, Enable Presentation || Resume output (after {{Control code link|internal=1|BYP/INP}})
|- id = "NL"
| NL ||data-sort-value="21"| 15 ||data-sort-value="133"| 0085 (000A) || [[Newline|New Line]] || Line break. Default mapping (0085) matches ISO/IEC 6429's {{Control code link|NEL}}. Mappings sometimes swapped with Line Feed (EBCDIC 0x25) in accordance with UNIX line breaking convention.<ref name="utr16cdra" />
|- id = "POC"
| POC ||data-sort-value="23" rowspan=2| 17 ||data-sort-value="135" rowspan=2| 0087 || Program Operator Communication || Followed by two one-byte operators that identify the specific function, for example a light or function key. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's {{Control code link|CSI}} (009B), {{Control code link|ANSI:OSC}} (009D) and {{Control code link|APC}} (009F).
|- id = "IL"
| IL || Idle || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "UBS"
| UBS ||data-sort-value="26" rowspan=2| 1A ||data-sort-value="146" rowspan=2| 0092 || Unit Backspace || A fractional backspace.
|- id = "CC"
| CC || Cursor Control || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "CU1"
| CU1 ||data-sort-value="27"| 1B ||data-sort-value="143"| 008F || Customer Use One || Not used by IBM; for customer use.
|- id = "IUS/ITB"
| IUS/ITB ||data-sort-value="31"| 1F ||data-sort-value="31"| 001F || Interchange Unit Separator, Intermediate Transmission Block || Either used as an information separator to terminate a block called a "unit" (as in ASCII; see also {{Control code link|internal=1|IR}}), or used as a transmission control code to delimit the end of an intermediate block.
|- id = "DS"
| DS ||data-sort-value="32"| 20 ||data-sort-value="128"| 0080 || Digit Select || Used by S/360 CPU edit (ED) instruction
|- id = "SOS"
|- id = "FS"
| FS,<ref name="IBM_G-1"/> FDS<ref name="gost19768"/> ||data-sort-value="34"| 22 ||data-sort-value="130"| 0082 || Field Separator || Used by S/360 CPU edit (ED) instruction. (Note: {{Control code link|IFS|(Interchange) File Separator}}, as abbreviated FS in ASCII, is at 0x1C and abbreviated IFS.)<ref name="IBM_G-1"/>
|- id = "WUS"
| WUS ||data-sort-value="35"| 23 ||data-sort-value="131"| 0083 || Word Underscore || Underscores the immediately preceding word. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's [[ANSI escape code#SGR parameters|SGR]].
|- id = "BYP/INP"
| BYP/INP ||data-sort-value="36"| 24 ||data-sort-value="132"| 0084 || Bypass, Inhibit Presentation || De-activates output, i.e. ignores all graphical characters and control characters besides transmission control codes and RES/ENP, until the next {{Control code link|internal=1|RES/ENP}}.
|- id = "SA"
| SA ||data-sort-value="40"| 28 ||data-sort-value="136"| 0088 || Set Attribute || Marks the beginning of a fixed-length device specific control sequence. Deprecated in favour of {{Control code link|internal=1|CSP}}.
|- id = "SFE"
| SFE ||data-sort-value="41"| 29 ||data-sort-value="137"| 0089 || Start Field Extended || Marks the beginning of a variable-length device specific control sequence. Deprecated in favour of {{Control code link|internal=1|CSP}}.
|- id = "SM/SW"
| SM/SW ||data-sort-value="42"| 2A ||data-sort-value="138"| 008A || Set Mode, Switch || Device specific control that sets a mode of operation, such as a buffer switch.
|- id = "CU2"
| CU2 ||data-sort-value="43" rowspan=2| 2B ||data-sort-value="139" rowspan=2| 008B || Customer Use Two || This appears in some specifications, such as [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]];<ref name="gost19768">{{cite web |language=ru |id=GOST 19768-93 |date=1993 |author=GOST |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/gost-19768-93 |title=Информационная технология. Наборы 8-битных кодированных символов. Двоичный код обработки информации|trans-title=Information technology. 8-bit coded character sets. Binary code for information processing}}</ref> newer IBM specifications for EBCDIC control codes list only CU1 and CU3 as customer-use, and use this position for {{ctrl|CSP|internal=1}}.<ref name="IBM_G-1"/>
|- id = "CSP"
| CSP || Control Sequence Prefix || Marks the beginning of a variable-length device specific control sequence. Followed by a class byte specifying a category of control function, a count byte giving the sequence length (including count and type bytes, but not the class byte or initial CSP), a type byte identifying a control function within that category, and zero or more parameter bytes. Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's {{Control code link|DCS}} (0090) and {{Control code link|CSI}} (009B).
|- id = "MFA"
| MFA ||data-sort-value="44"| 2C ||data-sort-value="140"| 008C || Modify Field Attribute || Marks the beginning of a variable-length device specific control sequence. Deprecated in favour of {{Control code link|internal=1|CSP}}.
|-
|  ||data-sort-value="48"| 30 ||data-sort-value="144"| 0090 || ''(reserved)'' || Reserved for future use by IBM
|-
|  ||data-sort-value="49"| 31 ||data-sort-value="145"| 0091 || ''(reserved)'' || Reserved for future use by IBM
|- id = "IR"
| IR ||data-sort-value="51"| 33 ||data-sort-value="147"| 0093 || Index Return || Either move to start of next line (see also {{Control code link|internal=1|NL}}), or terminate an information unit (see also {{Control code link|internal=1|IUS/ITB}}).
|- id = "PP"
| PP ||data-sort-value="52" rowspan=2| 34 ||data-sort-value="148" rowspan=2| 0094 || Presentation Position || Followed by two one-byte parameters (firstly function, secondly number of either column or line) to set the current position.<!-- Is there any publicly available documentation, or at least source code, giving more detail on this parameter format? --> Contrast with ISO/IEC 6429's [[ANSI escape code#Terminal output sequences|CUP and HVP]].
|- id = "PN"
| PN || Punch On || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "TRN"
| TRN ||data-sort-value="53" rowspan=2| 35 ||data-sort-value="149" rowspan=2| 0095 || Transparent || Followed by one byte parameter that indicates the number of bytes of transparent data that follow.
|- id = "RST"
| RST || Reader Stop || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "NBS"
| NBS ||data-sort-value="54" rowspan=2| 36 ||data-sort-value="150" rowspan=2| 0096 || Numeric Backspace || Move backward the width of one digit.
|- id = "UC"
| UC || Upper Case || Listed in this location by [[DKOI|GOST 19768-93]].<ref name="gost19768"/>
|- id = "SBS"
| SBS ||data-sort-value="56"| 38 ||data-sort-value="152"| 0098 || Subscript || Begin subscript or undo superscript. Compare ISO/IEC 6429's {{Control code link|PLD}} (008B).
|- id = "IT"
| IT ||data-sort-value="57"| 39 ||data-sort-value="153"| 0099 || Indent Tab || Indents the current and all following lines, until {{Control code link|internal=1|RNL}} or {{Control code link|internal=1|RFF}} is encountered.
|- id = "RFF"
| RFF ||data-sort-value="58"| 3A ||data-sort-value="154"| 009A || Required Form Feed || Page-break resetting {{Control code link|internal=1|IT|Indent Tab}} mode.
|- id = "CU3"
| CU3 ||data-sort-value="59"| 3B ||data-sort-value="155"| 009B || Customer Use Three || Not used by IBM; for customer use.
|-
|  ||data-sort-value="62"| 3E ||data-sort-value="158"| 009E || ''(reserved)'' || Reserved for future use by IBM
|- id = "EO"
| EO ||data-sort-value="255"| FF ||data-sort-value="159"| 009F || Eight Ones || All ones character used as filler
|}

== {{anchor|CECP}}Code pages with Latin-1 character sets ==
The following code pages have the full Latin-1 character set (ISO/IEC 8859-1). The first column gives the original code page number. The second column gives the number of the code page updated with the [[Finance:Euro sign|euro sign]] (€) replacing the universal currency sign (¤) (or in the case of EBCDIC 924, with the set changed to match ISO 8859-15)

Different countries have different code pages because these code pages originated as code pages with country-specific character repertoires, and were later expanded to contain the entire ISO 8859-1 repertoire, meaning that a given ISO 8859-1 character may have different [[Code point|code point]] values in different code pages. They are known as '''Country Extended Code Pages''' ('''CECP'''s).<ref name="columbia">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/charsets/iso8859.txt |title=iso8859.txt |publisher=Kermit project / [[Organization:Columbia University|Columbia University]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-----
! [[CCSID]]
! Euro<br />update
! Countries
|-----
| 037 || 1140 || Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, USA
|-----
| 273 || 1141 || Austria, Germany
|-----
| 277 || 1142 || Denmark, Norway
|-----
| 278 || 1143 || Finland, Sweden
|-----
| 280 || 1144 || Italy
|-----
| 284 || 1145 || Latin America, Spain
|-----
| 285 || 1146 || Ireland, United Kingdom
|-----
| 297 || 1147 || France
|-----
| 500 || 1148 || International
|-----
| 871 || 1149 || Iceland
|-----
| 1047 || 924 || Open Systems ([[Software:MVS|MVS]] C compiler)
|}

== Criticism and humor ==
{{Self-contradictory|othersection|date=May 2024}}
[[Open-source software]] advocate and software developer Eric S. Raymond writes in his ''[[Jargon File]]'' that EBCDIC was loathed by [[Hacker#Hacker culture|hackers]], by which he meant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manybooks.net/titles/anonetext02jarg422.html|title=The New Hacker's Dictionary|last=Raymond|first=Eric S.|year=1997|page=310}}</ref> members of a subculture of enthusiastic programmers. What is known as [[Social:Vendor lock-in|vendor lock-in]] today, is jokingly criticized in The Jargon File with the following definition:<ref>{{Cite web |date=1981 |title=jarg1-81-MM-DD.txt|url=https://www.catb.org/jargon/oldversions/jarg1-81-MM-DD.txt |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Eric S. Raymond's Home Page}}</ref><ref name="CATB"/>
{{Blockquote|text = EBCDIC: /eb´s@·dik/, /eb´see`dik/, /eb´k@·dik/, n.
[abbreviation, Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code] An alleged character set used on IBM dinosaurs. It exists in at least six mutually incompatible versions, all featuring such delights as non-contiguous letter sequences and the absence of several ASCII punctuation characters fairly important for modern computer languages (exactly which characters are absent varies according to which version of EBCDIC you're looking at). IBM adapted EBCDIC from punched card code in the early 1960s and promulgated it as a customer-control tactic (see ''[https://www.catb.org/jargon/html/C/connector-conspiracy.html connector conspiracy]''), spurning the already established ASCII standard. Today, IBM claims to be an [[Open system (computing)|open-system]]s company, but IBM's own description of the EBCDIC variants and how to convert between them is still internally classified top-secret, burn-before-reading. Hackers blanch at the very ''name'' of EBCDIC and consider it a manifestation of purest evil.
|source=[[Jargon File|The Jargon file]] 4.4.7}}<!-- Public domain: [http://catb.org/jargon/quoting.html] -->

EBCDIC design was the source of many jokes. One such joke, found in the Unix [[Software:Fortune (Unix)|fortune]] file of 4.3BSD Reno (1990)<ref>{{citation|url=https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Reno/share/games/fortune/fortunes|title=4.3BSD-Reno/share/games/fortune/fortunes}}</ref> went:
{{Blockquote|text = ''Professor: "So the American government went to IBM to come up with an [[Engineering:Data Encryption Standard|encryption standard]], and they came up with&mdash;"<br/>Student: "EBCDIC!"''}}

References to the EBCDIC character set are made in the 1979 computer game series ''[[Software:Zork|Zork]]''. In the "Machine Room" in ''[[Software:Zork II|Zork II]]'', EBCDIC is used to imply an incomprehensible language:
{{Blockquote|text = This is a large room full of assorted heavy machinery, whirring noisily. The room smells of burned resistors. Along one wall are three buttons which are, respectively, round, triangular, and square. Naturally, above these buttons are instructions written in EBCDIC...}}

In 2021, it became public that a Belgian bank was still using EBCDIC internally in 2019. A customer insisted that the correct spelling of his surname included an umlaut, which the bank omitted, and the customer filed a complaint citing the guarantee in the [[General Data Protection Regulation]] of the right to timely "rectification of inaccurate personal data." The bank's argument included the fact that their system used EBCDIC, as well as that it did not support letters with diacritics (or lower case, for that matter). The appeals court ruled in favor of the customer.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeal_of_Brussels_-_2019/AR/1006| title = Court of Appeal of Brussels - 2019/AR/1006 - GDPRhub}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Eden |first=Terence |date=25 October 2021 |title=EBCDIC is incompatible with GDPR – Terence Eden's Blog |url=https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2021/10/ebcdic-is-incompatible-with-gdpr/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[UTF-EBCDIC]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Mackenzie_1980">{{cite book|title=Coded Character Sets, History and Development |series=The Systems Programming Series |author-last=Mackenzie |author-first=Charles E. |year=1980 |edition=1 |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. |isbn=0-201-14460-3 |lccn=77-90165 |url=https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref>

<ref name="Bemer_P-Bit">{{cite web|author-last=Bemer |author-first=Bob |title=EBCDIC and the P-Bit (The Biggest Computer Goof Ever) - Computer History Vignettes |url=http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM |access-date=2013-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513204153/http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM |archive-date=13 May 2018 |quote=...but their printers and punches were not ready to handle ASCII, and IBM just HAD to announce.}}</ref>

<ref name="SR-IX">{{cite web|url=https://www.sr-ix.com/Archive/CharCodeHist/X3.4-1963/page4.JPG |title=X3.4-1963 |page=4 |date=1963}} (NB. IBM had four staff members on the final 21-member ASA X3.2 sub-committee.)</ref>

<ref name="ibmebcdic">{{cite web|url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/v1r9/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.zos.r9.adms700%2Fadms7a05158.htm |title=IBM confirms the use of EBCDIC in their mainframes as a default practice |date=2008 |access-date=2008-06-16 |author=IBMnt |archive-date=2013-01-03 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103091717/http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/v1r9/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.zos.r9.adms700/adms7a05158.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="CATB">{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/E/EBCDIC.html |access-date=2018-05-13 |url-status=live |title=EBCDIC |work=[[Jargon File]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513205203/http://catb.org/jargon/html/E/EBCDIC.html |archive-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>

<ref name="IBM_G-1">{{cite web|publisher=IBM Corporation |title=Appendix G-1. EBCDIC control character definitions |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cdra/appendix_g1.html |work=Character Data Representation Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044845/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cdra/appendix_g1.html |archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* IBM-related:
** {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513205355/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/g11n-res.html |date=2018-05-13 |title=Character Data Representation Architecture (CDRA) from IBM}}. Contains IBM's official information on code pages and character sets.
*** {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619065737/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00037.html |title=Code page 37 |date=2015-06-19}}
*** {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607033635/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01047.html |title=Code page 1047 |date=2015-06-07}}
** [https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEQ5Y_5.9.0/com.ibm.pcomm.doc/reference/pdf/hcp_referenceV58.pdf Host Code Page Reference] from IBM, shows code charts for several single-byte IBM EBCDIC pages.
** [https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp ICU Converter Explorer] Contains more information about EBCDIC derived from IBM's CDRA, including DBCS EBCDIC (Double Byte Character Set EBCDIC)
** {{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_74/nls/rbagscodepages.htm|title=Code Pages|website=[[Company:IBM|IBM]] }} from {{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_74/nls/rbagsglobalmain.htm|title=IBM i globalization|website=[[Company:IBM|IBM]] }}
* [https://bs2manuals.ts.fujitsu.com/download/manual/3085.5 XHCS V2.0 manual], shows code charts for several single-byte [[Company:Siemens|Siemens]]/[[Company:Fujitsu|Fujitsu]] (as opposed to IBM) EBCDIC pages used on the [[Software:BS2000|BS2000]].
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222819/http://www.hansenb.pdx.edu/DMKB/dict/tutorials/ebcdic.php |title= EBCDIC character list, including decimal and hex values, symbolic name, and character/function |date=2016-03-03}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418175635/http://wzwz.de/prog/ebcdic/cc_en.htm |title=EBCDIC-code pages with Latin-1-charset (JavaScript) |date=2018-04-18}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827044130/http://mainframe.wiki/ebcdicTbl.php|title=All EBCDIC code pages and 3270 graphics escape codes|date=August 27, 2016}}
* [https://icu.unicode.org/charts/charset ICU Character Set Mapping Tables] Contains computer readable Unicode mapping tables for EBCDIC and many other character sets

{{Character encodings}}

[[Category:IBM mainframe operating systems]]

{{Sourceattribution|EBCDIC}}