View source for Timeline of women in computing

{{Short description|None}}
{{multiple image
| image1 = Ada lovelace.jpg{{!}}Ada Lovelace
| image2 = Betty Holberton.jpg{{!}}Betty Holberton
| image3 ={{!}}Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)
| image4 = Katherine Johnson at NASA Langley Research Center 1980.jpg{{!}}Katherine Johnson
| image5 = Radia Perlman 2009.jpg{{!}}Radia Perlman
| image6 = Audrey Tang showing a SwellRT sticker in her tablet at MediaLab-Prado. Madrid, Nov 2016.jpg{{!}}Audrey Tang
| image7 = Dr Gladys West Hall of Fame.jpg{{!}}Gladys West
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 332
| footer = Women pioneers in computing. Clockwise from top left: [[Biography:Ada Lovelace|Ada Lovelace]], [[Biography:Betty Holberton|Betty Holberton]], [[Biography:Radia Perlman|Radia Perlman]], Audrey Tang, [[Biography:Gladys West|Gladys West]], [[Biography:Katherine Johnson|Katherine Johnson]].
}}
This is a '''timeline''' of women in computing. It covers the time when women worked as "[[Human computer|human computer]]s" and then as programmers of physical computers. Eventually, women programmers went on to write software, develop Internet technologies and other types of programming. Women have also been involved in [[Computer science|computer science]], various related types of engineering and computer hardware.

==18th century==
===1757===

*{{flagicon|France}}Nicole-Reine Etable de la Brière Lepaute worked on a team of human computers to determine the next visit of [[Astronomy:Halley's Comet|Halley's Comet]].'''{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=16}}{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=20-21}}''' The methods they developed have been used by successive human computing teams.{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=25}}

==19th century==
===1842===

*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Ada Lovelace|Ada Lovelace]] was an analyst of Charles Babbage's [[Analytical engine|analytical engine]] and is considered by many the "first computer programmer".<ref name="Annals of the History of Computing">{{cite journal|first1=J.|last1=Fuegi|first2=J.|last2=Francis|title=Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'|journal=Annals of the History of Computing|volume=25|issue=4 |date=2003|pages=16–26|doi=10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887}}</ref>{{Sfn|Evans|2018|p=21}}

===1849===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Maria Mitchell|Maria Mitchell]] is hired by the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office to work as a computer on tables for the planet [[Astronomy:Venus|Venus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/mitchell.html|title=Maria Mitchell|website=Distinguished Women of Past and Present|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326003009/http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/mitchell.html|archive-date=26 March 2018|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

===1875===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Anna Winlock joined the [[Astronomy:Harvard Computers|Harvard computers]], a group of women engaged in the production of astronomical data at Harvard.{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=82}}

===1893===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Henrietta Swan Leavitt|Henrietta Swan Leavitt]] joined the Harvard "computers". She was instrumental in discovery of the [[Astronomy:Cepheid variable|cepheid variable]] stars, which are evidence for the [[Astronomy:Expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]].<ref name="Hamblinn">{{cite book|last1=Hamblin|first1=Jacob Darwin|title=Science in the early twentieth century : an encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=9781851096657|pages=181–184}}</ref>

==20th century==

===1916===
*{{flagicon|UK}}Beatrice Cave-Brown-Cave went to work as a human computer for the Ministry of Munitions.{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=131}}

===1918===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Women were hired to do [[Physics:Ballistics|ballistics]] calculations as human computers in [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=138}} The "chief computer" of the group was Elizabeth Webb Wilson.{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=139}}

===1920===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Mary Clem leads the computing lab at [[Organization:Iowa State University|Iowa State College]].{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=167}}{{Sfn|Grier|2013|p=169}}

===1921===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Edith Clarke files a patent for a graphical calculator for problem solving electric power-line transmission problems.<ref name=":7" />

===1926===
*{{flagicon|Germany}}[[Biography:Grete Hermann|Grete Hermann]] published the foundational paper for [[Software:Computer algebra system|computerized algebra]]. It was her doctoral thesis, titled "The Question of Finitely Many Steps in Polynomial Ideal Theory", and published in Mathematische Annalen.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Grete Hermann| title=Die Frage der endlich vielen Schritte in der Theorie der Polynomideale| journal=[[Mathematische Annalen]]| year=1926| volume=95| pages=736–788|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0095&DMDID=DMDLOG_0044&L=1| doi=10.1007/bf01206635| s2cid=115897210}}</ref>

===1935===
*{{flagicon|USA}}The [[Organization:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) which became [[Organization:NASA|NASA]], hired a group of five women to work in their computer pool analyzing data from wind tunnels and flight tests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/larc/from-computers-to-leaders-women-at-nasa-langley|title=From Computers to Leaders: Women at NASA Langley|last=Atkinson|first=Joe|date=24 August 2015|work=NASA|access-date=14 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===1939===
*{{flagicon|Austria}}The Austrian Johanna Piesch published two pioneering papers on switching algebra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.computer.org/pioneers/piesch.html|title=Johanna (Hansi) Piesch|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|author=Lee, J.A.N.|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

===1940===
*{{flagicon|USA}}American women were recruited to do ballistics calculations and program computers during WWII. Around 1943–1945, these women "computers" used a differential analyzer in the basement of the Moore School of Electrical Engineering to speed up their calculations, though the machine required a mechanic to be totally accurate and the women often rechecked the calculations by hand.<ref>Gumbrecht, Jamie (8 February 2011). [https://www.webcitation.org/67YOtYd7s?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/08/women.rosies.math/ "Rediscovering WWII's female 'computers'"]. CNN. Archived from [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/08/women.rosies.math the original] on 10 May 2012.</ref> [[Biography:Phyllis Fox|Phyllis Fox]] ran a differential analyzer single-handedly, with differential equations as her program specification.

===1941===

*{{flagicon|UK}}Mavis Batey broke the Italian Naval code while working at [[Organization:Bletchley Park|Bletchley Park]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-12-23/alan-turing-may-have-cracked-nazi-codes-thousands-women-helped|title=Alan Turing may have cracked Nazi codes, but thousands of women helped|last=Porzucki|first=Nina|date=23 December 2014|work=Public Radio International|access-date=14 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}The United States begins recruiting African-American college graduates to work at {{wipe|Langley Air Force Base}} as human computers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a24429/hidden-figures-real-story-nasa-women-computers/|title=The True Story of 'Hidden Figures' and the Women Who Crunched the Numbers for NASA|last=Blitz|first=Matt|date=3 February 2017|work=Popular Mechanics|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===1942===
*{{flagicon|USA}}On 11 August, [[Biography:Hedy Lamarr|Hedy Lamarr]] and co-inventor, George Antheil, received their patent for [[Frequency-hopping spread spectrum|frequency hopping]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://biztechmagazine.com/article/2012/05/mothers-technology-10-women-who-invented-and-innovated-tech|title=Mothers of Technology: 10 Women Who Invented and Innovated in Tech|last=Riberio|first=Ricky|date=11 May 2012|work=BizTech|access-date=16 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===1943===
[[File:Two_women_operating_ENIAC.gif|thumb|[[Biography:Jean Bartik|Jean Bartik]] and Frances Spence setting up the ENIAC|alt=Jean Bartik and Frances Spence setting up the ENIAC.|300x300px]]

*{{flagicon|UK}}Women worked as [[Engineering:Colossus computer|WREN Colossus operators]] during [[Social:World War II|WW2]] at [[Organization:Bletchley Park|Bletchley Park]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Copeland|first1=Jack B.|title=Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Code Breaking Computers|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Wives of scientists working on the [[Physics:Manhattan Project#Personnel|Manhattan Project]] with mathematical training were hired as human computers to work on the [[Engineering:ENIAC|ENIAC]] and MANIAC I computers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pearson Jr.|first1=Willie|last2=Frehill|first2=Lisa M.|last3=McNeely|first3=Connie L.|last4= DiSalvo| first4=Betsy|title=Advancing Women in Science: An International Perspective|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319086293|pages=265–267}}</ref> This included [[Biography:Klara Dan von Neumann|Klara Dan von Neumann]], [[Biography:Augusta H. Teller|Augusta H. Teller]], and [[Biography:Adele Goldstine|Adele Goldstine]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Howes|first1=Ruth H.|last2=Herzenberg|first2=Caroline L.|title=Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project|date=2003|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9781592131921|pages=99–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haigh|first1=Thomas|last2=Priestley|first2=Mark|last3=Rope|first3=Crispin|title=ENIAC in Action: Making and Remaking the Modern Computer|date=2016|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262033985|pages=157–158}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Gertrude Blanch led the [[Mathematical Tables Project]] group from 1938 to 1948. During World War II, the project operated as a major computing office for the U.S. government and did calculations for the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the Army, the Navy, the Manhattan Project and other institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grier|first=David Alan|title=The Math Tables Project of the Work Projects Administration: The Reluctant Start of the Computing Era|journal=IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput.|year=1998|volume=20|issue=3|pages=33–50|doi=10.1109/85.707573|issn=1058-6180}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Ruth Leach Amonette was elected vice president at IBM, the first woman to hold that role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/witexhibit/wit_hall_amonette.html|title=IBM Women in technology IBM Women in WITI Hall of Fame profile for Ruth Amonette|date=23 January 2003|website=IBM Archives|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122210658/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/witexhibit/wit_hall_amonette.html|archive-date=22 November 2018|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>

===1945===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Marlyn Meltzer|Marlyn Meltzer]] is hired as one of the first [[Engineering:ENIAC|ENIAC]] programmers.<ref name=":7" />
*{{flagicon|Ireland}}[[Biography:Kathleen Antonelli|Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli]] is hired as one of the ENIAC programmers and is accredited with creating the first 'subroutine'.<ref name=":7" />

===1946===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Jean Bartik|Betty Jennings]], [[Biography:Betty Holberton|Betty Snyder]], [[Biography:Frances Spence|Frances Spence]], [[Biography:Kathleen Antonelli|Kay McNulty]], [[Biography:Marlyn Meltzer|Marlyn Wescoff]], and [[Biography:Ruth Teitelbaum|Ruth Lichterman]] were the regularly working programmers of the [[Engineering:ENIAC|ENIAC]]. [[Biography:Adele Goldstine|Adele Goldstine]], also involved in the programming, wrote the program manual for the [[Engineering:ENIAC|ENIAC]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Light|first1=Jennifer S.|title=When Computers Were Women|journal=Technology and Culture|date=1999|volume=40|issue=3|pages=469, 455–483|doi=10.1353/tech.1999.0128|s2cid=108407884}}</ref>

===1947===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Irma Wyman|Irma Wyman]] worked on a missile guidance project at the Willow Run Research Center. To calculate trajectory, they used mechanical calculators. In 1947–48, she visited the U.S. Naval Proving Ground where [[Biography:Grace Hopper|Grace Hopper]] was working on similar problems and discovered they were using a prototype of a programmable Mark II computer.<ref>{{ cite web | title= Irma Wyman | work= Michigan Engineer, Spring 2010: Women in Engineering | url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/pubs/engineer/10S/womenineng/wyman.html | access-date= 28 May 2011}}</ref>

===1948===
*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Kathleen Booth|Kathleen Booth]] is credited with writing the assembly language for the ARC2 computer.<ref>{{Citation |last=Booth|first=Kathleen HV |title= Machine language for Automatic Relay Computer|work= Birkbeck College Computation Laboratory |publisher=University of London}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Dorothy Vaughan|Dorothy Vaughn]] becomes the first black supervisor at NACA.<ref name=":0" />

===1949===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Grace Hopper|Grace Hopper]], was a United States Navy officer and one of the first programmers of the [[Engineering:Harvard Mark I|Harvard Mark I]], known as the "Mother of [[COBOL]]". She developed the first [[Compiler|compiler]] for an electronic computer, known as [[A-0 System|A-0]].  She also popularized the term "debugging" – a reference to a moth extracted from a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/B/bug.html |title=bug |publisher=Catb.org |date=9 September 1947 |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Evelyn Boyd Granville|Evelyn Boyd Granville]] was the second African-American woman in the U.S. to receive a PhD in mathematics. From 1956 to 1960, she worked for IBM on the [[Astronomy:Project Vanguard|Project Vanguard]] and [[Astronomy:Project Mercury|Project Mercury]] space programs, analyzing orbits and developing computer procedures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/roots-of-unity/mathematics-live-a-conversation-with-evelyn-boyd-granville/|title=Mathematics, Live: A Conversation with Evelyn Boyd Granville|last=Lamb|first=Evelyn|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Canada}}On 6 May, the EDSAC performs its first calculations using a program written by Beatrice Worsely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/5484/EDSAC-performed-its-first-calculations/|title=EDSAC performed its first calculations|website=Computing History|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

===1950===
[[File:Dame Stephanie Shirley - 2013.jpg|thumb|Dame Stephanie "Steve" Shirley]]
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Ida Rhodes|Ida Rhodes]] was one of the pioneers in the analysis of systems of programming. She co-designed the C-10 language in the early 1950s for the UNIVAC I – a computer system that was used to calculate the census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.computer.org/pioneers/rhodes.html|title=Computer Pioneers – Ida Rhodes (Hadassah Itzkowitz)|website=history.computer.org|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Kathleen Booth|Kathleen Booth]] creates [[Assembly language|Assembly Language]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/eile/brainstorm/2018/0110/932241-the-women-who-led-the-way-in-computer-programming/|title=The women who led the way in computer programming|last1=Connolly|first1=Cornelia|date=10 January 2018|work=RTE.ie|access-date=26 November 2018|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|language=en|last3=Lenaghan|first3=Jim}}</ref>

===1951===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Betty Holberton|Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Snyder]] develops a UNIVAC program, the first [[Sort Merge Generator|sort-merge generator]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.computer.org/pioneers/holberton.html|title=Computer Pioneers - Frances Elizabeth Snyder Holberton|last=Lee|first=J.A.N.|website=Computer Pioneers|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

===1952===
*{{flagicon|UK}}Mary Coombs was one of the first programmers on, and was the first female programmer on [[Finance:LEO (computer)|LEO]], the first business computer. She went on to work on LEO II and LEO III.<ref>{{Cite book|title=LEO: the First Business Computer|last=Bird|first=Peter J.|publisher=Wokingham: Hasler Publishing Limited|year=1994|isbn=978-0-9521651-0-1}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Hungary}}Hungarian-born [[Biography:Klara Dan von Neumann|Klara Dan von Neumann]] pioneers the programming of MANIAC I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithistory.org/honor-roll/mrs-kl%C3%A1ra-klari-d%C3%A1n-von-neumann|title=Mrs. Klára (Klari) Dán Von Neumann|publisher=IT History|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Canada}}Canadian, Beatrice Worsley, completes her doctorate in computer science, becoming the first woman to earn that degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beatrice-worsley|title=Beatrice Worsley|last=Raymond|first=Katrine|date=25 October 2017|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113171457/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beatrice-worsley/|archive-date=13 January 2018|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

===1954===
*{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Israel}}[[Biography:Thelma Estrin|Thelma Estrin]] works on [[Place:Israel|Israel's]] first computer, the WEIZAC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Thelma_Estrin|title=Thelma Estrin|website=Engineering and Technology History Wiki|date=May 2018 |language=en|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>

===1955===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Annie Easley|Annie Easley]] starts working as a human computer for NACA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/annie-easley-computer-scientist-and-mathematician|title=Annie Easley, Computer Scientist and Mathematician|last=Thomas|first=Kindra|date=16 March 2017|work=NASA|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614203344/http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/annie-easley-computer-scientist-and-mathematician|archive-date=14 June 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}}{{flagicon|USSR}}Kateryna Yushchenko creates [[Address (programming language)]] that made possible indirect addressing and addresses of the highest rank – analogous to [[Pointer (computer programming)|'''pointers''']].<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Videla|first=Alvaro|date=2018-12-08|title=Kateryna L. Yushchenko — Inventor of Pointers|url=https://medium.com/a-computer-of-ones-own/kateryna-l-yushchenko-inventor-of-pointers-6f2796fa1798|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

===1958===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Orbital calculations for the United States' [[Astronomy:Explorer 1|Explorer 1]] satellite were solved by the NASA [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]'s all-female "computers", many of whom were recruited out of high school. Mechanical calculators were supplemented with logarithmic calculations performed by hand.<ref>{{cite web|title=JPL Computers|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/explorer/computers.html|publisher=NASA JPL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Conway|first=Erik|date=27 March 2007|title=Women Made Early Inroads at JPL|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1327|publisher=NASA/JPL|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67YOuXgXi?url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1327|archive-date=10 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Grace Hopper|Grace Hopper]] designs the computer language, [[FLOW-MATIC|FLOWMATIC]].<ref name=":5" />
*{{flagicon|USA}}5 May, Langley desegregates, closing down the West Area Computers.{{Sfn|Shetterly|2016|p=171}}
*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Kathleen Booth|Kathleen Booth]] publishes a book about programming [[Physics:APEXC|APE(X)C]] computers.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/site/assets/files/1029/50yearsofcomputing.pdf|title=School of Computer Science & Information Systems: A Short History|last=Johnson|first=Roger|publisher=Birkbeck College, University of London|year=2008|pages=7–8}}</ref>

===1959===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Mary K. Hawes|Mary K. Hawes]] convenes a meeting to discuss specifications for a business programming language.<ref name=":7" /> This would lead to the creation of [[COBOL]].<ref name=":7" />

===1961===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Dana Ulery|Dana Ulery]] was the first female engineer at [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], developing real-time tracking systems using a North American Aviation Recomp II, a 40-bit word size computer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nikivincze|first=Irina|date=15 September 2017|title=Dana Ulery: Pioneer of Statistical Computing and Architect of Large, Complex Systems|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=91–95|doi=10.1353/ahc.2017.0017|s2cid=201746453|issn=1934-1547}}</ref>

===1962===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Jean E. Sammet|Jean E. Sammet]] developed the FORMAC programming language. She was also the first to write extensively about the history and categorization of programming languages in 1969, and became the first female president of the [[Organization:Association for Computing Machinery|Association for Computing Machinery]] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cacm.acm.org/news/217652-in-memoriam-jean-e-sammet-1928-2017/fulltext|title=In Memoriam: Jean E. Sammet 1928–2017 {{!}} News {{!}} Communications of the ACM|last=Fisher|first=Lawrence M|website=cacm.acm.org|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}Dame Stephanie "Steve" Shirley  founded the UK software company F.I. She was concerned with creating work opportunities for women with dependents, and predominantly employed women, only 3 out of 300-odd programmers were male, until that became illegal. She adopted the name "Steve" to help her in the male-dominated business world. From 1989 to 1990, she was president of the [[Organization:British Computer Society|British Computer Society]]. In 1985, she was awarded a Recognition of Information Technology Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unssc.org/about-unssc/speakers-and-collaborators/dame-stephanie-steve-shirley/|title=Dame Stephanie "Steve" Shirley|date=17 February 2017|work=UNSSC {{!}} United Nations System Staff College|access-date=10 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===1964===
*{{flagicon|UK}}Joan Ball was the first person to start a computer dating service in 1964.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Just Me|last=Ball|first=Joan|year=2012|isbn=978-1312560147|pages=318}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Sharla Boehm|Sharla Boehm]] performed pioneering work in [[Packet switching|packet switching]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3103.html|title=On Distributed Communications: II. Digital Simulation of Hot-Potato Routing in a Broadband Distributed Communications Network|author=Baran, Paul; Boehm, Sharla P.|publisher=RAND|date=1964}}</ref>

===1965===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Mary Allen Wilkes|Mary Allen Wilkes]]  was the first person to use a computer in a private home (in 1965) and the first developer of an operating system (LAP) for the first [[Minicomputer|minicomputer]] ([[Engineering:LINC|LINC]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/2018/03/08/unsung-women-in-tech/#gDP29oMfKkq1|title=15 unsung women in tech you should know about|last=Kraus|first=Rachel|work=Mashable|access-date=10 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Mary Kenneth Keller|Sister Mary Kenneth Keller]] became the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |last=Steel |first=Martha Vickers |year=2001 |url= http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/teaching/papers/research/steel.pdf |title=Women in Computing: Experiences and Contributions Within the Emerging Computing Industry |publisher= Computing History Museum}}</ref> Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.wisc.edu/includes/textfiles/phds.65-70.txt|title=UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 – August 1970|publisher=UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref>

===1966===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Margaret R. Fox|Margaret R. Fox]] was appointed Chief of the Office of Computer Information in 1966, part of the Institute for Computer Science and Technology of NBS.  She held the post until 1975.  She was also actively involved in the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and served as the first Secretary for the [[Organization:American Federation of Information Processing Societies|American Federation of Information Processing Societies]] (AFIPS).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=13 April 1984|title=Oral history interview with Margaret R. Fox|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107292|journal=Charles Babbage Institute|language=en-US|last1=Fox|first1=Margaret R.|hdl=11299/107292 }}</ref>

===1968===
*{{flagicon|France}}Vera Molnár is one of the pioneers of computer and algorithmic arts. In 1968 she began working with computers, where she began to create algorithmic drawings based on simple geometric shapes geometrical themes.

===1969===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Jean E. Sammet|Jean E.Sammet]] publishes ''Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals'', which was the standard in the field at the time.{{Sfn|Gürer|1995|p=179}}
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Margaret Hamilton (scientist)|Margaret Hamilton]] was in late 1960s Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program.  MIT work prevented an abort of the [[Engineering:Apollo 11|Apollo 11]] Moon landing by using robust architecture[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html]. Later, she was awarded the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for her scientific and technical contributions.<ref>NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe has commented saying "The concepts she and her team created became the building blocks for modern software engineering. It's an honor to recognize Ms. Hamilton for her extraordinary contributions to NASA.".</ref><ref name="apolo11">NASA Press Release [https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11Hamilton.html "NASA Honors Apollo Engineer"] (3 September 2003)</ref><ref name="HQ_03281">''Michael Braukus'' NASA News [http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html "NASA Honors Apollo Engineer"] (3 September 2003)</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Alexandra Illmer Forsythe|Alexandra Illmer Forsythe]] is a co-author of the first computer science textbook, ''Computer Science: A First Course'' (Wiley & Sons).<ref name=":7" />

===1970===
*{{flagicon|Norway}}Drude Berntsen is appointed director of the [[Organization:Norwegian Computing Center|Norwegian Computing Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kristennygaard.org/FORSKNINGSDOK_MAPPE/F_NR_1960.html|title=The Norwegian Computing Center in the Years 1960-84|website=Kristen Nygaard|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

===1971===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Erna Schneider Hoover is an American mathematician notable for inventing a computerized telephone switching method which developed modern communication according to several reports.<ref>{{cite book|title=Changing Our World: True Stories of Women Engineers|first=Sybil|last=Hatch|page=[https://archive.org/details/changingourworld00hatc/page/117 117]|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-0-784-40835-3|url=https://archive.org/details/changingourworld00hatc/page/117}}</ref> At Bell Laboratories, where she worked for over 32 years, Hoover was described as an important pioneer for women in the field of computer technology.<ref>{{cite news|author=Calvin Sims|title=Bell Labs: Adapting to Monopoly's End|work=The New York Times|date=9 March 1987|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/09/business/bell-labs-adapting-to-monopoly-s-end.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Margaret Burnett|Margaret Burnett]]  became the first woman software developer ever hired by Procter & Gamble/Ivorydale, a 13,000-employee complex that included their R&D center.  Her position as a software developer also made her the first woman ever hired into a management-level position there.

===1972===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Mary Shaw (computer scientist)|Mary Shaw]] became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science from [[Organization:Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isri.cmu.edu/people/core-faculty/shaw-mary.html|title=Mary Shaw|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)|Adele Goldberg]] was one of developers of the [[Smalltalk]] language.<ref name=Oakes>{{cite book|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth H.|title=International encyclopedia of women scientists|year=2002|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0816043811|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00oake/page/136 136–137]|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc00oake/page/136}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Karen Spärck Jones|Karen Spärck Jones]] was one of the pioneers of information retrieval and natural language processing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/57874|title=About Karen Spärck Jones|website=BCS – The Chartered Institute for IT|language=en|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Sandra Kurtzig founded ASK Computer Systems, an early Silicon Valley startup, on a $20,000 budget.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/queen-of-silicon-valley-sandra-kurtzig-on-success-of-ask-computers/news-story/20daf036aafe1cab7d264bc7f2cf5d8b|title=Queen of Silicon Valley Sandra Kurtzig on making it to the top|work=news.com.au|date=26 July 2015|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

===1973===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Susan Nycum co-authored ''Computer Abuse'', a minor classic that was one of the first studies to define and document computer-related crime.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Donn B.|author2=Nycum, Susan |title=Computer Abuse|year=1973|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=14453|publisher=Stanford Research Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cortada|first=James W.|title=The Digital Hand, Vol 3 : How Computers Changed the Work of American Public Sector Industries|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803709-5|pages=133–134, 390}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Phyllis Fox|Phyllis Fox]] worked on the PORT portable mathematical/numerical library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/12/102746793-05-01-acc.pdf|title=Interview with Phyllis Fox|first=Thomas|last=Haigh|publisher=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|page=2}}</ref>

===1974===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Elizabeth Feinler and her team defined a simple text file format for Internet host names.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc810|title=DoD Internet Host Table Specification|date=March 1982|doi=10.17487/RFC0810 |access-date=10 August 2015|last1=Feinler |first1=E.J. |last2=Harrenstien |first2=K. |last3=Su |first3=Z. |last4=White |first4=V. }}</ref> The list evolved into the [[Domain Name System]] and her group became the naming authority for the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com.

===1975===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Irene Greif|Irene Greif]] became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science from the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>Rosen, Rebecca J.. (5 March 2014) [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/03/the-first-woman-to-get-a-phd-in-computer-science-from-mit/284127/ The First Woman to Get a Ph.D. in Computer Science From MIT – Rebecca J. Rosen]. The Atlantic. Retrieved on 25 March 2014.</ref>
*{{flagicon|India}}Indian computer scientist Sudha Murthy is hired as first woman to work for TELCO as an engineer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/in-school/signpost/one-woman-many-roles/article7382659.ece|title=One woman, many roles|date=3 July 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Charity Cheiky co-founds the pioneering microcomputer systems manufacturer [[Company:Ohio Scientific|Ohio Scientific Instruments]], with her husband Michael and business partner Dale Dreisbach.<ref>{{cite book | last=Perry | first=Robert L. | date=1980 | url=https://archive.org/details/tibook_owning-your-home-computer/page/n99/ | title=Owning Your Home Computer | publisher=Everest House | page=99 | isbn=0896960935 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>

===1976===
*{{flagicon|Hungary}}[[Biography:Rózsa Péter|Rózsa Péter]] publishes ''Recursive Functions in Computer Theory'', a topic she had been working on since the 1950s.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.women.cs.cmu.edu/ada/Resources/Women/|title=Pioneering Women in Computer Technology|website=The Ada Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326031002/https://www.women.cs.cmu.edu/ada/Resources/Women/|archive-date=26 March 2018|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>

===1978===
*{{flagicon|UK}}Sophie Wilson is a British computer scientist. She is known for designing the [[Engineering:Acorn System 1|Acorn Micro-Computer]], as well as the instruction set of the [[ARM architecture|ARM processor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2013/wilson/feature.html|title=An unsung heroine of the 21st century|last=Office|first=European Patent|website=www.epo.org|language=en|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
*The [[Organization:Association for Women in Computing|Association for Women in Computing]] (AWC) is founded.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://feministing.com/2012/08/04/a-timeline-of-women-in-world-computing/|title=A timeline of women in world computing|work=Feministing|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Austria}}Christiane Floyd becomes the first woman to work as a computer science professor in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zeit.de/1992/48/frau-im-widerspruch/komplettansicht|title=Die Informatikerin Christiane Floyd erforscht die Wirkung abstrakter Codes: Frau im Widerspruch|last=Von Randow|first=Gero|date=20 November 1992|work=Zeit Online|access-date=22 November 2018|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2011-03/floyd-informatik-frauen/komplettansicht|title=Christiane Floyd: Emanzipation durch Computer|last=Thumfart|first=Johannes|date=29 March 2011|work=Zeit Online|access-date=22 November 2018|language=de}}</ref>

===1979===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Lynn Conway|Lynn Conway]] co-authored ''Introduction to VLSI Systems'', a bestselling very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design textbook that triggered the Mead and Conway revolution in integrated circuit design.
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Patricia Selinger|Patricia Selinger]] was one of the key architects of [[Software:IBM System R|IBM System R]], and in 1979 wrote the canonical paper on relational query optimization. She was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1994, and an ACM Fellow in 2009.
*{{flagicon|USA}}Carol Shaw was a game designer and programmer for Atari Corp. and [[Company:Activision|Activision]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/800|title=VC&G – VC&G Interview: Carol Shaw, The First Female Video Game Developer}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Ruzena Bajcsy|Ruzena Bajcsy]] founds the General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception (GRASP) lab at the [[Organization:University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.fi.edu/laureates/ruzena-bajcsy|title=Ruzena Bajcsy|date=15 January 2014|work=The Franklin Institute|access-date=24 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|India}}Priti Shankar does work with generalizing the [[BCH code|Bose Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem]] (BHC) codes for error-correcting.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haritsa|first=Jayant R.|date=10 February 2012|title=Priti Shankar (1947-2011)|url=https://pritishankarhomage.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/pritishankar-currentscience.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=102|issue=3|pages=506}}</ref>

===1980===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Carla Meninsky was the game designer and programmer for [[Engineering:Atari 2600|Atari 2600]] games ''[[Software:Star Raiders|Star Raiders]]'' and ''[[Software:Warlords (1980 video game)|Warlords]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/08/why-we-dug-atari/375702/|title=Why Digging Atari Games Out of a Landfill Is Archaeology|last=Weber|first=William Caraher, Raiford Guins, Andrew Reinhard, Richard Rothaus, Bret|date=7 August 2014|work=The Atlantic|access-date=10 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Gwen Bell starts the Computer Museum to preserve artifacts of computer history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.computer.org/pioneers/bell-g.html|title=Computer Pioneers - Gwen Bell|last=Lee|first=J.A.N.|date=1995|website=Computer Pioneers|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Ruth M. Davis founds Pymatuning Group in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/few-good-women/ruth-m-davis|title=Ruth M. Davis|date=16 September 2016|work=Penn State University Libraries|access-date=18 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===1982===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Lorinda Cherry|Lorinda Cherry]] worked on the [[Software:Writer's Workbench|Writer's Workbench]] (wwb) for [[Organization:Bell Labs|Bell Labs]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Charles R.|last2=Kiefer|first2=Kathleen E.|last3=Gingrich|first3=Patricia S.|date=1984|title=Computers Come of Age in Writing Instruction|jstor=30204332|journal=Computers and the Humanities|volume=18|issue=3/4|pages=215–224|doi=10.1007/BF02267225|s2cid=28762117}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Marsha Rhea Williams|Marsha R. Williams]] becomes the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marsha Rhea Williams (1948- )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/williams-marsha-rhea-1948/|last=Mahoney|first=Eleanor|date=27 January 2018|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

===1983===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Janese Swanson (with others) developed the first of the ''Carmen Sandiego'' games. She went on to found Girl Tech. Girl Tech develops products and services that encourage girls to use new technologies, such as the Internet and video games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/swanson.html|title=Lemelson-MIT Program|access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref>

===1984===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Roberta Williams did pioneering work in graphical adventure games for personal computers, particularly the ''King's Quest'' series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24427286/|title=The Queen of Fantasy|last=Macklin|first=William R.|date=9 March 1997|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=10 October 2018|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}} and {{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24427203/|title=She's a Queen in a Man's Domain – Designing Computer Games|date=9 March 1997|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=10 October 2018|page=H6|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Susan Kare|Susan Kare]] created the icons and many of the interface elements for the original [[Software:Apple Macintosh|Apple Macintosh]] in the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/mac/primary/interviews/kare/trans.html|title=Interview with Susan Kare|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> and was an original employee of [[Company:NeXT|NeXT]], working as the Creative Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eihm45jkfl/susan-kare/|title=Susan Kare|work={{wipe|Forbes}}|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Eleanor K. Baum becomes the first woman in the United States to be named dean of an engineering college.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/eleanor-k-baum/|title=Baum, Eleanor K. -|work=National Women’s Hall of Fame|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308204107/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/eleanor-k-baum/|archive-date=8 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===1985===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Radia Perlman|Radia Perlman]] invented the [[Spanning Tree Protocol]]. She has done extensive and innovative research, particularly on encryption and networking. She received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usenix.org/about/awards/flame|title=Flame Award|date=6 December 2011|publisher=USENIX|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Irma Wyman|Irma Wyman]] was the first [[Company:Honeywell|Honeywell]] [[Chief information officer|CIO]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/irma-wyman-honeywell-s-first-female-cio-episcopal-deacon/353286831/|title=Obituary: Irma Wyman was Honeywell's first female CIO|newspaper=Star Tribune|date=24 November 2015|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
*Janet Walker develops the [[Symbolics Document Examiner]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nngroup.com/articles/hypertext-history/|title=History of Hypertext|last=Nielsen|first=Jakob|date=1 February 1995|work=Nielsen Norman Group|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===1986===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Lixia Zhang|Lixia Zhang]] was the only woman at the initial meetings of the [[Organization:Internet Engineering Task Force|Internet Engineering Task Force]].<ref>{{citation|title=Interview with Lixia Zhang, Professor, Computer Science Department, UCLA, Member of the IAB|date=Spring 2006|url=http://www.internetsociety.org/articles/interview-lixia-zhang-professor-computer-science-department-ucla-member-iab|journal=IETF Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023815/http://www.internetsociety.org/articles/interview-lixia-zhang-professor-computer-science-department-ucla-member-iab|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|South Africa}}Nancy Hafkin heads the Pan African Development Information System.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/07/nancy-hafkin/|title=Nancy Hafkin Brought Internet to Africa, Now She's Tackling the Tech Gender Divide|last=Mitroff|first=Sarah|date=2 July 2012|magazine=WIRED|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702112720/https://www.wired.com/2012/07/nancy-hafkin/|archive-date=2 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

===1987===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Monica S. Lam|Monica S. Lam]] receives a Ph.D. for her work on optimising compilers. She has since then performed influential research in many areas of computer science as well as co-authored a [[Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools|famous textbook]] on compilers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://suif.stanford.edu/~lam/|title=Monica Lam|publisher=Stanford University|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Anita Borg|Anita Borg]] founds the [[Electronic mailing list|electronic mailing list]] for women in technology, Systers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/how-anitab-org-is-trying-to-bat-for-women-in-tech-in-india-2415613.html|title=How AnitaB.org is trying to bat for women in tech in India|date=18 October 2017|website=Moneycontrol|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021224628/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/how-anitab-org-is-trying-to-bat-for-women-in-tech-in-india-2415613.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|access-date=17 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}}French computer scientist, Joëlle Coutaz develops the [[Presentation–abstraction–control|Presentation-abstraction-control]] model for [[Human–computer interaction|human computer interactions]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hcipioneers.wordpress.com/portfolio/coutaz-joelle/|title=Coutaz, Joëlle|date=5 December 2015|work=Encounters with HCI Pioneers - A Personal Photo Journal|access-date=23 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===1988===
*{{flagicon|Hungary}}[[Biography:Éva Tardos|Éva Tardos]], is the recipient of the Fulkerson Prize for her research on design and [[Analysis of algorithms|analysis of algorithms]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.computer.org/web/awards/technical-eva-tardos|title=Eva Tardos|website=IEEE Computer Society|language=en-US|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Janie Tsao co-founds [[Company:Linksys|Linksys]].<ref name=":7" />

===1989===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Frances E. Allen|Frances E. Allen]] became the first female IBM Fellow in 1989. In 2006, she became the first female recipient of the ACM's Turing Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frances ("Fran") Elizabeth Allen|url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/allen_1012327.cfm|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}}Frances Brazier, professor of Computer Science at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, is one of the founder of NLnet, the first Internet service provider in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tudelft.nl/tbm/over-de-faculteit/afdelingen/multi-actor-systems/people/professors/profdr-fm-frances-brazier/|title=Prof.dr. F.M. (Frances) Brazier|website=TU Delft|language=nl|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

===1990===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Ruzena Bajcsy becomes the first woman to chair the computer and information science department at the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name=":3" />

===1992===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Donna Dubinsky CEO and co-founder of [[Company:Palm, Inc.|Palm, Inc.]], co-founder of Handspring, co-founder of Numenta, Harvard Business School's Alumni Achievement Award winner for "introducing the first successful personal digital assistant (PDA) and who is now developing a computer memory system modeled after the human brain".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=1997|title=Donna L. Dubinsky, MBA 1981 – Alumni – Harvard Business School|date=January 2007 |access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Nancy Rhine and Ellen Pack co-found the first online space targeting women, Women's WIRE.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24408141/|title=Wired Women of the Internet|date=16 October 1996|work=The Paducah Sun|access-date=11 October 2018|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Evans|2018|p=206}}
*{{flagicon|USA}}Carol Bartz becomes the CEO of [[Company:Autodesk|Autodesk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/E9RY.html|title=Carol Bartz, The Most Powerful Women - Forbes.com|website=Forbes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223052353/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/E9RY.html|archive-date=23 February 2018|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

===1993===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Shafi Goldwasser|Shafi Goldwasser]], a theoretical computer scientist, is a two-time recipient of the Gödel Prize for research on complexity theory, cryptography and computational number theory, and the invention of zero-knowledge proofs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eatcs.org/index.php/goedel-prize|title=Gödel Prize (together with ACM SIGACT)|last=Chita|first=Efi|website=EATCS|language=en-gb|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Barbara Liskov|Barbara Liskov]] together with [[Biography:Jeannette Wing|Jeannette Wing]], developed the [[Liskov substitution principle]]. Liskov was also the winner of the Turing Prize in 2008.<ref name="acmturing">{{cite web|title=Official ACM Turing award website|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/liskov_1108679.cfm|website=amturing.acm.org|publisher=ACM|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Carolyn Gruyer writes feminist [[Hypertext|hypertext]], ''Quibbling''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1YSBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Carolyn+Guyer%22+quibbling&pg=PA74|title=Canonizing Hypertext: Explorations and Constructions|last=Ensslin|first=Astrid|date=9 May 2007|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781441167941|pages=74|language=en}}</ref>

===1994===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Sally Floyd|Sally Floyd]], is known for her work on [[Transmission Control Protocol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/~ytl/tcpip/highspeedtcp/hstcp/hstcp-ppncg-12092002.ppt|title=Implementing High Speed TCP|publisher=University College, London|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
*The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing is first launched by Anita Borg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24671349/|title=Anita Borg; Helped Women Break Industry's 'Silicone Ceiling'|date=10 April 2003|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=19 October 2018|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
*Hi-Pitched Voices, a collaborative [[Hypertext|hypertext]] women's writing project is launched in the Hypertext Hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastgate.com/people/Guyer.html|title=Carolyn Guyer|website=Eastgate Systems East|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|China}}On 20 April, Hu Qiheng lead the project that installed the first [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]] connection to the Internet in {{wipe|China}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4M_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP123|title=The SAGE Handbook of Social Media|date=2017|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1473995796|editor1-last=Burgess|editor1-first=Jean|pages=123–24|access-date=25 March 2018|editor2-last=Marwick|editor2-first=Alice|editor3-last=Poell|editor3-first=Thomas}}</ref>

===1995===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Mary Lou Jepsen is the CTO of MicroDisplay where she developed smaller computer screens.<ref name=":5" />
*{{flagicon|USA}}Eleanor K. Baum is the first woman to be elected president of the [[Organization:American Society for Engineering Education|American Society for Engineering Education]].<ref name=":8" />

===1996===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Xiaoyuan Tu was the first female recipient of ACM's Doctoral Dissertation Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=9113567&srt=all&aw=146&ao=DOCDISRT|title=Xiaoyuan Tu|website=ACM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418112945/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=9113567&srt=all&aw=146&ao=DOCDISRT|archive-date=18 April 2008|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

===1997===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Anita Borg|Anita Borg]], was the founding director of the Institute for Women and Technology (IWT), renamed Anita Borg Institute (ABI) in her honor in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://anitaborg.org/about-us/|title=About Us – Anita Borg Institute|work=Anita Borg Institute|access-date=30 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Japan}}Japanese-born Chieko Asakawa develops the [[Software:IBM Home Page Reader|IBM Home Page Reader]] opening up Web resources to the blind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view.php?person=us-chiekoa|title=Chieko Asakawa|date=25 July 2016|publisher=IBM|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Russia}}Natalya Kaspersky co-founds and heads the highly successful antivirus software company [[Company:Kaspersky Lab|Kaspersky Lab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.com/gl/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/world-entrepreneur-of-the-year---judge---natalya-kaspersky|title=Natalya Kaspersky|publisher=Ey|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Portugal}}[[Biography:Manuela M. Veloso|Manuela Veloso]]  is awarded the CMU Allen Newell Medal for Excellence in Research.<ref name=":7" />

===1998===
* The [[Organization:Center for Women in Technology|Center for Women and Information Technology]] (CWIT) is established at the [[Organization:University of Maryland, Baltimore County|University of Maryland, Baltimore County]] (UMBC).{{Sfn|Korenman|2001|p=148}}
*{{flagicon|USA}}Meg Whitman becomes the CEO of [[Company:EBay|eBay]].<ref name=":7" />

===1999===
* [[Organization:LinuxChix|LinuxChix]], an international organization for women who use Linux and women and men who want to support women in computing, was founded by Deb Richardson.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-515695.html?legacy=zdnn|title=She-geeks confess love for Linux|work=[[ZDNet]] News|author=Lisa Bowman|date=15 September 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625151809/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-515695.html?legacy=zdnn|archive-date=25 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|China}}[[Biography:Lixia Zhang|Lixia Zhang]] coined the term, "[[Middlebox|middlebox]]".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/lixia-zhang-named-to-jonathan-228215|title=Lixia Zhang named to UCLA's Jonathan B. Postel Chair in Computer Science|last=Kromhout|first=Wileen Wong|date=2 February 2012|website=UCLA Newsroom|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015080300/http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/lixia-zhang-named-to-jonathan-228215|archive-date=15 October 2018|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Carly Fiorina starts as the CEO of Hewlett-Packard.<ref name=":7" />
*{{flagicon|China}}Sun Yafeng starts as the chair of [[Company:Huawei|Huawei]] Technologies Board.<ref name=":7" />

==21st century==
[[File:Montse Maritxalar.jpg|thumb|right|261x261px|Computer scientist Montse Maritxalar of the University of the Basque Country in 2008]]

===2000===
*{{flagicon|Greece}}[[Biography:Lydia Kavraki|Lydia Kavraki]] is awarded the Grace Murray Hopper Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ghc.anitab.org/2015-speakers-honorees/2015-honorees/lydia-e-kavraki/|title=Lydia E. Kavraki|date=1 September 2015|work=Grace Hopper Celebration|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124002939/https://ghc.anitab.org/2015-speakers-honorees/2015-honorees/lydia-e-kavraki/|archive-date=24 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===2001===
*{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Biography:Noriko H. Arai|Noriko H. Arai]] started developing NetCommons which is used for content management at over 3,500 educational institutions.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.women.co.jp/conf20th/speakers/details-e.html?id=3|title=Noriko H. Arai|website=The 20th International Conference for Women in Business : Game Changer ewoman, Inc.|language=ja, en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095000/http://www.women.co.jp/conf20th/speakers/details-e.html?id=3|archive-date=20 October 2018|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

===2003===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Ellen Spertus|Ellen Spertus]] earned a PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT in 1998 with the notable thesis "ParaSite: Mining the structural information on the World-Wide Web".<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=ParaSite : mining the structural information on the World-Wide Web|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/9814|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|date=1998|degree=Thesis|first=Ellen|last=Spertus|hdl=1721.1/9814}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Margaret Hamilton (scientist)|Margaret Hamilton]] received the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/margaret-hamilton/|title=Margaret Hamilton|website=Computer History Museum|language=en|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Sue Black (computer scientist)|Sue Black]] starts her campaign to preserve [[Organization:Bletchley Park|Bletchley Park]].<ref>Brain, Jon, ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7523743.stm Neglect of Bletchley condemned]'', BBC News, 24 July 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2018.</ref>

===2004===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Jeri Ellsworth is a self-taught computer chip designer and creator of the [[Engineering:C64 Direct-to-TV|C64 Direct-to-TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/10/ellsworth_tweet_prompts_bread_bin_cancellation/|title='Ultimate nerd chick' prompts C64 clone cancellation|work=The Register|date=10 May 2013|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Lucy Sanders|Lucy Sanders]] co-founded the National Center for Women & Information Technology<ref name="icsi">{{cite web | url = https://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/icsi/about/board/sanders | title = Lucy Sanders | date = 2016 | publisher = International Computer Science Institute}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Israel}}Safra Catz becomes the President of [[Company:Oracle Corporation|Oracle Corporation]].<ref name=":7" />

===2005===
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}}Audrey Tang is the initiator and leader of the [[Pugs (programming)|Pugs]] project.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.perl.com/pub/2005/03/03/pugs_interview.html | title = A plan for pugs | date = 3 March 2005 | publisher = O'Reilly Media | access-date = 17 November 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Mary Lou Jepsen is the founder and chief technology officer of One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), and the founder of Pixel Qi.<ref name=":5" />
*{{flagicon|India}}[[Company:Facebook|Facebook]] hires their first woman engineer, Ruchi Sanghvi.<ref name=":2" />
*{{flagicon|China}}Xiaoyun Wang and her team crack the [[SHA-1]] data security algorithm.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ou |first1=George |title=Putting the cracking of SHA-1 in perspective |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/putting-the-cracking-of-sha-1-in-perspective/ |website=ZDNet |access-date=11 November 2020 |date=22 January 2007}}</ref>

===2006===
*{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Canada}}[[Biography:Maria Klawe|Maria Klawe]] is the first woman to become president of the [[Organization:Harvey Mudd College|Harvey Mudd College]] since its founding in 1955 and was ACM president from 2002 until 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of President Maria Klawe|url=https://www.hmc.edu/about-hmc/president-klawe/biography-of-president-maria-klawe/|website=Harvey Mudd College|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Melanie Rieback|Melanie Rieback]]'s research concerns the security and privacy of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, she is known to have programmed the first virus to infect RFID devices.<ref>Rieback, M., Crispo, B., Tanenbaum, A., (2006), " Is Your Cat Infected with a Computer Virus?", Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</ref>
*{{flagicon|Poland}}Joanna Rutkowska presented [[Software:Blue Pill|Blue Pill]], a [[Rootkit|rootkit]] based on [[X86 virtualization|x86 virtualization]], at the Black Hat Briefings computer security conference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/hacking-the-hacker/9781119396215/c31.xhtml|title=Hacking the Hacker|work=O’Reilly {{!}} Safari|access-date=24 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}In January, Janet Emerson Bashen, became the first African American woman to hold a patent for a software invention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/janet-emerson-bashen-1991288|title=Meet the First Black Woman to Patent a Software Invention|last=Bellis|first=Mary|date=29 January 2018|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013074601/https://www.thoughtco.com/janet-emerson-bashen-1991288|archive-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Frances E. Allen|Frances "Fran" Allen]] becomes the first woman to earn an A.M. Turing Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Frances_%22Fran%22_Allen|title=Oral-History:Frances "Fran" Allen|website=Engineering and Technology History Wiki|language=en|access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Belgium}}Sophie Vandebroek becomes the Chief Technology Officer for [[Company:Xerox|Xerox]].<ref name=":7" />
*{{flagicon|France}}Anne-Marie Kermarrec starts as the Research Director for L'Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.org/articles/people-of-acm/2017/anne-marie-kermarrec|title=People of ACM: Anne-Marie Kermarrec|website=ACM|language=en|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Israel}}Yoelle Maarek opens the Google Haifa Engineering Center where she is the Director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acm.org/articles/people-of-acm/2014/yoelle-maarek|title=People of ACM - Yoelle Maarek|website=ACM|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829115446/https://www.acm.org/articles/people-of-acm/2014/yoelle-maarek|archive-date=29 August 2018|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

===2007===
*{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Turkey}}[[Biography:Meral Özsoyoglu|Meral Özsoyoğlu]] become the editor-in-chief of the [[ACM Transactions on Database Systems|''ACM Transactions of Database Systems'']] and is the first woman to hold that position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sigmod.org/z-meral-ozsoyoglu-is-awarded-the-2018-sigmod-contributions-award/|title=Z. Meral Özsoyoğlu is Awarded the 2018 SIGMOD Contributions Award|website=SIGMOD Website|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winslett|first1=Marianne|last2=Braganholo|first2=Vanessa|date=September 2011|title=Meral Özsoyoğlu Speaks Out on Genealogical Data Management, Searching Ontologies, and More|url=https://sigmod.org/publications/interviews/pdf/05.profiles.ozsoyoglu.pdf|journal=SIGMOD Record|volume=40|issue=3|pages=25|doi=10.1145/2070736.2070742|s2cid=576377}}</ref>

===2008===
*{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Portugal}}Portuguese-born [[Biography:Carla Gomes|Carla Gomes]] founds and directs Cornell's [[Organization:Institute for Computational Sustainability|Institute for Computational Sustainability]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://computational-sustainability.cis.cornell.edu/projects/overview.php|title=Institute for Computational Sustainability: Overview and project highlights|publisher=Cornell University|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Barbara Liskov|Barbara Liskov]] is the winner of the 2008 A.M. Turing Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2009/03/10/top_prize_in_computing_goes_to_mit_professor/|title=Top prize in computing goes to MIT professor|last=Weisman|first=Robert|date=10 March 2009|work=Boston.com|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}The British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group (BCS IRSG) and the [[Organization:British Computer Society|British Computer Society]] (BCS) create an award in the name of computer scientist, [[Biography:Karen Spärck Jones|Karen Spärck Jones]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irsg.bcs.org/ksjaward.php|title=KSJ Award|website=BCS IRSG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221124435/https://irsg.bcs.org/ksjaward.php|archive-date=21 February 2018|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

===2009===
*{{flagicon|China}}[[Biography:Lixia Zhang|Lixia Zhang]] is awarded an IEEE Internet Award for her "contributions towards developing the Internet's architecture."<ref name=":6" />
*{{flagicon|USA}}Carol Bartz joins [[Company:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] as CEO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/technology/carol-bartz-yahoos-chief-executive-is-fired.html?module=inline|title=Carol Bartz, Yahoo's Chief Executive, Is Fired|last1=Kopytoff|first1=Verne G.|date=6 September 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 November 2018|last2=Miller|first2=Claire Cain|language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}{{flagicon|Greece}}[[Biography:Maria Petrou|Maria Petrou]] starts as the director of the Informatics and Telematics Institute at Greece's Centre for Research and Technology (CERTH).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iapr.org/news/index.php?id=531|title=In Memoriam - Dr. Maria Petrou|date=16 October 2012|website=IAPR - News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230602/http://www.iapr.org/news/index.php?id=531|archive-date=18 June 2018|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

===2010===
*{{flagicon|Ghana}}Farida Bedwei co-founds Logiciel in Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=545070953|title=Company Overview of Logiciel Ghana Limited|website=Bloomberg|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcabal.com/2015/02/16/software-architect-cerebral-palsy/|title=This Software Architect Has Cerebral Palsy, But She Hasn't Let That Stop Her|last=Onalaja|first=Gbenga|date=16 February 2015|website=TechCabal|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721231220/https://techcabal.com/2015/02/16/software-architect-cerebral-palsy/|archive-date=21 July 2018|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

===2011===
[[File:Pyladies_Montreal's_GitHub_Party.jpg|thumb|[[PyLadies|PyLadies]] of Montreal at a 2015 GitHub party|alt=PyLadies of Montreal at a 2015 GitHub party|300x300px]]

*[[PyLadies]], an international organization of women interested in coding [[Python (programming language)|Python]], is started in {{wipe|Los Angeles}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/careers/way-to-code-adult-coding-groups-driving-an-upskilling-revolution|title=Way to code: adult coding groups driving an upskilling revolution - Portfolio {{!}} siliconrepublic.com - Ireland's Technology News Service|last=Burke|first=Elaine|date=22 October 2013|work=Silicon Republic|access-date=22 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Meg Whitman becomes CEO of Hewlett-Packard.<ref name=":7" />
*{{flagicon|Germany}}[[Biography:Bettina Speckmann|Bettina Speckmann]] is the first winner of the Netherlands Prize for ICT Research where she was recognized for her work on geographic information systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmw.nl/nieuwsarchief-84/|title=Nieuwe ICT Prijs van € 50.000,- voor Bettina Speckmann'|website=Kninklijke Hollandshe Maatshappij der Wetenschappen|language=nl|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Biography:Noriko H. Arai|Noriko H. Arai]] is the Program director for the artificial intelligence challenge: "Can a robot get into the University of Tokyo?"<ref name=":10" />
*{{flagicon|Kenya}}Shikoh Gitau is awarded the Google Anita Borg Award, becoming the first person to earn a Google award in [[Place:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.africanpro.co.za/professionals/item/183-shikoh-gitau-first-african-to-receive-a-google-award|title=Shikoh Gitau: First African to receive a Google Award|last=Rottok|first=KC|date=30 May 2011|work=The African Professional|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232353/https://www.africanpro.co.za/professionals/item/183-shikoh-gitau-first-african-to-receive-a-google-award|archive-date=8 March 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref>

===2012===
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Shafi Goldwasser|Shafi Goldwasser]] is a co-recipient of the A.M. Turing Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mit.edu/2013/goldwasser-and-micali-win-turing-award-0313|title=Goldwasser and Micali win Turing Award|work=MIT News|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
*Pixelles hosts their first game-programming incubator in {{wipe|Montreal}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgmagonline.com/2015/07/13/pixels-and-pixelles-an-interview-with-tanya-short/|title=Pixels and Pixelles: An Interview with Tanya Short|last=Biol|first=Sabrina|date=13 July 2015|website=CGM|language=en-CA|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}Computer scientist, Muffy Calder, starts as the Chief Scientific Advisor for the Scottish Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computescotland.com/professor-muffy-calder-chief-scientific-adviser-5054.php|title=Professor Muffy Calder: Chief Scientific Adviser|date=18 February 2012|website=Compute Scotland|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122184345/https://www.computescotland.com/professor-muffy-calder-chief-scientific-adviser-5054.php|archive-date=22 November 2018|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Ginni Rometty becomes the first woman to serve as president and CEO of IBM.<ref name=":7" />
*{{flagicon|Hungary}}[[Biography:Éva Tardos|Eva Tardos]] earns the Gödel Prize.<ref name=":9" />
*{{flagicon|Ghana}}[[Biography:Regina Honu|Regina Honu]] founds Soronko Solutions, a software development company in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jbklutse.com/how-soronko-foundation-championed-women-empowerment-through-tech-needs-girls/|title=How Soronko Foundation championed women empowerment through Tech Needs Girls|last=Mawuli|first=Ad Julian|date=19 June 2018|work=JBKlutse|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124001819/https://www.jbklutse.com/how-soronko-foundation-championed-women-empowerment-through-tech-needs-girls/|archive-date=24 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Carol E. Reiley|Carol Reiley]] is the first woman engineer to be featured on the cover of ''MAKE'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/14013|title=TEDxWanChaiWomen|website=TED|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makezine.com/2012/01/20/meet-carol-reiley/|title=Meet Carol Reiley {{!}} Make|date=20 January 2012|website=Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers|language=en|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>
*Nigerian Women In Information Technology (NiWIIT) was created as an interest group of the Nigeria Computer Society to empower and encourage women working in the field of Information and Communication Technologies.

===2013===
*{{flagicon|Afghanistan}}''{{wipe|Time (magazine)}}'' names Afghani software developer, Roya Mahboob, one of the 100 most influential people of the year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/turing/Mujeres-tecnologia-ambiciosa-minoria-absoluta_0_363964037.html|title=Mujeres en tecnología: una ambiciosa minoría absoluta|work=eldiario.es|access-date=17 November 2018|language=es}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}}[[Biography:Christine Paulin-Mohring|Christine Paulin-Mohring]] is awarded the ACM Software System Award for her work on [[Software:Coq|Coq]] Proof Assistant System.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/award-winners/PAULIN-MOHRING_4099933|title=Christine Paulin-Mohring|website=ACM|language=en|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

===2014===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Megan Smith named third (and first female) [[Engineering:Chief technology officer|Chief Technology Officer]] of the {{wipe|United States}} (USCTO), succeeding Todd Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purdueglobal.edu/news-resources/history-women-information-technology-6-female-computer-science-pioneers/|title=History of Women in IT: 6 Female Pioneers in Computer Science|website=Purdue Global|language=en|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Coraline Ada Ehmke drafts the first [[Philosophy:Code of conduct|code of conduct]] for [[Open-source software|open source]] projects, the Contributor Covenant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/woman-bringing-civility-to-open-source-projects/|title=The Woman Bringing Civility to Open Source Projects|last=Finley|first=Klint|date=26 September 2018|magazine=WIRED|access-date=23 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}Perianne Boring founded the trade organization and advocacy group [[Organization:Chamber of Digital Commerce|Chamber of Digital Commerce]] in July.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Perianne Boring Interview: How the CDC Is Teaching Washington About Bitcoin|last=Zeiler|first=David|date=19 May 2015|website=Money Morning|language=en|url=http://archive.today/20160714015347/moneymorning.com/2015/05/19/the-perianne-boring-interview-how-the-cdc-is-teaching-washington-about-bitcoin/|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
*In August, the first Pan-African Women in Tech conference took place online.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/12/tech/african-women-breaking-down-tech-barriers/index.html|title=It's not a man's world: The African women breaking down tech barriers|last=Cofie|first=Ethel|date=12 August 2014|work=CNN|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401000939/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/12/tech/african-women-breaking-down-tech-barriers/index.html|archive-date=1 April 2015|language=en-US}}</ref>

===2015===
*{{flagicon|USA}}Sarah Sharp is the first winner of the annual Women in Open Source Community Award, awarded by Red Hat.<ref name="Women in Open Source Awards">{{cite web|title=Women in Open Source Awards|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/women-in-open-source#2015finalists|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* Kesha Shah is the first winner of the annual Women in Open Source Academic Award, awarded by Red Hat.<ref name="Women in Open Source Awards"/>
*{{flagicon|UK}}Gillian Docherty becomes the new CEO of the DataLab in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedatalab.com/news/2015/the-data-lab-welcomes-gillian-docherty-as-our-new-ceo|title=The Data Lab welcomes Gillian Docherty as our new CEO|date=28 May 2015|website=The Data Lab|language=en-US|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

===2016===
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}}Audrey Tang becomes "digital minister" in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hsiao|first1=Alison|title=Programming expert to join Executive Yuan|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/08/26/2003653890|access-date=26 August 2016|work=Taipei Times|date=26 August 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}}[[Biography:Kate Devlin|Kate Devlin]] co-organizes the first "sex-tech hackathon" in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.makery.info/en/2016/12/20/au-premier-sex-tech-hack-un-hackathon-sur-la-sexualite-a-londres/|title=At the first Sex Tech Hack, a hackathon on sexuality in London|last=Ferreira|first=Elsa|date=20 December 2016|work=Makery|access-date=23 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Maja Matarić|Maja Matarić]] co-founds Embodied Robotics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2018/05/03/robotics-company-embodied-gets-investme|title=Robotics company Embodied gets $12 million investment|last=Chen|first=I-Chun|date=3 May 2018|website=Biz Journals|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Regina_Honu_01.jpg|thumb|Regina Honu with a classroom of students learning to code|alt=Regina Honu with a classroom of students learning to code.|300x300px]]

===2017===
*{{flagicon|Australia}}[[Biography:Michelle Simmons|Michelle Simmons]] founds the first [[Quantum computing|quantum computer]] company in Australia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/meet-the-woman-leading-race-to-build-worlds-first-quantum-computer/articleshow/64126927.cms|title=Meet the woman leading race to build world's first quantum computer|date=11 May 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Ghana}}[[Biography:Regina Honu|Regina Honu]] opens Soronko Academy, the first coding and "human centered design school" for both children and teens in West Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biznisafrica.com/regina-honu/|title=Regina Honu|last=Mphahlele|first=Thabo|date=8 February 2017|work=BizNis Africa|access-date=24 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===2018===
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Biography:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight|Dame Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight]] was appointed a Knight of the St. Sava Order of Diplomatic Pacifism for her work on [[Wikipedia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/dacic-dodelio-najvisa-diplomatska-priznanja-medu-laureatima-modna-kreatorka/j3w5jjz|title=Dačić dodelio najviša diplomatska priznanja, među laureatima modna kreatorka, humintarac, preživeli logoraši Jasenovca…|newspaper=Blic|date=29 May 2018|access-date=29 May 2018 |language=sr}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}}[[Biography:Gladys West|Gladys West]], a human computer whose calculations helped develop GPS technology, is recognized for her work in December when she is inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/news/gladys-west-hidden-figure-air-force-hall-of-fame/|title=Dr. Gladys West, Another 'Hidden Figure,' Inducted Into Air Force Hall Of Fame|last=Danielle|first=Britni|date=21 December 2018|website=Essence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222121200/https://www.essence.com/news/gladys-west-hidden-figure-air-force-hall-of-fame/|archive-date=22 December 2018|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} Safiya Umoja Noble publishes [[Algorithms of Oppression|Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism]], arguing that search algorithms are racist and perpetuate societal problems.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.popmatters.com/algorithms-oppression-safiya-umoja-noble-2529677349.html|title=Don't Google It! How Search Engines Reinforce Racism|date=2018-01-30|work=PopMatters|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Ghana}}-{{flagicon|USA}} [[Biography:Joy Buolamwini|Joy Buolamwini]] publishes Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification<!--Q55711990-->, exposing biases in [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] systems.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/photo-algorithms-id-white-men-fineblack-women-not-so-much/|title=Photo Algorithms ID White Men Fine—Black Women, Not So Much|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* Women in computing
* Timeline of women in science

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ&q=9780735211759&pg=PP1|title=Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet|last=Evans|first=Claire L.|publisher=Portfolio/Penguin|year=2018|isbn=9780735211759|location=New York}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/whencomputerswer00davi|title=When Computers Were Human|last=Grier|first=David Alan|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781400849369|location=Princeton|via=Project MUSE|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Gürer|first=Denise|date=1995|title=Pioneering Women in Computer Science|url=https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/readings/p175-gurer.pdf|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=38|issue=1|pages=45–54|doi=10.1145/204865.204875|s2cid=6626310}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Korenman|first=Joan|date=2001|title=A URL of Our Own: The Center for Women and Information Technology|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=29|issue=3/4|pages=148–156|jstor=40003747}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26mpCgAAQBAJ&q=hidden+figures&pg=PP1|title=Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race|last=Shetterly|first=Margot Lee|publisher=William Morrow|year=2016|isbn=9780062363596|location=New York}}
{{refend}}

{{Timelines of computing}}

[[Category:Computing timelines|Women]]

{{Sourceattribution|Timeline of women in computing}}