View source for Template:Addiction-related plasticity

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! scope="col" style="width: 25%;" rowspan="2"| Form of [[Biology:Neuroplasticity|neuroplasticity]]<br /> or [[Biology:Behavioral plasticity|behavioral plasticity]]
! scope="col" style="width: 25%;" colspan="6"| Type of [[Philosophy:Reinforcement#Primary reinforcers|reinforcer]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" rowspan="2"| <small>Sources</small>
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;"| Opiates
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;"| Psychostimulants
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;"| High fat or sugar food
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;"| [[Biology:Sexual intercourse|Sexual intercourse]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;"| {{No selflink|Neurobiological effects of physical exercise|Physical exercise<br />(aerobic)}}
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;"| [[Philosophy:Environmental enrichment|Environmental<br />enrichment]]
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| {{no selflink|ΔFosB}} expression in<br />{{no selflink|nucleus accumbens}} [[D1-type]] {{abbrlink|MSNs|medium spiny neurons}}
| ↑ || ↑ || ↑ || ↑ || ↑ || ↑ || {{ifeq|{{Yesno-no|{{{transclude reference|}}}}}|yes|<ref name="Natural and drug addictions">{{cite journal | author = Olsen CM | title = Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 1109–1122 | date = December 2011  | pmid = 21459101 | pmc = 3139704 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 | quote = Similar to environmental enrichment, studies have found that exercise reduces self-administration and relapse to drugs of abuse (Cosgrove et al., 2002; Zlebnik et al., 2010). There is also some evidence that these preclinical findings translate to human populations, as exercise reduces withdrawal symptoms and relapse in abstinent smokers (Daniel et al., 2006; Prochaska et al., 2008), and one drug recovery program has seen success in participants that train for and compete in a marathon as part of the program (Butler, 2005).&nbsp;... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al., 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008).}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704/table/T1/ Table 1: Summary of plasticity observed following exposure to drug or natural reinforcers]</ref>|<ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8"| Behavioral plasticity
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Escalation of intake
| Yes || Yes || Yes ||  ||  ||  || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Psychostimulant<br />[[Medicine:Addiction#Reward sensitization|cross-sensitization]]
| Yes || Not applicable || Yes || Yes || Attenuated || Attenuated || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Psychostimulant<br />[[Medicine:Self-administration|self-administration]]
| ↑ || ↑ || ↓ ||  || ↓ || ↓ || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Psychostimulant<br />[[Conditioned place preference|conditioned place preference]]
| ↑ || ↑ || ↓ || ↑ || ↓ || ↑ || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| [[Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior]]
| ↑ || ↑ ||  ||  || ↓ || ↓ || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8"| Neurochemical plasticity
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| {{abbrlink|CREB|cAMP response element-binding protein}} [[Biology:Phosphorylation|phosphorylation]]<br />in the {{nowrap|nucleus accumbens}}
| ↓ || ↓ || ↓ ||  || ↓ || ↓ || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Sensitized [[Biology:Dopamine|dopamine]] response<br />in the {{nowrap|nucleus accumbens}}
| No || Yes || No || Yes ||  ||  || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Altered [[Biology:Striatum|striatal]] [[Biology:Dopamine receptor|dopamine signaling]]
| ↓[[DRD2]], ↑[[DRD3]] || ↑[[DRD1]], ↓[[DRD2]], ↑[[DRD3]] || ↑[[DRD1]], ↓[[DRD2]], ↑[[DRD3]] ||  || ↑[[DRD2]] || ↑[[DRD2]] || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Altered striatal [[Biology:Opioid receptor|opioid signaling]]
| No change or<br />↑[[Biology:Μ-opioid receptor|μ-opioid receptor]]s || ↑[[Biology:Μ-opioid receptor|μ-opioid receptor]]s<br />↑[[Biology:Κ-opioid receptor|κ-opioid receptor]]s || ↑[[Biology:Μ-opioid receptor|μ-opioid receptor]]s || ↑[[Biology:Μ-opioid receptor|μ-opioid receptor]]s || No change || No change || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Changes in striatal [[Biology:Opioid peptide|opioid peptide]]s
| ↑[[Biology:Dynorphin|dynorphin]]<br />No change: [[Biology:Enkephalin|enkephalin]] || ↑[[Biology:Dynorphin|dynorphin]] || ↓[[Biology:Enkephalin|enkephalin]] ||  || ↑[[Biology:Dynorphin|dynorphin]] || ↑[[Biology:Dynorphin|dynorphin]] || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
! scope="col" colspan="8"|[[Chemistry:Dopaminergic pathways#Pathways|Mesocorticolimbic]] [[Biology:Synaptic plasticity|synaptic plasticity]]
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| Number of [[Biology:Dendrite|dendrite]]s in the {{nowrap|nucleus accumbens}}
| ↓ || ↑ ||  || ↑ ||  ||  || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
| scope="row" style="height: 40px"| [[Biology:Dendritic spine|Dendritic spine]] density in<br />the {{nowrap|nucleus accumbens}}
| ↓ || ↑ ||  || ↑ ||  ||  || <ref name="Natural and drug addictions" />
|-
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