Biology:Bacterial patterns

Short description: Pattern formation of bacteria colony shapes

The formation of patterns in the growth of bacterial colonies has extensively been studied experimentally. Resulting morphologies appear to depend on the growth conditions. They include well known morphologies such as dense branched morphology (DBM) or diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), but much complex patterns and temporal behaviour can be found.

A large number of studies on pattern formation in bacterial colonies have been performed in Bacillus subtilis and in Proteus mirabilis. Mathematical modeling of colony growth can reproduce the observed morphologies and the effect of environmental changes. Employed models include:

• Reaction–diffusion system
• Cellular automata

Colonies of Bacillus subtilis

Colonies of Bacillus subtilis on a Petri dish can grow under controlled conditions. By varying agar concentration (which permits the control of the hardness of the medium), and the nutrient concentration, the response of the colony to external stresses can be studied. The different morphologies appear in the following growth conditions:

High nutrients level, hard medium

Eden-like growth [1]

High nutrients level, semi-soft hardness of medium

Periodical growth forming concentric rings [2]

High nutrients level, soft medium

homogeneous, disk-like growth [3]

Low nutrients level, hard medium

DLA growth [4]

Low nutrients level, soft medium

DBM growth [5]

A complete morphological diagram can then be drawn by varying growth conditions. [6]

These different morphologies can be obtained from a reaction-diffusion model. This kind of model is useful to assess which mechanisms are relevant for the different morphologies. The complete morphological diagram can be obtained by using two fields, density of bacteria and nutrient concentration, and taking into account that bacteria can increase motility in response to adverse external conditions. That means that diffusion in the medium and the response of bacteria are the relevant factors in this particular case.

References

• Matsushita, M.; Wakita, J.; Itoh, H.; Ràfols, I.; Matsuyama, T.; Sakaguchi, H.; Mimura, M. (1998). "Interface growth and pattern formation in bacterial colonies". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications (Elsevier BV) 249 (1-4): 517–524. doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(97)00511-6. ISSN 0378-4371.  Experiments on Bacillus subtilis by Matsushita et al.
• Lacasta, A. M.; Cantalapiedra, I. R.; Auguet, C. E.; Peñaranda, A.; Ramírez-Piscina, L. (1999-06-01). "Modeling of spatiotemporal patterns in bacterial colonies". Physical Review E (American Physical Society (APS)) 59 (6): 7036–7041. doi:10.1103/physreve.59.7036. ISSN 1063-651X.  Reaction-diffusion model for Bacillus Subtilis.

External links

Some more images of patterns in bacterial growth can be found in:

• http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_03/stress_art.shtml
• http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/gallery.html