Social:Soft power of China
The soft power of China is the indirect and non-military influence of the People's Republic of China that can be observed outside the country around the world.[1] While soft power as a concept can be summarized as "get others to do your bidding" without resorting to hard power, it has been argued that China uses a different approach especially in the developed countries "get others to stop harming your image" which is more in line with the Chinese Government's internal policies.[2]
Soft power rankings
China ranked 2nd out of 20 nations in the Elcano Global Presence Report for 2018 by the Elcano Royal Institute. The report noted that China's Reputation ranking (24th) was considerably lower than its Influence ranking (2nd).[3]
According to the 2019 Asia Power Index, China takes the lead in diplomatic influence and ranks 2nd out of 25 countries on cultural influence after the US.[4][5]
China's ranked 27th out of 30 nations in the Soft Power 30 index for 2018 and 2019 published by Portland Communications and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy. According to the index, China is a "cultural juggernaut", being ranked 8th in the Culture category and 10th in the Engagement category.[6]
Global influence and diplomacy
China's traditional culture has been a source of attraction, building on which it has created several hundred Confucius Institutes around the world to teach its language and culture. The enrollment of foreign students in China has increased from 36,000 a decade before to at least 240,000 in 2010.[7] China is the most popular country in Asia for international students,[8] the leading destination globally for Anglophone African students,[9] and the second most popular education power house in the world.[10] China's Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has attracted many western countries to join.[11] Increasing political pressure and scrutiny around Confucius Institutes have led to some closures.[12]
China has the largest diplomatic network in the world, overtaking the US in 2019.[13]
A spring 2014 Global Attitudes survey from Pew Research Center states China receives mostly positive reviews in the sub-Saharan African nations polled, although South Africans are closely divided (45% favorable, 40% unfavorable).[14] China's increasing soft power can be explained by looking at China's economic growth and regarding economic engagement with many African countries. China's expansion of trade and investment on the African continent and the spread of Chinese-led infrastructure projects gives positive impressions of China to people in Africa[citation needed]. China's economic engagement in African countries is considered as much more pragmatic and in consistency with the priorities of many African countries. Moreover, China's increasing role as a global superpower seems appealing and this drives a desire to tie African economies more closely to China's economy.
Through the use of GONGOs (otherwise known as a Government-organized non-governmental organization), China exerts soft power through foreign aid and development in Africa. China has made a systematic effort to expand and give greater profile to its soft-power policies in Africa ever since the first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000. The commitments of China's soft power ranges from health, humanitarian assistance to academic, professional and cultural exchange.
Cultural exchange between China and Africa can be a representative example of how China has been spreading its soft power. In 2005, the first Confucius Institute was established in Africa. The institute is funded by the Chinese government and it provides Chinese language and cultural programming to the public. There are 19 institutes today in Africa and China has planned to spend 20 million RMB for education projects in South Africa, including the teaching of Mandarin in 50 local high schools.
Furthermore, there is an increasing support for cultural visitors programs which gained momentum in 2004 when the African Cultural Visitors Program was established. There is a rising number of African entrepreneurs who choose to move to China and there are also diaspora communities in many Chinese cities that have been found.[15]
Outside of Africa, Chinese soft power extends to countries like Barbados. Barbadian Prime Minister David Thompson expressed admiration for the Chinese economic model and sought to emulate the way Chinese state controlled banks guided development.[16] The Chinese soft-Power in the Middle East countries have been expanding since the beginning of the millennium, and include many efforts in the fields of education, journalism, and popular culture.[17]
The use of Chinese medical aid during the COVID-19 pandemic has been dubbed "facemask diplomacy".[18]
See also
- Hard power
- Cultural hegemony
- Cool Japan
- Chinese Dream
- Confucius Institute
- Xi Jinping Thought
References
- ↑ Soft power with Chinese characteristics : China's campaign for hearts and minds. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2020. ISBN 978-1-351-80435-6. OCLC 1130023014.
- ↑ Yıldırım, Nilgün Eliküçük; Aslan, Mesut (2020). "China's Charm Defensive: Image Protection by Acquiring Mass Entertainment" (in en). Pacific Focus 35 (1): 141–171. doi:10.1111/pafo.12153. ISSN 1976-5118. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pafo.12153.
- ↑ "Elcano Global Presence Report". Elcano Global Institute. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/897b80cc-47fa-4130-9c3d-24e16c7f0a66/Global_Presence_2018.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=897b80cc-47fa-4130-9c3d-24e16c7f0a66.
- ↑ "CHINA". https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries?profile=CN.
- ↑ "Five big takeaways from the 2019 Asia Power Index" (in en). https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/power-shifts-fevered-times-2019-asia-power-index.
- ↑ "China" (in en-GB). https://softpower30.com/country/china/.
- ↑ Nye, Joseph S. (2012-01-17). "Why China Is Weak on Soft Power" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/opinion/why-china-is-weak-on-soft-power.html.
- ↑ "International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends" (in en-US). 2007-10-01. https://wenr.wes.org/2007/10/wenr-october-2007-feature.
- ↑ "China tops US and UK as destination for anglophone African students". Victoria Breeze, The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/china-tops-us-and-uk-as-destination-for-anglophone-african-students-78967.
- ↑ "China's 2020 target: reshaping global mobility flows" (in en). 2020-01-27. https://www.eaie.org/blog/china-2020-target-reshaping-global-mobility-flows.html.
- ↑ "With New Bank, China Shows U.S. It's Got Soft Power". Forbes. 23 March 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/03/23/with-new-bank-china-shows-u-s-its-got-soft-power/print/.
- ↑ "Colleges move to close Chinese government-funded Confucius Institutes amid increasing scrutiny" (in en). https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/01/09/colleges-move-close-chinese-government-funded-confucius-institutes-amid-increasing.
- ↑ "China now has the most diplomatic posts worldwide" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2019-11-27. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50569237.
- ↑ "Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America's Image". Pew Research Center. 2014-07-14. http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-2-chinas-image/.
- ↑ Jennifer G. Cooke. China's soft power in Africa; "Archived copy". http://www.relooney.fatcow.com/SI_Oil-Politics/Africa-China_54.pdf.
- ↑ Wikileaks 09Barbados144. https://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/03/09BRIDGETOWN144.html. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ↑ Yellinek, Roie (2020-03-01). "Chinese 'Soft Power Pipelines Diffusion' (SPPD) to the Middle Eastern Arab Countries 2000-2018: A Discursive-Institutional Study". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies: 1–19. doi:10.1080/13530194.2020.1732870. ISSN 1353-0194.
- ↑ Waterson, Jim; Kuo, Lily (2020-04-03). "China steps up western media campaign over coronavirus crisis" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/china-steps-up-western-media-campaign-over-coronavirus-crisis.
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