View source for Unsolved:List of visionary tall buildings and structures

{{Short description|None}}
This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned.[[File:XSeed4000BurjDubaiComparison.jpg|thumb|350px|The X-Seed 4000 is one of the tallest structures ever conceived. Shown in this image is the Burj Khalifa ({{convert|828|m|ft|abbr=on}}), tallest structure in the world at the time of completion in 2010 to this year (2023), and the X-Seed 4000 project. ({{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}})]]

==Proposed structures==

The definition of 'vision' is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/definition/vision|title=The Skyscraper Center|website=www.skyscrnter.com|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> The list does not include under construction buildings as these are listed at list of future tallest buildings.
{{clear}}

=== Structures ===
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2008}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" font="90%"
|-
! Structure
!  Height
!  Year of proposal
!  Type
!  Main Use
!  Country
!  Place
!  Description 
! Floors 
|- 
| The Space Elevator
| {{convert|100000|km||abbr=on|0}}
| 1895 
| Massive [[Engineering:Space tether|space tether]]
| 
[[Astronomy:Space tourism|Space tourism]], [[Astronomy:Space exploration|space exploration]], and [[Engineering:Space colonization|space colonization]]
| 
{{flag|UAE}}<ref name="Edwards 2000 pp. 735–744">{{cite journal | last=Edwards | first=Bradley C. | title=Design and Deployment of a Space Elevator | url=http://li.mit.edu/S/td/Paper/Edwards00AA.pdf | journal=Acta Astronautica |institution=Los Alamos National Laboratory | volume=47 | issue=10 | year=2000 | issn=0094-5765 | doi=10.1016/s0094-5765(00)00111-9 | pages=735–744}}</ref><ref name="NIAC report">{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Bradley C. |title=The Space Elevator - NIAC phase II final report |url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/472Edwards.pdf |website=www.niac.usra.edu |institution=NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) | year=2003 |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref><br>
{{flag|Japan}}<ref name="JapanUKTimes">{{cite news | title = Japan hopes to turn sci-fi into reality with elevator to the stars | url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/article1967078.ece | work=The Times | location=London | first=Leo | last=Lewis | date=22 September 2008 | access-date=23 May 2010}} Lewis, Leo; News International Group; accessed 22 September 2008.</ref><br>
{{flag|China}}<ref name="Xia 2017">{{cite web | last=Xia | first=Zhang | title=China Shoots for Stars With Plans to Build Space Elevator by 2045 | website=Yicai Global | date=17 November 2017 | url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china-shoots-for-stars-with-plans-to-build-space-elevator-by-2045 | access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref><br>
{{flag|Russia}} <ref>{{cite web |url=http://liftport.com/files/Artsutanov_Pravda_SE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506100948/http://liftport.com/files/Artsutanov_Pravda_SE.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2006 |title=To the Cosmos by Electric Train |work=liftport.com |year=1960 |publisher=Young Person's Pravda |last=Artsutanov |first=Yu |access-date=March 5, 2006}}</ref><br>
{{flag|USA}} <ref>{{cite journal |title=Satellite Elongation into a True 'Sky-Hook' |year=1966 |journal= Science |volume = 151 |doi = 10.1126/science.151.3711.682 |author=Isaacs, J. D. |author2= A. C. Vine, H. Bradner and G. E. Bachus |bibcode = 1966Sci...151..682I |issue=3711 |pages=682–3 |last3=Bradner |last4=Bachus |pmid=17813792 |s2cid=32226322 }}</ref>

| [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]]{{efn| [[Organization:NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts|NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]] suggested building space elevator on equatorial [[Engineering:Floating launch vehicle operations platform|floating platform]] located at the “lightning-free” zone within international waters off the coast of Ecuador, about {{convert|1500|km|mi}} west of the Galapagos Islands.<ref name="NIAC report"/>}}
| An extraordinarily long cable, anchored on or near the [[Astronomy:Equator|equator]], held up by the rotation of the Earth.
| N/A
|-
| The [[Astronomy:Orbital ring|Orbital Ring]]
| {{convert|160|km||abbr=on}} to {{convert|80|km||abbr=on}} of minimal height
| 1982
| Suspended [[Astronomy:Orbital ring|ring structure]] around Earth
| 
[[Astronomy:Space tourism|Space tourism]]/[[Astronomy:Space exploration|exploration]]/[[Engineering:Space colonization|colonization]], Space manufacturing,  [[Engineering:Telecommunication|Telecommunication]], and [[Physics:Space-based solar power|Space-based solar power]]<ref name="Meulenberg Karthik Balaji 2011 pp. 1931–1946">{{cite journal | last1=Meulenberg | first1=Andrew | last2=Karthik Balaji | first2=P.S. | title=The LEO Archipelago: A system of earth-rings for communications, mass-transport to space, solar power, and control of global warming | journal=Acta Astronautica | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=68 | issue=11–12 | year=2011 | issn=0094-5765 | doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.12.002 | pages=1931–1946| arxiv=1009.4043 | s2cid=119271804 }}</ref>
| undetermined
| undetermined
| The [[Astronomy:Orbital ring|Orbital ring]] is a concept of an artificial ring shaped cable placed around [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]] and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent centrifugal force is large enough to counteract the force of gravity.<ref name="Birch1982-1">Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - I", ''Journal of the British Interplanetary Society'', Vol. 35, 1982, pp. 475–497. (see [http://www.orionsarm.com/fm_store/OrbitalRings-I.pdf pdf]) (Accessed 6 April 2016).</ref><ref name="Birch1982-2">Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - II", ''Journal of the British Interplanetary Society'', Vol. 36, 1982, 115. ([http://www.orionsarm.com/fm_store/OrbitalRings-II.pdf pdf]).</ref><ref name="Birch1982-3">Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - III", ''Journal of the British Interplanetary Society'', Vol. 36, 1982, 231. ([http://www.orionsarm.com/fm_store/OrbitalRings-III.pdf pdf]).</ref> A motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes the ring structure become stationary relative to the ground at much lower attitude compare to space elevator which has to maintain its center of mass around [[Astronomy:Geostationary orbit|geostationary orbit]]. Multiple tethers can be connected from orbital ring to the ground enabling mass-transport to space.<ref name="Meulenberg Karthik Balaji 2011 pp. 1931–1946"/>
| N/A
|-
| The [[Physics:Launch loop|Launch Loop]]
| {{convert|80|km||abbr=on}}
| 1981
| Suspended Maglev Track
| 
[[Astronomy:Space tourism|Space tourism]], [[Astronomy:Space exploration|space exploration]], and [[Engineering:Space colonization|space colonization]]
| undetermined
| undetermined
| The [[Physics:Launch loop|Launch loop]] is a concept that has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch.<ref>[http://www.launchloop.com/launchloop.pdf PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985)]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921014806/http://www.launchloop.com/launchloop.pdf |date=September 21, 2008 }}</ref>
| N/A
|-
| Scaled-down space elevator
| {{convert|20|km||abbr=on}}
| 2009
| [[Engineering:Air-supported structure|Pneumatic tower]]
| 
Tourism, communications, wind generation, and
reduced cost space launch.<ref name="pi.library.yorku.ca">{{cite journal|url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/dspace/handle/10315/2587|title=A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether|year=2009|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.02.018|access-date=6 October 2014|last1=Quine|first1=B.M.|last2=Seth|first2=R.K.|last3=Zhu|first3=Z.H.|journal=Acta Astronautica|volume=65|issue=3–4|pages=365–375}}</ref>
| undetermined
| undetermined
| A sub-orbital or mini version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaceref.com/space-elevator/canadian-mini-space-elevator-paper-available.html|title=Canadian Mini Space Elevator Paper Available - The Space Elevator Reference|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> The structure would be free standing and actively guyed over its base.<ref name="pi.library.yorku.ca"/>
| N/A
|-
| [[Physics:StarTram|StarTram]] Generation 2
| {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 2001
| Suspended Maglev Track
| [[Astronomy:Space tourism|Space tourism]], [[Astronomy:Space exploration|space exploration]], and [[Engineering:Space colonization|space colonization]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| undetermined
| Proposed concept for orbital launches. It has a long (1000–1500&nbsp;km) vacuum tube, levitated via strong currents in superconducting cables
| N/A
|-
|Tokyo Tower of Babel<ref name="These futuristic cities are housed inside a single, gigantic building">[http://io9.com/these-futuristic-cities-are-housed-inside-a-single-gig-472987873 These futuristic cities are housed inside a single, gigantic building]</ref> 
| {{convert|10|km|ft|abbr=on}} 
| 1992
| [[Engineering:Arcology|Arcology]] 
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| Would house roughly 30 million people and take 100–150 years to build. The cost would be around ¥3 quadrillion ($22 trillion).
| 1000+
|-
| [[Unsolved:X-Seed 4000|X-Seed 4000]]
| {{convert|4|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1995
| [[Engineering:Arcology|Arcology]]
| Residential, commercial, retail real estate, as well as heavy industry
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| Would accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants
| 800
|-
| Ultima Tower
| {{convert|3.2187|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1991
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|United States}}
| {{wipe|San Francisco}}
| Designed by American architect Eugene Tsui in 1991
| 500
|-
| Dubai City Tower
| {{convert|2.4|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2008
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| class=nowrap|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
| Dubai
| Six buildings entwining a central core
| 400
|-
| Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid
| {{convert|2|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1996
| Arcology
| Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]] Bay in {{wipe|Japan}}. The structure would be approximately 14 times as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth.
| 390
|-
| The Dutch Mountain
| {{convert|2|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2012
| Artificial Mountain
| Tourism, leisure, commercial and wind generation
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}
| Flevoland
| "De Nederlandse Berg", Dutch for "The Dutch Mountain" is a proposal for an artificial mountain by Thijs Zonneveld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diebergkomter.nl/wie-zijn-wij/|title=Die Berg Komt Er - Wie zijn wij|work=diebergkomter.nl|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pruned.blogspot.nl/2011/09/mountain-for-netherlands.html|title=Pruned: A Mountain for the Netherlands|work=pruned.blogspot.nl|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diebergkomter.nl/over-de-berg/|title=Die Berg Komt Er - Over de berg|work=diebergkomter.nl|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>
| N/A
|-
| Millennium Challenge Tower
| {{convert|1.852|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2005
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|Kuwait}}
| [[Place:Kuwait City|Kuwait City]]
| Designed by architect Omero Marchetti as part of his proposed "ethic city" concept. The aims of the project are to reach a [[Nautical mile|nautical mile]] in height while "not using concrete, orthogonal grids, traditional systems, mortars, [and] cranes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4343115|title=Top 8 Skyscrapers That Will Push the Limits of Design|work=Popular Mechanics|date=21 January 2010|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> If built, the tower would reach {{convert|1852|m|ft}}.
| N/A
|-
| [[Unsolved:Times Squared 3015|Times Squared 3015]]
| {{convert|1.733|km|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| 2015
| Vertical City
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|United States}}
| {{wipe|New York City}}
| 
| N/A
|-
| Sky Mile Tower
| {{convert|1.7|km|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="tokyo2045">{{cite news|last1=Mafi|first1=Nick|title=This Is What Tokyo Will Look Like in 2045—Including Its Mile-High Skyscraper|url=http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/tokyo-will-look-like-2045-including-mile-high-skyscraper|access-date=12 February 2016|work=Architectural Diges|publisher=Condé Nast|date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
| 2015
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| Would serving as a dam and supplying water to its 55,000 residents
| 421
|-
| Xtopia
| {{convert|1.614|km|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| 2010
| Skyscraper
| Multiple
| {{flagu|China}}
| [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]]
| Xtopia is a concept building for a 300-floor high-rise self-contained community.
| 300
|-
| New City Tower
| {{convert|1,500|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2007
| Arcology
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[Place:London|London]]
| 
| 500
|-
| Bionic Tower
| {{convert|1.228|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1997
| Arcology
| Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate
| {{flagu|China}}
| [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]] and [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] have both expressed serious interest
| Designed by architects Eloy Celaya, Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz; would house about 100,000 people.
| 300
|-
| Ziggurat Pyramid
| {{convert|1.200|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2008
| Arcology
| Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate
| {{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
| Dubai 
| Ziggurat Pyramid is a pyramid-shaped arcology that was conceived for Dubai in 2008. The structure was designed to house nearly one million people and would be self-sustainable with all-natural energy sources. Like the pyramids of the Mayans and Egyptians, this structure in Dubai would be a giant; it would cover 2.3 square kilometers and would be able to sustain a community of up to one million people.  
| +300
|-
| The Bride Tower
| {{convert|1.152|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2015
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Iraq}}
| [[Place:Basra|Basra]]
| Designed by AMBS Architects
| 241
|-
| Azerbaijan Tower
| {{convert|1.050|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2012
| Skyscraper 
| Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate
| {{flagu|Azerbaijan}}
| [[Place:Baku|Baku]]
| Planned as part of the proposed "Khazar Islands" project<ref>{{cite web|title=World's Tallest Building May Be In Azerbaijan|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/24/worlds-tallest-building_n_1228499.html|date=3 February 2012}}</ref>
| 189
|-
| Murjan Tower
| {{convert|1.022|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2006
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|Bahrain}}
| [[Place:Manama|Manama]]
| Designed by architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=murjantower1-manama-bahrain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120141/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=murjantower1-manama-bahrain|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2007|title=Murjan Tower 1, Manama|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| 200
|-
| Burj Mubarak al-Kabir
| {{convert|1.001|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2007
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|Kuwait}}
| Madinat al-Hareer
| By Eric Kuhne and Associates{{Clarify|date=June 2012}}
| 234
|-
| Green Float
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| 2010
| Arcology
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| Would be able to house up to 40,000 people
| N/A
|-
| Hyperbuilding
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1996
| Vertical City
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|Thailand}}
| [[Place:Bangkok|Bangkok]]
| Designed by OMA
| 250
|-
| Sky City 1000
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1989
| Arcology
| Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| Aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo; 400&nbsp;m (1,312&nbsp;ft) wide at the base for a total floor area of 8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (3.1 sq mi); drawn by construction firm Takenaka for the city of Tokyo in 1989, its design was the first of the modern super-tall mega-structures to gain serious attention and consideration by any government
| 196
|-
| Oblisco Capitale
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2018
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Egypt}}
| [[Place:New Administrative Capital|New Administrative Capital]]
| 
| 179
|-
| Buenos Aires Forum
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2009
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Argentina}}
| [[Place:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]
| 
| 200
|-
| Europa Tower (Brussels)
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1993
| Skyscraper
| Office, observation, restaurant
| {{flagu|Belgium}}
| Brussels
| Designed by L35 Arquitectos; articulated in nine modules;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unbuiltskyscrapers.wordpress.com/2018/05/25/europa-tower/|title = Europa Tower|date = 25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>http://www.arquitectura-tecnica.com/cercha/pdf/19.pdf (Page 12)</ref>
| N/A
|-
| Miapolis
| {{convert|975|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2009
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|United States}}
| Miami
| Designed by Kobi Karp Architect
| 160
|-
| Permeable Lattice City
| {{convert|922|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2017
| Arcology
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Singapore}}
| [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
| Designed by WOHA Architect
| 276
|-
| Nansha Tower
| {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2015
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|China}}
| Guangzhou
| 
| 165
|-
| Millennium Tower (Tokyo)
| {{convert|840|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1989
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| By Norman Foster
| 170
|-
| Sky City (Changsha)
| {{convert|838|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2012
| Skycraper
| Mixed use
| {{Flagu|China}}
| Changsha
| 
| 202
|-
| DIB-200
| {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 1993
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| Proposed by Kajima Construction; designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe
| 200
|-
| The Mandragore
| {{convert|737|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2020
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|United States}}
| {{wipe|New York City}}
| 
| 160
|-
| Shimao Shenzhen–Hong Kong International Centre
| {{convert|700|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| 2017
| Skyscraper
| Hotel, Office
| {{flagu|China}}
| Shenzhen
| 
| 148
|-
| Princesa Tower
| {{convert|680|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| 2018
| Observation tower
| Leisure, retail, and observation
| {{flagu|Philippines}}
| Puerto Princesa 
| N/A
|
|-
| World Centre for Vedic Learning
| {{convert|677|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2000
| Skyscraper
| Religion, residential, commercial, and education
| {{flagu|India}}
| Jabalpur
| Designed by Minoru Yamasaki & Associates
| 160
|-
| Dream Tower
| {{convert|665|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2009
| Skyscraper
| Commercial and retail real estate
| {{flagu|South Korea}}
| [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=korailtower-seoul-southkorea|title=KORAIL Tower, Seoul, South Korea &#124; Emporis.com|access-date=6 October 2014}} </ref>
| 150
|-
| Bengaluru Turf Tower
| {{convert|663|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| N/A
| Skyscraper
| Residential
| {{flagu|India}}
| Bangalore
| N/A
|157
|-
| Gateway Tower (Chicago)
| {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2016
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|United States}}
| {{wipe|Chicago}}
| Designed by American architectural firm Gensler as a replacement for the Chicago Spire
| 127
|-
| The Big Bend
| {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2015
| Skyscraper
| Residential
| {{flagu|United States}}
| {{wipe|New York City}}
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| The Blade
| {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2016
| Skyscraper
| Hotel
| {{flagu|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]]
| N/A
| 128
|-
| Malaya 115
| {{convert|596|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| N/A
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Malaysia}}
| [[Place:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]]
| 
| 115
|-
| Port Tower
| {{convert|593.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2006
| Skyscraper
| Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate
| {{flagu|Pakistan}}
| [[Place:Karachi|Karachi]]
| Approved for construction
| 130
|-
| Diamond Tower
| {{convert|555|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2012
| Skyscraper
| Office, residential
| {{flagu|Cambodia}}
| [[Place:Phnom Penh|Phnom Penh]]
| 
| 85
|-
| Downtown Circle
| {{convert|550|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2022
| Vertical City
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
| Dubai
| Designed by ZNera Space
| N/A
|-
| Hudson Spire
| {{convert|550|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2014
| Skyscraper
| Residential, commercial, and retail real estate
| {{flagu|United States}}
| {{wipe|New York City}}
| Proposed by a developer from Tishman Speyer as part of Manhattan's Hudson Yards development; would be the tallest in the Western Hemisphere
| 110
|-
| Al Noor Tower
| {{convert|540|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2014
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|Morocco}}
| [[Place:Casablanca|Casablanca]]
| Would become Africa's tallest building if completed
| 114
|-
| ETC Tower
| {{convert|501|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2019
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[Place:London|London]]
| Would become United Kingdom's tallest building if completed
| 111
|-
| GIFT Diamond Tower
| {{convert|410|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2002
| Skyscraper
| Commercial
| {{flagu|India}}
| Gandhinagar
| Diamond Tower and the core CBD of GIFT will comprise a total of {{convert|25800000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/07/16225119/Skyhigh-plans.html?h=A2|title=Sky-high plans - Money Matters - livemint.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| 87
|-
| [[Physics:Solar updraft tower|Solar updraft tower]]
| {{convert|400|-|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2001
| Power plant
| Power generation
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| Buronga, New South Wales
| 
| N/A
|-
| Empire 88 Tower
| {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2020
| skyscraper
| Hotel, Residential
| {{flagu|Vietnam}}
| Ho Chi Minh City
| 
| 88
|-
| Time Square Da Nang
| {{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 2022
| Skyscraper
| Mixed Use
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| Da Nang
| Times Square Danang is a high-end luxury development with over 85% of units having a direct view of the sea in Da Nang. Each apartment in Da Nang Times Square is delicately and artistically created in the style of modern European architecture, incorporating a full range of new 5-star standard services and facilities that buyers are promised. Indulge in a stylish and appealing setting.
| N/A
|}

==Cancelled projects==

{| class="wikitable sortable" font=90%"
|-
! Name !! Pinnacle height !! Year of first proposal !! Structure type !! Main use !! Country !! City !! Year of projected completion|| Description
|-
|Houston Tower || {{convert|2,092|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1979 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial,  retail, leisure real estate, office
|{{flagu|United States}} || Houston || Never begun || The Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly {{convert|1.3|mi|km}} tall (6864&nbsp;ft/2092&nbsp;m) and taken up 16 city blocks in Houston.
|-
|Aeropolis 2001 || {{convert|2,000|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1989 || Arcology Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|Japan}} || [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]] || Never begun || The Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]] Bay in Japan. It was proposed to be a 2,000&nbsp;m (6,562&nbsp;ft) high building.
|-
|The Illinois || {{convert|1609|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1956 || Skyscraper || Commercial, Residential, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|Chicago}} || Never begun || The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609&nbsp;m / 5280&nbsp;ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
|-
|1 Dubai || {{convert|1008|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2006 || Skyscraper || Unknown || class=nowrap|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}} || Dubai || 2010 (cancelled in 2009) || 1 Dubai is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed, but in 2009, it was cancelled.
|-
|Nakheel Tower|| {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2003 || Skyscraper || residential, hotel, office || {{flagu|United Arab Emirates}} || Dubai || 2020 (cancelled 2009) || Cancelled due to financial problems. 
|-
|Sky City (Changsha)|| {{convert|838|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2013 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate|| {{flagu|China}} || Changsha || 2014 (cancelled 2014) || Cancelled due to concerns over the building's impact on the local environment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=Ramy Inocencio,Audrey Shi for|date=26 July 2013|title=Permit lapse may ground construction of world's tallest building in China {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/26/business/china-worlds-future-tallest-building-frozen/index.html|access-date=8 January 2022|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|India Tower|| {{convert|707.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}|| 2010 || Skyscraper || residential / hotel / office || {{flagu|India}}|| {{wipe|Mumbai}}|| (Cancelled 2015) || In May 2011 Mumbai's civic building proposals department issued a stop-work order due to a payment dispute with the developers, halting the tower's construction indefinitely. The tower was cancelled on 16 October 2015.
|-
|Phare du Monde || {{convert|701|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1934 || Concrete observation tower || Leisure and retail real estate || {{flagu|France}} || [[Place:Paris|Paris]] || 1937 (construction never begun) || Phare du Monde, was a project for a 701&nbsp;metre tall observation tower for the world exhibition in Paris, 1937. It was planned as a concrete tower similar to a modern TV tower, but also with a ramp for drive up access.
|-
|Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-01||{{convert|680|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2013 || Skyscraper || Residential and commercial|| {{flagu|China}} || Shenzhen || 2030 (cancelled in 2019) || The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
|-
|Grollo Tower || {{convert|678|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1997 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|Australia}} || [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]] || 2004 (cancelled 2001) || Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct due to disagreements over who would pay for infrastructure improvements. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560&nbsp;m (1837&nbsp;ft) tall, down from the originally planned {{convert|678|m|ft|abbr=on}} height, and still would have been the tallest building in the southern hemisphere.
|-
|Millennium Tower (Las Vegas)|Millenium Tower Las Vegas||{{convert|671|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2001 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, and retail real estate|| {{flagu|United States}} || Las Vegas || 2001 (cancelled in 2002) || Millennium Tower was proposed to be {{convert|671|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} as the tallest building in the world, but it was cancelled in 2002 because of its massive height.
|-
|Hanzheng Jie Project Tower 1||{{convert|666|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2011 || Skyscraper || Residential and commercial|| {{flagu|China}} || [[Place:Wuhan|Wuhan]] || 2026 (cancelled in 2020) || The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over {{convert|500|m|ft}}.
|-
|PAGCOR Tower || {{convert|665|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2008 || Observation tower|| Leisure and observation facilities || {{flagu|Philippines}} || [[Place:Manila|Manila]] || Cancelled in 2010 || Originally part of the plans for the PAGCOR Entertainment City, the project was scrapped due to various reasons including air traffic regulations due to close proximity to Ninoy Aquino International Airport
|-
|Warsaw radio mast || {{convert|646|m|ft|abbr=on}} || Original in 1968, Replacement in 1992 || Guyed mast || VHF-UHF transmission || {{flagu|Poland}} || [[Place:Warsaw|Warsaw]] || 1997 (cancelled 1995) || Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed {{convert|646|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289&nbsp;m was built as a replacement in 1998–99 at Solec Kujawski.
|-
|Changchun World Trade Center || {{convert|631|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2017 || Skyscraper || Serviced, apartaments, hotel, and office || {{flagu|China}} || Changchun || 2028 (cancelled in 2020) || Canceled due to height restriction.
|-
| Triple One || {{convert|620|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2007 || Skyscraper || Mixed Use || {{flagu|South Korea}} || [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]] || 2020 (cancelled in 2013) || The Triple One, {{convert|620|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, is a proposed building in Yongsan Dreamhub designed by Renzo Piano and 112 floors to be tallest building in South Korea.
|-
| Philippine Diamond Tower || {{convert|612|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2014 || Observation tower || Leisure, observation, and broadcast || {{flagu|Philippines}} || [[Place:Quezon City|Quezon City]] || 2019 (construction never begun; projected to be completed within three years) || The observation tower's height of  {{convert|612|m|ft|abbr=on}} is meant to signify the date of the Philippine declaration of independence (June 12).
|-
|Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers || {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2011 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, and hotel || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|Chicago}} || 2022 (cancelled in 2014) || Cancelled due to the dissolution of the construction company and abandonment of the project.
|-
|7 South Dearborn || {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1999 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, and retail real estate as well as communications facilities|| {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|Chicago}} || 2004 (cancelled in 2000 due to lack of funding) || 7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be {{convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.
|-
|Chicago Spire || {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2005 || Skyscraper || Residential real estate || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|Chicago}} || 2019 (cancelled in 2016) || The Chicago Spire designed by Santiago Calatrava was intended to be the tallest building in the western hemisphere as well as the tallest residential building in the world. It was abandoned in 2008 due to financial problems. As of March 11, 2014, as long as the project is funded, it assumed to resume construction.
|-
|Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle || {{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1988 || Skyscraper || Commercial, and Residential real estate || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|Chicago}} || 1994 (cancelled 1992) || The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be {{convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602031142/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103012|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2004|title=Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, Chicago|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> tall in 1988. 
|-
|Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU02-01||{{convert|580|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2013 || Skyscraper || Residential and commercial|| {{flagu|China}} || Shenzhen || 2030 (cancelled in 2019) || The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
|-
|International Business Center || {{convert|580|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2007 || Skyscraper || Commercial real estate || {{flagu|South Korea}} || [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]] || 2013 (cancelled 2008) || International Business Center was a proposed skyscraper to be constructed in [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]], {{wipe|South Korea}} for a height of {{convert|580|m|ft|abbr=on}}, it was to have 130 floors planned to be completed in 2013.
|-
|Crown Las Vegas || {{convert|575|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2006 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, and retail real estate|| {{flagu|United States}} || Las Vegas || 2006 (cancelled in 2008) || Crown Las Vegas was proposed to be {{convert|575|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, but it was cancelled in 2008 after 2 major redesigns.
|-
|Kowloon MTR Tower|| {{convert|574|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2000 || Skyscraper || Office || {{flagu|China}} || [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] || 2009 (cancelled 2001) || Now built as the International Commerce Center.
|-
|Grollo Tower || {{convert|560|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2001 || Skyscraper || Residential and Commercial real estate|| {{flagu|Australia}} || [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]] || 2001 (cancelled in 2004) || Revised version of the Grollo Tower shown above.
|-
|New York Stock Exchange Tower || {{convert|546|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1997 || Skyscraper || Office || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|New York City}} || 2004 (cancelled 2001) ||The 546&nbsp;m tall, 140 story tower was cancelled in 2001 due to 9/11.
|-
|Grant USA Tower || {{convert|533.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1970 || Skyscraper || Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate|| {{flagu|United States}} || Newark, New Jersey || 1986 (cancelled 1986) || The Grant USA Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=grantusatower-newark-nj-usa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211110050/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=grantusatower-newark-nj-usa|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2007|title=Grant U.S. Tower, Newark / Emporis.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Television City Tower || {{convert|510|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1985 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|New York City}} || 1988 (cancelled 1985) ||The 510&nbsp;m tall, 150 story,  Helmut Jahn-designed tower proposed by Donald Trump in {{wipe|New York City}}, {{wipe|United States}} was cancelled in 1988 due to serious local opposition.
|-
|Eaton's / John Maryon Tower || {{convert|503|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1971 || Skyscraper || Commercial and leisure real estate || {{flagu|Canada}} || Toronto || 1976 (cancelled 1972) || Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned {{convert|503|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
|-
|10 Columbus Circle || {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1986 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|New York City}} || 1987 (cancelled 1986) ||The 500&nbsp;m tall, 137 story,  10 Columbus Circle in {{wipe|New York City}}, {{wipe|United States}} was cancelled in 1987.
|-
|Dragon Tower || {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1996 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|Indonesia}} || [[Place:Jakarta|Jakarta]] || 2002 (cancelled 1998) ||The 500&nbsp;m tall, 101 story,  Dragon Tower was cancelled in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.
|-
|Kaisa Feng Long Center|| {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2011 || Skyscraper || Hotel / office || {{flagu|China}} || Shenzhen || 2012 (cancelled 2011) ||
|-
|Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-03||{{convert|480|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2013 || Skyscraper || Residential and commercial|| {{flagu|China}} || Shenzhen || 2030 (cancelled in 2019) || The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
|-
|Empire City Tower || {{convert|462|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2015 || Skyscraper || Mixed use || {{flagu|Vietnam}} || Ho Chi Minh City || 2022 (cancelled 2017) ||The 462&nbsp;m tall, 86 story, Empire City Tower was cancelled in 2017. It will be replaced by the 333 meter Empire 88 Tower.
|-
|The Hyperboloid || {{convert|455|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1956 || Skyscraper || Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|New York City}} || 1959 (cancelled 1957) ||The 108 story Hyperboloid designed by I. M. Pei was cancelled in 1957. Now built as the Metlife Tower.
|-
|Brisbane Central Tower || {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1987 || Skyscraper || Unknown || {{flagu|Australia}}|| Brisbane || 1987 (cancelled in 1993) ||
|-
|Minuzzo Tower || {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1993 || Skyscraper || Unknown || {{flagu|Australia}}|| Brisbane || 1993 (cancelled in 1995) ||
|-
|Twin Towers 2 || {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2004 || Skyscraper || Office, observation, communication || {{flagu|United States}} || {{wipe|New York City}} || 2018 (cancelled in 2010) ||
|-
|CBD-1 || {{convert|445|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1993 || Skyscraper || Unknown || {{flagu|Australia}}|| [[Place:Sydney|Sydney]] || 1995 (cancelled in 1997) ||
|-
|Psary, Poland broadcast tower|| {{convert|440|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2009 || Reinforced concrete and steel television tower || DVB-T signal transmission || {{flagu|Poland}}|| Psary, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship || undetermined || At Bodzentyn, Poland a 440&nbsp;metres tall tower is proposed for distributing DVB-T signals from the satellite station to TV broadcasting sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echodnia.eu/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100720/POWIAT0104/255032145|title=Kielce: Najwyższa w Polsce budowla powstanie w Górach Świętokrzyskich! Wieża będzie miała 440 metrów wysokości i na stałe zmieni krajobraz - 20 lipca 2010|date=20 July 2010|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>  It will be, if built, the tallest man-made structure in Europe outside Russia.
|-
|Bank of the Southwest Tower || {{convert|428|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1997 || Skyscraper || Office || {{flagu|United States}} || Houston || 1982 (cancelled 1984) ||The 86 story tower was cancelled in 1984 due to an oil bust in Texas.
|-
|Palace of Soviets || {{convert|415|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1932 || Skyscraper || Bureaucratic administrative center and conference hall  || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] || 1947 (cancelled 1942) || The Palace of Soviets, planned in 1932, was to be 415&nbsp;m (including a 100&nbsp;m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during [[Social:World War II|World War II]], during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
|-
|The Monument to the Third International || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1919 || Grand Monument || Conference hall, bureaucratic administrative center, information administrative center || {{flagu|Soviet Union}} || [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] || None given|| During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named '' The Monument to the Third International'', which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but time & resource shortages as well as the social upheavals that resulted from the Russian Civil War, economic mismanagement, and political repressions halted the project.
|-
|Millennium Freedom Tower || {{convert|376.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1998 || Observation tower || Leisure and observation facilities || {{flagu|United States}} || Newport, Kentucky || 2000 (above ground construction never begun) || The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234&nbsp;feet (376&nbsp;m) and was later lowered to 1,103&nbsp;ft (306&nbsp;m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103174|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529100507/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103174|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2006|title=Emporis Buildings accessed February 21, 2008|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Watkin's Tower || {{convert|358|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1890 || Iron latticed observation tower || Leisure and retail real estate || {{flagu|United Kingdom}} || Wembley || 1894 (construction halted 1896)|| Watkin's Tower in Wembley, [[Place:London|London]] was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by {{convert|50|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land and insufficient funds. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
|-
|Scandinavian Tower || {{convert|325|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1997 || Skyscraper || Residential|| {{flagu|Sweden}}|| Malmö || 2004 || The Scandinavian Tower was intended to be the tallest skyscraper in Europe.<ref name="scandinaviantower">{{Cite web|title=Scandinavian Tower|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3586|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref>  It was abandoned in 2004 in favor of Malmö Tower.
|-
|Torre Bicentenario || {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 2007 || Comercial ||  || {{flagu|Mexico}} || [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]] || 2010 (cancelled in 2007) || The Torre Bicentenario (Bicentennial Tower) was a skyscraper project planned for Mexico City. The inauguration date was planned to be September 16, 2010, which is the day of the 200th anniversary of the Mexican War of Independence, hence the building's name. The Torre Bicentenario was canceled in 2007.
|-
|World Science Tower || N/A || 1964 || Guyed mast || Leisure facilities || {{flagu|United States}} || Larkspur, Colorado || N/A || The World Science Tower was going to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It would have had an amusement park at its base.
|-
| Volkshalle || {{convert|290|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br>with spire {{convert|320|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br/> || 1937 || Skyscraper || Cultural and convention center|| {{flagu|Nazi Germany}}|| [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]] || 1950 (cancelled 1942) || Huge domed monument building planned by Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer for [[Place:Germania (city)|Germania]], the projected renewal of the German capitol Berlin.
|}

==See also==
* List of buildings with 100 floors or more
* List of cities with the most skyscrapers
* List of tallest buildings and structures
* [[Engineering:Unfinished building|Unfinished building]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30cm}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Megastructures|*]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of visionary tall buildings and structures}}