Polar coordinates

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The two-dimensional polar coordinates Hepa img834.gif are related to Cartesian coordinates (x,y) by:

Hepa img835.gif

The matrix A giving polar coordinate unit vectors in terms of Cartesian unit vectors is then:

Hepa img836.gif

The volume element is Hepa img837.gif , and the distance element is Hepa img838.gif . For three-dimensional polar coordinates, Hepa img2.gif Spherical Coordinates.




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