Social:2019 college admissions bribery scandal

From HandWiki
Revision as of 00:59, 10 February 2023 by Nautica (talk | contribs) (add)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: Scandal involving US universities
2019 College Admissions Bribery Scandal
Duration2011–2018
VenueUnited States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
LocationUnited States
Also known asOperation Varsity Blues
ReporterFirst Reporter - Julie Taylor-Vaz
Organized byWilliam Rick Singer via
  • Key Worldwide Foundation
  • The Edge College & Career Network
Accused53
ChargesFelony conspiracy to commit:

In 2019, a scandal arose over a criminal conspiracy to influence undergraduate admissions decisions at several top American universities. The investigation into the conspiracy was code named Operation Varsity Blues.[1][2] The investigation and related charges were made public on March 12, 2019, by United States federal prosecutors. At least 53[3] people have been charged as part of the conspiracy,[4][5] a number of whom pleaded guilty or agreed to plead guilty. Thirty-three parents of college applicants are accused of paying more than $25 million between 2011 and 2018 to William Rick Singer, organizer of the scheme, who used part of the money to fraudulently inflate entrance exam test scores and bribe college officials.[6][7]

Singer controlled the two firms involved in the scheme, Key Worldwide Foundation and The Edge College & Career Network (also known as "The Key"). He pleaded guilty and cooperated with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in gathering incriminating evidence against co-conspirators.[8][9] He said he unethically facilitated college admission for children in more than 750 families.[10] Singer faces up to 65 years in prison, and a fine of $1.25 million.

Prosecutors in the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, led by United States Attorney Andrew Lelling, unsealed indictments and complaints for felony conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud against 50 people, including Singer, who has been "portrayed [...] as a criminal mastermind",[11] university staff he bribed, and parents who are alleged to have used bribery and fraud to secure admission for their children to 11 universities.[12][13][14][15] Among the accused parents are prominent business-people and well-known actors.[16][17] Those charges have a maximum term of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $250,000 fine. One month later, 16 of the parents were also indicted by prosecutors for alleged felony conspiracy to commit money laundering. This third charge has a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $500,000 fine.

The investigation's name, Operation Varsity Blues, comes from a 1999 film of the same name.[1][2] The case is the largest of its kind to be prosecuted by the US Justice Department.[18]

Discovery and charges

The FBI alleged that beginning in 2011, 33 parents of high school students conspired with other people to use bribery and other forms of fraud to illegally arrange to have their children admitted to top colleges and universities.[19] The first reporter was Julie Taylor-Vaz, a Buckley School guidance counselor, who in 2017 learned that a Buckley student identified as “Eliza” Bass – a pseudonym given by Vanity Fair – had been accepted to Tulane University, Georgetown and Loyola Marymount as an “African-American tennis whiz, ranked in the Top 10 in California,” according to the report. The problem was that "Eliza" was white and did not play tennis. Eliza's father, Adam J. Bass, a member of the Buckley School Board, initially denied that he had used an outside admissions consultant before finally admitting to Buckley that his family had hired Rick Singer, the Newport Beach man who became infamous in March for spearheading the admissions scandal.[20] Bass was a business partner of Singer's and therefore did not have to pay any fees. Authorities became aware of the scheme around April 2018 when Los Angeles businessman Morrie Tobin, who was under investigation in an unrelated case for alleged pump-and-dump conspiracy and securities fraud, offered information in exchange for leniency in the previously existing, unrelated case.[21] Tobin, who attended but did not graduate from Yale, told authorities that the Yale women's soccer head coach, Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, had asked him for $450,000 in exchange for helping his youngest daughter gain admission to the school.[22] As part of his cooperation with the FBI, Tobin wore a recording device while talking to Meredith in a Boston hotel on April 12, 2018; Meredith subsequently agreed to cooperate with the authorities and led them to Singer.[23][24] Meredith pled guilty as part of his cooperation with the prosecution.[22][23] Tobin has not been charged in this case, but in February 2019 he pled guilty in the unrelated securities fraud case.[23] US sentencing guidelines, to which judges often refer when deciding sentences, call for between eight and ten years behind bars.[21] According to The Wall Street Journal , Vanity Fair, and CBS, prosecutors are recommending 36 months of supervised release.[22][23][25] In addition, Tobin has agreed to forfeit $4 million as part of his plea deal.[21] Tobin was scheduled for sentencing at a hearing in June 2019, but this did not in fact take place.[25][26]

On March 12, 2019, federal prosecutors in Boston unsealed a criminal complaint charging 50 people with conspiracy to commit felony mail fraud and honest services mail fraud in violation of Title 18 United States Code, Section 1349.[15][19] Those charges have a maximum term of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $250,000 fine.[27] The charges were announced by Andrew Lelling, United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts.[28][29] Assistant U.S. Attorneys Eric Rosen, Justin O'Connell, Leslie Wright, and Kristen Kearney of the securities and financial fraud unit are prosecuting the case.[30][31] FBI special agent Laura Smith signed the 204-page affidavit in support of the charges.[32]

On April 9, 16 of the original 33 charged parents (e.g., Lori Loughlin, her husband Mossimo Giannulli, Gamal Aziz, Douglas M. Hodge, Bill McGlashan, Diane and Todd Blake, I-Hsin "Joey" Chen, Michelle Janavs, Elizabeth and Manuel Henriquez, Elisabeth Kimmel, Marci Palatella, John Wilson, Homayoun Zadeh, and Robert Zangrillo), who had not pled guilty to the original charges, were additionally charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering by federal prosecutors in Boston in a superseding indictment.[27][33] The indictment added those defendants to an existing case against David Sidoo, another of the 33 parents, that was already pending before Judge Nathaniel Gorton.[34] The indictment alleged that the parents engaged in a conspiracy to launder bribes paid to Singer "by funneling them through Singer's purported charity and his for-profit corporation."[27] This third charge has a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, supervised release of three years, and a $500,000 fine.[27]

Allegations

Federal prosecutors alleged a college-admission scheme that involved:

  • bribing exam administrators to facilitate cheating on college and university entrance exams;[19]
  • bribing coaches and administrators of elite universities to nominate unqualified applicants as elite recruited athletes, thus facilitating the applicants' admission;[19]
  • using a charitable organization to conceal the source and nature of laundered bribery payments.[19]

Court documents unsealed in March 2019 detail a scheme led by William Rick Singer, a 58-year-old resident of Newport Beach, California. Wealthy parents paid Singer to illegally arrange to have their children admitted to elite schools by bribing admissions testing officials, athletics staff, and coaches at universities. Payments were made to Key Worldwide Foundation, a nonprofit organization owned by Singer and previously granted 501(c)(3) status; that status allowed him to avoid federal income taxes on the payments, while parents could deduct their "donations" from their own personal taxes. Singer offered college counseling services as The Edge College & Career Network, a limited liability company registered in 2012, which he operated out of his home in Newport Beach.[31][35]

Methods of fraudulent admission

Singer primarily used two fraudulent techniques to help clients' children gain admission to elite universities: cheating on college entrance exams and fabrication of elite sports credentials.[36]

Cheating on college entrance exams

Singer arranged to allow clients' children to cheat on the SAT or ACT college admission tests.[17] Singer worked with psychologists to complete the detailed paperwork required to falsely certify clients' children as having a learning disability; this in turn gave them access to accommodations, such as extra time, while taking the tests. Singer said he could obtain a falsified disability report from a psychologist for $4,000 to $5,000,[37] and that the report could be re-used to fraudulently obtain similar benefits at the schools.

Once the paperwork was complete, Singer told clients to invent false travel plans to arrange to have their children's test locations moved to a test center under his control, either in West Hollywood or Houston. Parents might also be advised to fabricate a family event that could provide a pretense for the student to take the SAT, ACT, or other test at a private location where Singer could have complete control over the testing process.[36]

In some cases, the student was involved directly in the fraud. In others, the fraud was kept secret from the student and corrupt proctors altered tests on their behalf after the fact.[38] In some cases, other people posed as the students to take the tests. Mark Riddell, a Harvard alumnus and college admission exam preparation director at IMG Academy, was one of the stand-in test takers who took over two dozen exams; he pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud and one count of money laundering, and agreed to cooperate with investigators.[39][40][41] Prosecutors said he was paid $10,000 per test, and the government is seeking to recover almost $450,000 from him in forfeiture.[42] Riddell did not have advance access to the test papers, but was described as "just a really smart guy".[43] He could be sentenced to up to 20 years in prison, but reportedly prosecutors said that because of his cooperation they will instead likely recommend 33 months' imprisonment at his November 1 (originally July 18) sentencing hearing.[41][44][45]

According to recorded phone calls, the transcripts of which were included in court filings, Singer claimed that the practice of fraudulently obtaining accommodations such as extra testing time, intended for those with legitimate learning disabilities, was widespread outside of his particular scheme:

Yeah, everywhere around the country. What happened is, all the wealthy families that figured out that if I get my kid tested and they get extended time, they can do better on the test. So most of these kids don't even have issues, but they're getting time. The playing field is not fair.[46]

For example, Jane Buckingham was arrested on March 12, 2019, for allegedly submitting false paperwork saying her son had a learning disability, and paying $50,000 to Key Worldwide Foundation for a proctor to take the ACT on her son's behalf, scoring a 35 out of 36. The goal was entrance to the University of Southern California (USC).[47] Portions of recorded conversations between Buckingham and a cooperating witness were included in the FBI's affidavit.[19][40][48]

Fabrication of sports credentials

Singer also bribed college athletics staff and coaches. At certain colleges, these personnel can submit a certain number of sports recruit names to the admissions office, which then views those applications more favorably. Singer used his Key Worldwide Foundation as a money-laundering operation to pay coaches a bribe for labeling applicants as athletic recruits. He also fabricated profiles highlighting each applicant's purported athletic prowess. In some cases, image editing software (e.g., Photoshop) was used to insert a photograph of a student's face onto a photograph of another person participating in the sport to document purported athletic activity.[36]

In one such incident, Michael Center, the men's tennis coach at the University of Texas (UT), accepted about $100,000 to designate an applicant as a recruit for the Texas Longhorns tennis team.[7] A similar fraud occurred at Yale,[22] where the then-head coach of the women's soccer team, Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, allegedly accepted a $450,000 bribe to falsely identify an applicant as a recruit.[49][50] USC's senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel and water polo coach Jovan Vavic allegedly received $1.3 million and $250,000, respectively, for similar frauds.[51] They were indicted alongside former USC women's soccer coaches Ali Khosroshahin and Laura Janke.[52] Coaches at two other Pac-12 programs, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) men's soccer coach Jorge Salcedo and Stanford sailing coach John Vandemoer, have been charged with accepting bribes.[53] Vandemoer admitted that he accepted $270,000 to classify two applicants as prospective sailors, and agreed to plead guilty to a charge of racketeering conspiracy.[54] At Wake Forest, head volleyball coach William "Bill" Ferguson was placed on administrative leave following charges of racketeering.[55] Former Georgetown tennis coach Gordon "Gordie" Ernst is alleged to have facilitated as many as 12 students through fraudulent means while accepting bribes of up to $950,000.[56] On March 20, 2019, the University of San Diego (USD) revealed that its former men's basketball head coach Lamont Smith allegedly accepted bribes.[57] Hours after that revelation, Smith resigned from his position as assistant coach at the University of Texas at El Paso.[58] Two San Diego families were accused of paying $875,000 as part of the scheme.[59]

Bill McGlashan, a private equity investor, allegedly discussed using Adobe Photoshop to create a fake profile for his son as a football kicker to help him get into USC.[60][61] Similarly, Marci Palatella, wife of former San Francisco 49ers player Lou Palatella, allegedly conspired with Singer to pass her son off as a long snapper recruit for USC.[61][62] In one of the most notable cases, actress Lori Loughlin, famous for her role on the American sitcom Full House and the drama When Calls the Heart, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli of Mossimo fashion, allegedly paid $500,000 in bribes to arrange to have their two daughters accepted into USC as members of the rowing team, although neither girl had participated in the sport.[37] On March 13, 2019,[63][64] media sources reported that, when news of the scandal broke, Loughlin's younger daughter was on Rick Caruso's yacht in the Bahamas with her friend, Gianna, Caruso's daughter.[65][66] Caruso is the chairman of the USC Board of Trustees.[67][68]

Singer pleaded guilty on March 12, 2019, in the U.S. District Court in Boston to four felony counts of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and obstruction of justice for alerting a number of subjects to the investigation after he began cooperating with the government.[69] He faces up to 65 years in prison and a fine of $1.25 million.[70]

Involved parties and organizations

A total of 50 people have been charged in the investigations.[71] This number includes 33 parents of college applicants[48] and 11 named collegiate coaches or athletic administrators from eight universities.[17][71][72] Three additional universities are involved, but no staff members from those schools have been directly named or implicated, believed to be Stanford, Harvard, and Northwestern.[12][13][73]

Key Worldwide Foundation / The Edge College & Career Network

  • William Rick Singer, purported college counselor, and author of self-help books for college admission. Singer organized and sold fraudulent college admission services.[16][17] Singer pled guilty and cooperated with the prosecution.[51]
  • Mark Riddell, a Harvard alumnus and former director of college entrance exams at IMG Academy.[74] Riddell was paid by Singer to fraudulently take admission tests, impersonating the clients' children; he also paid College Board (which develops and administers the SAT and related tests), Educational Testing Service, and ACT contractors to deliberately mis-administer the tests.[42][75][76] He was fired from IMG Academy and pled guilty.[44][74]
  • Steven Masera, officer at Singer's companies.[75][76] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering.
  • Mikaela Sanford, employee at Singer's companies.[75][76] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering.

Other involved conspirators

  • Igor Dvorskiy, administrator of standardized tests (including those from ACT and the College Board), and director of an LA-area private school.[75][76] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering.[77]
  • Martin Fox, Houston tennis academy president.[75][76] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering.[78] Sentenced to 3 months in prison, 15 months' supervised release with 3 months' home confinement, $95,000 fine, forfeiture of $245,000 & 250 hours of community service.
  • Niki Williams, administrator of standardized tests for ACT and College Board, Houston-area assistant high school teacher.[75][76] Pleaded guilty to mail and wire fraud.

Universities and accused personnel

The following universities, their associated athletic programs, and 11 university personnel were involved in the case:[12][14][72]

University Athletic program Indicted personnel Sport Details
Georgetown University[79][80] Hoyas Ernst, Gordon Gordon "Gordie" Ernst


Tennis, Both Men's and women's tennis


Former men's and women's tennis coach[79] Relocated to the University of Rhode Island, where he was placed on administrative leave after he was charged and arrested.[81][82] Ernst, who once coached former U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama,[79] later pled guilty to conspiracy to commit federal programs bribery, three counts of federal programs bribery, and to filing false tax returns for failing to report many of the bribery payments.[83][84][85]
Stanford University[53][86] Cardinal Vandemoer, John John Vandemoer


Sailing Sailing


Former sailing coach, pled guilty, fired[53][76][86][87] and received one day's imprisonment with time served, six months' house arrest, $10,000 fine and two years' supervised release.[88]
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)[89] Bruins Salcedo, Jorge Jorge Salcedo


Soccer, Men Men's soccer


Former men's soccer head coach and former Major League Soccer player, placed on leave, then resigned.[89][90] Pleaded guilty.[91] Sentenced to eight months in prison, 1 year of supervised release and a forfeiture of $200,000.[92][93][94]
University of San Diego (USD)[59] Toreros Smith, Lamont Lamont Smith


Basketball, Men Men's basketball


Former men's basketball head coach[57] The man accused of bribing Smith, Martin Fox, was sentenced to three months in prison, three months of home confinement, 250 hours of community service, forfeiture of $245,000 and an additional fine of $95,000 after pleading guilty.[95] Unlike Martin Fox and all the other defendants, Smith is not listed by the U.S. Justice Department as being among those who were charged.[96]
University of Southern California (USC)[18][52][97] Trojans Heinel, Donna Donna Heinel


Multiple Former senior associate athletic director, fired and arrested.[52][97][98] Pled guilty on November 5, 2021, to one count of honest services wire fraud, which resulted in other, more serious charges being dropped.[99] Will remain free on bond until she is sentenced in March 2022.[99]
Janke, Laura Laura Janke


Soccer, Women Women's soccer


Former women's soccer coach; pleaded guilty.[52][100]
Khosroshahin, Ali Ali Khosroshahin


Former women's soccer head coach; pleaded guilty.[52][101]
Vavic, Jovan Jovan Vavic


Water polo, Both Men's and women's water polo


Former men's and women's water polo coach, fired and arrested[53][97][102][103] Vavic's criminal trial officially began on March 10, 2022.[104][105][106] Vavic, who was also accused of helping recruit other coaches into the bribery scheme, was the only implicated coach to not accept any prosecution deal and challenge criminal charges in court, as well as the last of the coaches to serve as a defendant.[106] Convicted April 8, 2022.[107][108]
University of Texas at Austin (UT)[7][109][110] Longhorns Center, Michael Michael Center


Tennis, Men Men's tennis


Former men's tennis head coach,[7][109] fired,[110] pled guilty to conspiracy to commit fraud.[111] Sentenced February 24, 2020 to six months' imprisonment, one year's supervised release, and a forfeiture of $60,000.[112]
Wake Forest University[55] Demon Deacons Ferguson, Bill William "Bill" Ferguson


Volleyball Volleyball


Volleyball coach, placed on academic leave[55] Later resigned after being criminally charged.[113] Prosecution case against Ferguson was later dropped in October 2021 after he agreed to pay a $50,000 fine and accept responsibility for his actions.[114]
Yale University[22][49] Bulldogs Meredith, Rudolph Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith[115]


Soccer, Women Women's soccer


Former women's soccer coach, pled guilty and led the FBI to Singer[21][22][23][49]

Parents

Officials said Singer had many legitimate clients, who did not engage in any fraud.[116] Singer cited famous clients on his Facebook page while promoting his 2014 book Getting In[116][117] and, as a result of this and other public endorsements by Singer,[118] many former clients have made statements to distance themselves and their children from any perceived involvement in the scandal.[116][118]

The table below lists parents in connection with the nationwide college admissions prosecution as listed by CNN,[12] CBS News,[48] and People.[75][76] Morrie Tobin is not included in the above total due to the fact that he is an unindicted cooperating witness supporting the prosecution's case.[22][23][119][120] To date, 38 of the indicted parents have either pled guilty or have been convicted.[121]

Nature of alleged fraud Parent Target of fraud Family member Status Details
Admissions Aziz, Gamal Gamal Aziz[122]


USC Daughter Sentenced on February 9, 2022 Former President and COO of Wynn Resorts and former CEO of MGM Resorts International.[123] Arrested, but granted a personal recognizance release bond which came with an order for him to appear in court.[124][125] Criminal trial began on September 8, 2021.[126] Found guilty on all counts on October 8, 2021. Sentenced to 1 year and 1 day in prison on February 9, 2022.[127]
Bizzack, Jeffrey Jeffrey Bizzack[128]


USC Son Sentenced[128] October 30, 2019 Californian businessman sentenced to 2 months in prison, $250,000 fine and serve 900 hours of community service over three years of supervised release.
Blake, Diane Diane Blake[48]


USC Daughter Sentenced on November 17, 2020[129] Wife of Todd Blake, sentenced to 6 weeks in prison.[48]
Blake, Todd Todd Blake[48]


Sentenced on November 17, 2020[130][129] Entrepreneur and investor, husband of Diane Blake, sentenced to 4 months in prison.[48][131]
Giannulli, Mossimo Mossimo Giannulli[132]


USC Two daughters (including Olivia Jade) Sentenced on August 21, 2020[133] Sentenced to 5 months in prison, two years of supervised release, a $250,000 fine and 250 hours of community service.[133]
Loughlin, Lori Lori Loughlin[18]


Sentenced on August 21, 2020[133] Actress best known for her roles on Full House and When Calls the Heart. [134][135][136] Sentenced to 2 months in prison, two years of supervised release, a $150,000 fine and 100 hours of community service.[133]
Hodge, Douglas M. Douglas M. Hodge[109]


USC Son and two daughters Sentenced[137] February 7, 2020 Former CEO of PIMCO.[138][139] Sentenced to nine months in prison, two years' supervised release, 500 hours of community service and a $750,000 fine.
Huneeus Jr., Agustin Agustin Huneeus Jr.[48]


USC Daughter Sentenced[140] October 4, 2019 Napa Valley vineyard owner. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud. Sentenced to five months in prison, 500 hours of community service, two years' supervised release and a $100,000 fine.[140]
Isackson, Davina Davina Isackson[48]


UCLA Daughter Pleaded guilty on May 1, 2019.[48][141] Wife of Bruce Isackson. Yet to be sentenced.[142]
Isackson, Bruce Bruce Isackson[48]


Pleaded guilty on May 1, 2019[48][141] Real estate development executive, husband of Davina. Yet to be sentenced.[142]
Kimmel, Elisabeth Elisabeth Kimmel[143]


Georgetown Daughter Plead guilty[144]
USC Son Plead guilty[145]
MacFarlane Toby MacFarlane[48]


USC Daughter Sentenced[146]

November 13, 2019

Title insurance executive. Pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud. Sentenced to 6 months in prison, 200 hours of community service, a $150,000 fine, and to be under two years of supervised release.[146]
USC Son
Palatella, Marci Marci Palatella[61]


USC Son Initially pleaded not guilty.[147] Opted to reverse plea and pled guilty at a later date.[148] Distillery owner; her husband, former San Francisco 49ers guard Lou Palatella, has not been indicted.[62] Jailed on charges with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and Honest Services Mail fraud; released on a $1,000,000 unsecured bond and afterwards appeared in court.[147] On August 24, 2021, Marci reversed course and agreed to plead guilty.[148][149] Pled guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud on August 25, 2021.[150] Sentenced on December 16, 2021, to six weeks in prison, a $250,000 fine, two years of supervised release, with a condition of home confinement for the first six months of supervised release, and 500 hours of community service, as previously recommended by both the prosecution and defense.[151][148]
Robert Repella[152] Georgetown Daughter Pleaded guilty[152] Biotech executive who once served as CEO of Harmony Biosciences.[153] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud. Not involved in the Rick Singer conspiracy.[152]
Semprevivo, Stephen Stephen Semprevivo[48]


Georgetown Son Sentenced.[154]

September 26, 2019

Sales executive. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to four months in prison, 500 hours of community service, two years' supervised release and a $100,000 fine. Illegal payment reported to have totaled $400,000.[155]
Sloane, Devin Devin Sloane[48]


USC Son Sentenced[156]

September 24, 2019

CEO and founder of a water infrastructure company. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to four months in prison, 500 hours of community service, two years' supervised release and a $95,000 fine.
Sui, Xiaoning Xiaoning Sui[157]


UCLA Son Pleaded guilty[157] Canada resident paid $400,000 in an attempt to pose her son as an alleged soccer recruit. Held in Spanish prison for 5 months before being extradited to the United States to plead guilty and sentenced to time served, $250,000 fine and a forfeiture of $400,000.
Wilson, John John Wilson[48]


USC USC[158] 
Criminal trial began on September 8, 2021.[126]
Son Found guilty on all counts for USC trial. Private equity and real estate development CEO.[48] Once served as an executive at both Old Navy and Staples.[159] Charged in March 2019 with wire fraud related to a reported $220,000 bribe made to falsify his son's water polo credentials and athletic credentials for his two daughters.[159] Arrested on January 14, 2020, on an additional charge of tax fraud related to the bribe.[160] Sentenced to 15 months in prison on February 16, 2021, for the conviction pertaining the USC criminal trial.[161]
Stanford Stanford[158]


Twin daughters[158]
Harvard Harvard[12][162]


Zadeh, Homayoun Homayoun Zadeh[48]


USC Daughter Pleaded guilty July 9, 2021[163] Officially sentenced November 10, 2021.[164] Associate professor of dentistry at USC.[48][163] Allowed to travel abroad in April 2019 after being criminally charged with wire fraud based on alleged bribery used to designate his daughter as a lacrosse recruit in order get a USC scholarship.[165] Reportedly lost book deal following the accusations.[165] Pleaded guilty on July 9, 2021, to one count of filing a false tax return.[163] Was given a sentence of six weeks in prison, 250 hours of community service and a $20,000 fine.[164][163]
Zangrillo, Robert Robert Zangrillo[48][166]


USC Daughter Pardoned without being tried[167] Dragon Global founder and CEO.[48][166] Pardoned on January 20, 2021[168]

He had been accused of bribing athletic officials at USC to designate his daughter as an athletic recruit and having CW-1's employee, Mikaela Sanford, take classes on behalf of his daughter. Zangrillo was also accused of wiring $200,000 to one of Key Worldwide Foundation's false charitable accounts.

Admissions & Testing Flaxman, Robert Robert Flaxman[48]


USD Son Sentenced[169]

October 18, 2019

Founder and CEO of Crown Realty & Development. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to one month in prison, 250 hours of community service, one year's supervised release and a $50,000 fine.
ACT Daughter
Henriquez, Elizabeth; Henriquez, Manuel Elizabeth Henriquez;[48]
Manuel Henriquez[109]

[73][170]

Georgetown Older daughter Pleaded guilty

Elizabeth Henriquez sentenced March 31, 2020.[78]

Manuel Henriquez sentenced July 29, 2020.

Elizabeth Henriquez and Manuel Henriquez are married.[48][109] He is Hercules Capital founder, and resigned as chairman and CEO.[171][172] Elizabeth Henriquez sentenced to seven months in prison, two years' supervised release, 300 hours of community service and a $200,000 fine. Manuel Henriquez sentenced to six months in prison, two years' supervised release, 200 hours of community service and a $200,000 fine.
Northwestern ACT and SAT Northwestern[14][173]
ACT and SAT[14][48]


Younger daughter
Janvas, Michelle Michelle Janavs[48]


USC Daughter Sentenced[174] February 25, 2020 Food industry executive and who was at one point regarded as the "heiress" to her father Paul Merage's former microwave snack company Hot Pockets.[48][175][176] Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering. Sentenced to five months in prison, 200 hours of community service, two years' supervised release and a $250,000 fine.
ACT
McGlashan, Bill Bill McGlashan[48]


USC Son Pleaded Guilty in February, 2021. Former managing partner and founder of TPG Growth, fired by TPG.[171][177][178] Pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud and honest services wire fraud in February 2021.[179] Ordered to serve a sentence which included three months in prison and a $250,000 fine.[180][181]
ACT
Testing Abbott, Gregory Gregory Abbott[48]


ACT and SAT Daughter Sentenced[182] October 8, 2019 Founder and chairman of International Dispensing Corp. and husband of Marcia Abbott. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to one month in prison, 250 hours of community service, one year's supervised release and a $45,000 fine.
Abbott, Marcia Marcia Abbott[48]


Sentenced[182] October 8, 2019 Wife of Gregory Abbott. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to one month in prison, 250 hours of community service, one year's supervised release and a $45,000 fine.
Buckingham, Jane Jane Buckingham[183]


ACT Son Sentenced[184] October 23, 2019 Marketing executive and self help book author. Pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to 21 days in prison, one year's supervised release and a $40,000 fine.
Caplan, Gordon Gordon Caplan[185]


ACT Daughter Sentenced[186] October 3, 2019 Co-chairman of law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to one month in prison, 250 hours of community service, one year's supervised release, and a $50,000 fine.
Chen, I-Hin "Joey" I-Hin "Joey" Chen[48]


ACT Son Pled guilty Shipping and warehousing-services operator[48] Agreed to plead guilty to both wire fraud and honest service fraud on December 8, 2021.[187][121]
Colburn, Amy Amy Colburn[48]


SAT Son Pled guilty Wife of Gregory Colburn[48] Charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud[188] Agreed to plead guilty on December 1, 2021[189]
Colburn, Gregory Gregory Colburn[48]


Pled guilty Radiation oncologist, husband of Amy Colburn[48][190] Charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud.[188] Agreed to plead guilty on December 1, 2021[189]
Huffman, Felicity Felicity Huffman[18]


SAT Daughter Sentenced[191]

September 13, 2019

Academy Award-nominated actress. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to 14 days in prison, 250 hours of community service, one year's supervised release and a $30,000 fine.
Klapper, Marjorie Marjorie Klapper[48]


Entrance exam Son Sentenced[192] October 16, 2019 Jewelry business co-owner. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to 21 days in prison, 250 hours of community service, one year's supervised release and a $9,500 fine.
Karen Littlefair[3] Online Classes Sentenced[193] July 15, 2020 Pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. Sentenced to 5 weeks in prison, two years of supervised release, 300 hours of community service and a $209,000 fine.[3]
Sartorio, Peter Jan Peter Jan Sartorio[48]


ACT Daughter Sentenced[194] October 11, 2019 Food industry executive. Pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest service mail fraud. Sentenced to one year's probation, 250 hours of community service and a $9,500 fine.
Sidoo, David David Sidoo[195]


SAT
Canadian high school graduation exam
Potentially resulted in admission to UC Berkeley[13] 		Two sons Sentenced[196] July 15, 2020 Canadian businessman and former Canadian Football League player. Pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud. Sentenced to 90 days in prison, one year's supervised release and a $250,000 fine.[195]
Unindicted cooperating witness[22][23][120]
Admissions Morrie Tobin[22] Yale Youngest daughter
  • Offered information on the case to prosecutors in exchange for leniency on an unrelated fraud charge.[22][23]
  • Purportedly was asked for a bribe by Yale coach Rudy Meredith in exchange for Meredith getting Tobin's youngest daughter admitted into Yale.[141][197]
  • Tobin has not been charged or indicted in the case.[22][23]

Responses

In response to the scandal, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the chief governing body for college sports in the United States, announced plans to review the allegations "to determine the extent to which NCAA rules may have been violated".[53][198]

U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), of the Senate Finance Committee, plans to sponsor a bill making donations to schools taxable if the donor has children attending or applying to the college.[199] Separately, Senators Chris Coons (D-DE) and Johnny Isakson (R-GA) have agreed to reintroduce 2017 legislation that imposes a fine on colleges and universities that have the smallest proportion of low-income students.[199]

One of the parents who was convicted, Robert Zangrillo, was pardoned by President Donald Trump on his final day in office.[200][168]

Extrajudicial actions

Indicted coaches were fired or suspended, or had already left the university at the time of the charges.[201] Mark Riddell, who took tests on behalf of the students, was suspended from his position as director of college entrance exam preparation at IMG Academy and fired a week later.[44][74][202]

On March 12, 2019, William Singer, the CEO of Edge College & Career Network who masterminded the scandal, pleaded guilty to four criminal charges involving racketeering conspiracy money laundering conspiracy, conspiracy to defraud the U.S. government and obstruction of justice.[203] The U.S. government has not yet imposed a sentence on Singer.[204] On March 26, 2019, Yale became the first university to rescind the admission of a student associated with the scandal.[197] On April 2, Stanford announced they also expelled a student connected to the fraud.[205] In June 2019, Grand Canyon University ended its relationship with Singer, who was enrolled as a student of the university's psychiatric school since November 2019.[206]

Actress Felicity Huffman formally pleaded guilty to honest services fraud, which involved hiring someone to test SAT scores while using the name of her daughter Sophia, on May 13, 2019, and on September 13 she was sentenced to 14 days in jail, one year of supervised release, fined $30,000 and ordered to undertake 250 hours of community service.[207][208][209] On October 15, 2019, Huffman reported to the Federal Correctional Institution in Dublin, California, to begin her sentence.[210] She was meant to be released from prison on October 27, 2019, but was released two days early because October 27 fell on a weekend.[211] As of October 2020, when Huffman completed her full sentence, no charges have filed against Huffman's husband and Sophia's father, actor and director William H. Macy.[212]

The Hallmark Channel cut its ties to Lori Loughlin, star of the program Garage Sale Mystery and When Calls the Heart, after she was named as a parent in the indictments.[118] According to The Hill, Netflix decided to drop Loughlin from Fuller House as well.[213] Her younger daughter Olivia Jade also lost her partnership with TRESemmé and the Sephora chain of beauty products.[214] It was reported by TMZ, Page Six, and others that Loughlin's daughters dropped out of USC due to fears of being "viciously bullied";[136] however, a USC spokesperson confirmed in March that they both remained enrolled at the school[118][215] and in October the school's registrar stated they were no longer enrolled.[216] According to the San Jose Mercury News, USC scheduled a hearing in March 2019 to determine if Olivia Jade should be designated a "disruptive individual", which would result in her lifetime ban from the university's campus and properties.[217] Loughlin was found guilty and began serving a two-month prison sentence on October 30, 2020.[218][219] Giannulli, who was also found guilty, began serving a five-month prison sentence on November 19, 2020.[220]

On September 8, 2021, the scandal's first criminal trial, which saw parents John Wilson and Gamal Aziz as defendants, officially began, with jury selection commencing in a Boston federal court.[126] This trial was centered around phony credentials which the two defendants paid to admit their children into the University of Southern California.[126] Both men were convicted by a jury on October 8, 2021, after 10 hours of deliberation.[221]

On March 10, 2022, the first criminal trial involving a former coach, former USC water polo coach Jovan Vavic, got underway in the same Boston federal court as well.[104][105] Vavic was the only coach implicated in the case who opted to challenge the charges brought against them in court.[106][104] On April 9, 2022, a federal jury in Boston convicted Vavic of fraud and bribery.[108]

Lawsuits

Multiple lawsuits were immediately filed against universities and individuals. Three students from Tulane University, Rutgers University, and a California community college filed a complaint against Singer and the affected universities that they hope will be certified as a class-action suit.[222] A Stanford undergraduate claimed a loss for the time and money she spent applying to schools named in the scandal, as well as the possibility that the stain on Stanford's reputation will decrease the value of her degree. A parent filed a $500 billion civil suit in San Francisco against all the indicted individuals, claiming that her son was denied admission to some schools because of other parents buying access.[223]

Commentary

After the scandal broke, multiple American news sources including The Atlantic,[224] Vox,[225] Rolling Stone,[226] and The New York Times [227] characterized it as a symptom of a broken college admissions system.[228][229] Alan Dershowitz, professor emeritus at Harvard Law School, said it was "the worst scandal involving elite universities in the history of the United States".[230] Elizabeth Warren, United States Senator from Massachusetts (where all the criminal cases were filed), told news media that the scandal represented "just one more example of how the rich and powerful know how to take care of their own".[231]

Much of the news coverage attempted to explain why anyone would have been tempted by Singer's scheme. A common attribute among the defendants was that many were rich, but not ultra-rich. According to The New York Times,[232] college admissions at certain elite American universities had become so selective that a family would have to make a minimum donation of $10 million to inspire an admission committee to take a second look at their child, and even for families of such means, there would be no guarantee of return on investment, while Singer was selling certainty.[232] In open court, he said: "I created a guarantee."[232] The Los Angeles Times explained that there was probably also a social signaling element at work, in that admission to an elite university based purely upon an applicant's apparent merit publicly validates both the child's innate talent and the parents' own parenting skills in a way that an admission coinciding with a sizable donation does not.[233]

In turn, others examined why certain universities had become so selective in the first place. The Atlantic pointed out that college seats are not scarce in the United States, except at a handful of universities which became selective on purpose: "[S]carcity has the added benefit of increasing an institution's prestige. The more students who apply, and the fewer students who get in, the more selective an institution becomes, and, subsequently, the more prestigious. And parents are clawing over one another to get a taste of the social capital that comes with that."[234] Arizona State University (ASU) president Michael M. Crow described the "crisis of access to these social-status-granting institutions" as a full-blown "hysteria".[234] It was alleged in court filings that one of the defendant parents had named ASU as a university they were specifically trying to avoid; the non-selective university has been the "butt of jokes" in American television shows for many years, as well as the 2015 film Ted 2.[235] The inevitable result, according to Newsweek, was that the most elite institutions had created a situation in which purely meritocratic admissions had become impossible because they were already turning away too many overqualified candidates—former Harvard president Drew Gilpin Faust had once said, "we could fill our class twice over with valedictorians."[236] It was also recognized that any workable long-term solution would need to alleviate the underlying anxiety driving the crisis, either by restructuring the college admissions process or the American labor market.[234][236]

The HuffPost explained that such anxiety barely exists in Canada, whose four-year universities do not show such extreme disparities in selectivity and prestige, and in turn, most Canadian employers do not rigidly discriminate between job candidates based upon where they graduated. In contrast, selective American universities have evolved into gatekeepers for the highest echelons of certain socially prestigious and financially lucrative industries like law and finance.[237] University of Oklahoma history professor Wilfred M. McClay told Newsweek: "I'm not going to pretend there isn't a difference between Harvard and Suffolk County Community College, but I think this situation where the Supreme Court is made up entirely of Harvard[a] or Yale Law School graduates is wrong. The thing driving the current scandal seems to be that ultimately parents were willing to do anything to game the system to get their kids these advantages, not because the education was better but because the legitimation of social position would be better."[236]

Writing for The Washington Post, psychologists Jonathan Wai, Matt Brown and Christopher Chabris cited research on the predictive powers of the SAT and the doubtful value of costly SAT preparation programs, and concluded, "If the SAT were nothing but a wealth test, then Lori Loughlin, Mossimo Giannulli and other super-rich parents would not have had to cheat to get their kids into the latter two schools. In reality, they had to fake intellectual ability—the one thing they could not buy."[238]

Documentaries and adaptation

In 2019, Lifetime produced and broadcast a television film about this event called The College Admissions Scandal. The film stars Penelope Ann Miller as Caroline DeVere, Mia Kirshner as Bethany Slade, and Michael Shanks as Rick Singer.[239]

On April 4, 2019, three weeks after Operation Varsity Blues' charges were made public, Granite Bay High School debuted Ranked, a new musical. The show, written from 2018 to 2019 by the school's drama teacher and musical director, focused on academic pressure in schools, specifically telling the story of a student whose parents were paying for his grades without his knowledge.[240] The timing of the musical's debut in relation to the scandal was serendipitous, and earned the high school national attention. Rick Singer worked in the Granite Bay community a decade prior as a college coach for local high school students.[241]

In 2019, Lifetime released a movie based on the incident called The College Admissions Scandal[242][243] and a documentary called Beyond the Headlines: The College Admissions Scandal with Gretchen Carlson.[244]

A fictionalized account of the events was in the book Admissions by Julie Buxbaum on December 1, 2020. It tells the story from the point of view of the child of a fictional actress who was charged.[245]

Netflix released a documentary on the subject, Operation Varsity Blues: The College Admissions Scandal, in 2021, mostly focusing on Singer played by Matthew Modine.[246][247]

In 2021, Casey Lyons and Caroline Miller wrote and self-produced Bars of Ivy: The College Admissions Scandal Musical about the scandal from the perspective of a student affected by it.[248]

See also

Notes

  • ^[a] The one exception to Professor McClay's statement (at the time it was made in 2019) was that Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg had attended Harvard for her first two years of law school but did not graduate from Harvard. After her husband found a job in New York City, Dean Erwin Griswold denied Ginsburg's request to earn credit at Columbia Law School towards her Harvard law degree. Ginsburg stayed with her husband, formally transferred to Columbia for her third year of law school, and earned her law degree from Columbia.[249]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kates, Graham (March 12, 2019). "Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman among dozens charged in college bribery scheme". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-bribery-scheme-lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-dozens-others-charged-today-2019-03-12/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Richer, Alanna; Binkley, Collin (March 12, 2019). "TV stars and coaches charged in college bribery scheme". AP News. https://apnews.com/2450688f9e67435c8590e59a1b0e5b47. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Levenson, Eric (December 9, 2019). "Mom to plead guilty to paying for son to cheat through Georgetown classes in college admissions scam". https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/09/us/college-scam-georgetown-test/index.html. 
  4. ↑ Garrison, Joey (June 28, 2019). "Dad pleads guilty to paying $250,000 to get son into USC as fake volleyball recruit". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/28/college-admissions-scandal-jeffrey-bizzack-guilty-250-k-son-usc/1595939001/. 
  5. ↑ Ormseth, Matthew; Rubin, Joel (August 19, 2019). "A $100,000 bribe got teen a UCLA soccer scholarship without even playing". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-08-18/college-admissions-scandal-ucla-rick-singer. 
  6. ↑ Eustachewich, Lia (March 12, 2019). "Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin busted in college admissions cheating scandal". https://nypost.com/2019/03/12/lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-busted-in-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Trevino, Robert (March 12, 2019). "Michael Center, University of Texas men's tennis coach implicated in admissions scheme, placed on administrative leave". https://www.dailytexanonline.com/2019/03/12/michael-center-university-of-texas-mens-tennis-coach-implicated-in-admissions-scheme. 
  8. ↑ Siemaszko, Corky; Kaplan, Ezra (March 12, 2019). "College admissions scheme mastermind William Rick Singer wore wire to expose scam". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alleged-mastermind-cheating-scandal-involving-lori-laughlin-wore-wire-expose-n982421. 
  9. ↑ Raymond, Nate (March 13, 2019). "Ex-Stanford sailing coach pleads guilty to college admission bribe scheme". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-education-cheating-stanford/ex-stanford-sailing-coach-pleads-guilty-to-college-admission-bribe-scheme-idUSKBN1QT2V1. 
  10. ↑ Winter, Tom (March 13, 2019). "College cheating ringleader says he helped more than 750 families with admissions scheme". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-cheating-mastermind-says-he-helped-nearly-800-families-admissions-n982666. 
  11. ↑ Golden, Daniel; Burke, Doris (October 8, 2019). "An Unseen Victim of the College Admissions Scandal: The High School Tennis Champion Aced Out by a Billionaire Family". ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/an-unseen-victim-of-the-college-admissions-scandal-the-high-school-tennis-champion-aced-out-by-a-billionaires-family. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "Full indictment on the nationwide college admission scheme". March 12, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/indictment-college-admissions-scheme/index.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Woods, Amanda (March 16, 2019). "UC Berkeley joins list of schools ensnared in college admissions scandal". New York Post. https://nypost.com/2019/03/16/uc-berkeley-joins-list-of-schools-ensnared-in-college-admissions-scandal/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Northwestern Student Linked To Nationwide College Cheating Scandal". March 13, 2019. https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2019/03/13/northwestern-college-cheating-scandal/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Felicity Huffman Announces Guilty Plea in College Admissions Scandal: 'My Daughter Knew Nothing'". https://people.com/crime/felicity-huffman-pleads-guilty-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Medina, Jennifer; Benner, Katie; Taylor, Kate (March 12, 2019). "Actresses, Business Leaders and Other Wealthy Parents Charged in U.S. College Entry Fraud". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admissions-cheating-scandal.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Korn, Melissa; Levitz, Jennifer; Ailworth, Erin (March 13, 2019). "Federal Prosecutors Charge Dozens in College Admissions Cheating Scheme". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-prosecutors-charge-dozens-in-broad-college-admissions-fraud-scheme-11552403149. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Garrison, Joey; Puente, Maria (March 12, 2019). "Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin among 50 indicted in largest-ever case alleging bribery to get kids into colleges". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin-indicted-admissions-bribery-case-reports/3139204002/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI (March 12, 2019). "College admissions bribery scheme affidavit" (PDF). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/college-admissions-bribery-scheme-affidavit/d216435e-e073-41f6-b6fa-33ed835d053d_note.html. 
  20. ↑ "Buckley School Whistleblower Stumbled Onto Rick Singer's Fake College Applications Long Before Admissions Scandal" (in en-US). 2019-07-31. https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/07/31/buckley-school-whistleblower-stumbled-onto-rick-singers-fake-college-applications-long-before-admissions-scandal/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Rubin, Joel; Ormseth, Matthew; Hussain, Suhauna; Winton, Richard (March 31, 2019). "The bizarre story of the L.A. dad who exposed the college admissions scandal". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-morrie-tobin-college-admissions-scandal-20190331-story.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 Levitz, Jennifer; Korn, Melissa (March 14, 2019). "The Yale Dad Who Set Off the College-Admissions Scandal". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-yale-dad-who-set-off-the-college-admissions-scandal-11552588402. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 "Only On 2: Tipster Who Touched Off Campus Bribery Admissions Scandal Lives In Larchmont". CBS Los Angeles. March 14, 2019. https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/03/14/only-on-2-tipster-who-touched-off-campus-bribery-admissions-scandal-lives-in-larchmont/. 
  24. ↑ Chen, David W.; Tracy, Marc (March 15, 2019). "At Yale, a Once Respected Soccer Coach Becomes an Enigma". The New York Times: p. A1. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/sports/yale-soccer-meredith.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Levin, Bess (March 14, 2019). "HOW A CROOKED FINANCE EXEC NARC'D ON THE COLLEGE-ADMISSIONS SCAM". Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/03/morrie-tobin-college-admissions-scam. Retrieved April 11, 2019. 
  26. ↑ Pavlo, Walter. "Felicity Huffman And America's Failing Criminal Justice System". https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/2019/09/14/felicity-huffman-and-americas-failing-criminal-justice-system/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Lori Loughlin indicted on money-laundering charge in college admissions scandal". April 9, 2019. http://www.dailynews.com/lori-loughlin-indicted-on-money-laundering-charge-in-college-admissions-scandal. 
  28. ↑ Frank, Robert; Newburger, Emma (March 12, 2019). "A slew of CEOs charged in alleged college entrance cheating scam". https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a-slew-of-ceos-are-charged-in-alleged-college-entrance-cheating-scam.html. 
  29. ↑ Levenson, Eric; Morales, Mark (March 13, 2019). "Wealthy parents, actresses, coaches, among those charged in massive college cheating admission scandal, federal prosecutors say". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admission-cheating-scheme/index.html. 
  30. ↑ United States Attorney's Office, District of Massachusetts (March 12, 2019). "Arrests Made in Nationwide College Admissions Scam: Alleged Exam Cheating & Athletic Recruitment Scheme". https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/arrests-made-nationwide-college-admissions-scam-alleged-exam-cheating-athletic. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lelling, Andrew E. (March 5, 2019). "Criminal Information 1:19-CR-10078-RWZ, United States of America vs. William Rick Singer". https://www.justice.gov/file/1142901/download. 
  32. ↑ Ferris, Jolene (March 15, 2019). "Utica College grad lead investigator on college scandal". News Channel 2 WKTV (Utica, NY: Heartland Media). https://www.wktv.com/content/news/Utica-College-grad-lead-investigator-on-college-admissions-scandal--507217441.html. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  33. ↑ "Loughlin, 15 others hit with more charges in college scam". April 9, 2019. https://www.clickorlando.com/education/lori-loughlin-15-other-parents-hit-with-more-charges. 
  34. ↑ Newsham, Jack (April 9, 2019). "College Scandal Defense Teams Accuse Feds of Judge-Shopping". https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2019/04/09/college-scandal-defense-teams-accuse-feds-of-judge-shopping/. 
  35. ↑ "Newport Beach and Laguna Beach connections abound in college admissions scandal". Los Angeles Times. March 12, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/tn-dpt-me-newport-college-scandal-20190312-story.html. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Quintana, Chris (March 12, 2019). Fake disabilities, photoshopped faces: How feds say celebrities, coaches and scammers got kids into elite colleges USA Today.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Taylor, Kate (March 13, 2019). "Fallout From College Admissions Scandal: Arrests, Damage Control and a Scramble for Answers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college-admissions-probe.html. 
  38. ↑ Breaux, Aimee (March 12, 2019). "The ACT says 'few bad actors' undermined fair testing in college admissions scandal". Iowa City Press-Citizen. https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/education/university-of-iowa/2019/03/12/college-admission-scandal-act-says/3142273002/. 
  39. ↑ Baker, Matt (March 13, 2019). "IMG Academy suspends Mark Riddell after college admissions bribery scandal". Tampa Bay Times. https://www.tampabay.com/sports/high-schools/2019/03/13/img-academy-suspends-mark-riddell-after-college-admissions-bribery-scandal/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (March 12, 2019). "FBI accuses wealthy parents, including celebrities, in college-entrance bribery scheme". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-accuses-wealthy-parents-including-celebrities-in-college-entrance-bribery-scheme/2019/03/12/d91c9942-44d1-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Mark Riddell, test-taker ace in college admissions cheating case, pleads guilty in court". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/12/mark-riddell-test-taker-college-admissions-cheating-scandal-court/3445143002/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Li, David K. (March 13, 2019). "Harvard alum 'profoundly sorry' for taking tests for students in college cheating scheme". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-cheating-scandal-harvard-alum-mark-riddell-apologizes-taking-board-n982731. 
  43. ↑ Baker, Vicky (March 15, 2019). "Celebrity parents and the bizarre 'cheating' scandal". https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47585336. "According to the FBI, he would fly in, take the test for students in a hotel room, or sneak them the correct answers in the exam room, or inflate their scores when they finished. Sometimes he would be given a sample of the teen's handwriting so he could copy it. Riddell did not know the questions in advance, according to Andrew Lelling, US attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He was "just a really smart guy"." 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Mark Riddell, college admissions scandal test-taker, pleads guilty". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/harvard-alum-who-took-exams-students-college-admissions-scandal-pleads-n993956. 
  45. ↑ Martin, Susan Taylor. "Sentencing reset for Mark Riddell, Tampa Bay man involved in the college admissions scandal". https://www.tampabay.com/business/sentencing-reset-for-mark-riddell-tampa-bay-man-involved-in-the-college-admissions-scandal-20190718/. 
  46. ↑ Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI. Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint , filed in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  47. ↑ Reiss, Jaclyn (March 12, 2019). "College bribery plot: A list of names of those charged in the nationwide scheme". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/college-bribery-plot-list-names-those-charged-nationwide-college-bribery-plot/UAmFxn7Wrt2nxl1bUAgcPJ/story.html. 
  48. ↑ 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 48.12 48.13 48.14 48.15 48.16 48.17 48.18 48.19 48.20 48.21 48.22 48.23 48.24 48.25 48.26 48.27 48.28 48.29 48.30 48.31 48.32 48.33 48.34 48.35 48.36 48.37 Pascus, Brian (March 14, 2019). "Every charge and accusation facing the parents in the college admissions scandal". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-admissions-scandal-list-operation-varsity-blues-every-charge-and-accusation-facing-parents-involved/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Stannard, Ed; Friedmann, Meghan (March 12, 2019). "Ex-Yale soccer coach, Greenwich businessman charged in college admissions scandal". https://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Yale-soccer-coach-implicated-in-college-admission-13682117.php. 
  50. ↑ Wong, Alia (March 12, 2019). "Why the College-Admissions Scandal Is So Absurd". https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college-admissions-scandal-fbi-targets-wealthy-parents/584695/. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Fry, Hannah; Winton, Richard; Ormseth, Matthew; Newberry, Laura (March 12, 2019). "College cheating scandal snares actresses, CEOs and coaches; alleged mastermind pleads guilty". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-college-admissions-scale-elite-schools-20190312-story.html. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Klick, Rea; Speier, Mia (March 12, 2019). "Athletic director, water polo coach fired in wake of FBI investigation of admission scam". http://dailytrojan.com/2019/03/12/athletic-director-water-polo-coach-fired-in-wake-of-fbi-investigation-of-admission-scam/. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 "3 Pac-12 Programs Dismiss Top Coaches Amid Admissions Bribery Scandal; NCAA Investigating". KTLA. March 12, 2019. https://ktla.com/2019/03/12/3-pac-12-programs-dismiss-top-coaches-amid-admissions-bribery-scandal-ncaa-investigating/. 
  54. ↑ Dahlberg, Tim (March 13, 2019). "Column: A twist in the usual college sports scandal". https://www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/college/column-a-twist-in-the-usual-college-sports-scandal/article_abd7e782-45ff-11e9-9fc4-13863408d37e.html. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Craver, Richard (March 12, 2019). "Wake Forest coach accused of accepting six-figure bribe to help student get into the university". https://www.journalnow.com/news/crime/wake-forest-coach-accused-of-accepting-six-figure-bribe-to/article_df0ff008-5ef1-565f-96c9-98bca8aa68fb.html. 
  56. ↑ Brennan, George (March 13, 2019). "Martha's Vineyard tie to college admissions scandal". https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/03/13/marthas-vineyard-tie-college-admissions-scandal/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Ziegler, Mark; Davis, Kristina (March 21, 2019). "Lamont Smith identified as USD coach in bribery scheme; resigns as UTEP assistant". San Diego Union-Tribune. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd-sp-usd-college-bribes-lamont-smith-basketball-coach-20190320-story.html. 
  58. ↑ "UTEP assistant basketball coach resigns, implicated in college admissions scandal". March 21, 2019. https://www.ktsm.com/sports/college-sports/utep/utep-assistant-basketball-coach-resigns-implicated-in-college-admissions-scandal/1864662322. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Davis, Kristina; Robbins, Gary (March 12, 2019). "University of San Diego, local families caught up in college admissions scandal". San Diego Union-Tribune. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/education/sd-me-cheating-scandal-20190312-story.html. 
  60. ↑ Sulek, Julia Prodis (March 12, 2019). "How Silicon Valley became epicenter of college-entry cheating scandal". The Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/12/how-silicon-valley-became-epicenter-of-college-entry-cheating-scandal/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Sallee, Barrett (March 12, 2019). "College admissions scandal indictment alleges use of fake USC football profiles for students". https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/college-admissions-scandal-indictment-alleges-use-of-fake-usc-football-profiles-for-students/. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Swindell, Bill; Callahan, Mary (March 12, 2019). "What 2 locals charged in the college admissions scandal allegedly did". http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/9381652-181/napa-valley-vintner-augustin-huneeus. 
  63. ↑ Schmidt, Ingrid (March 13, 2019). "Lori Loughlin's Daughter Vacationed on Billionaire USC Official's Yacht". The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lori-laughlins-daughter-vacationed-rick-carusos-yacht-1194688. "Lori Loughlin and Mossimo Giannulli's 19-year-old daughter was on the yacht of billionaire Rick Caruso, the chairman of USC's Board of Trustees, during Tuesday's indictment that charged the couple in a nationwide college cheating scandal." 
  64. ↑ "Lori Loughlin Daughter Olivia Leaves Yacht Owned By Top USC Official". TMZ. March 13, 2019. https://www.tmz.com/2019/03/13/lori-loughlin-daughter-olivia-yacht-usc-board-of-trustees-rick-caruso/. "As Lori Loughlin traveled from Vancouver to L.A. Tuesday night to surrender to federal authorities in the college bribery scandal -- which got her daughter, Olivia Jade, into USC -- Olivia spent the night on the yacht of the Chairman of USC's Board of Trustees" 
  65. ↑ Blum, Steven (March 13, 2019). "Olivia Jade Found Out Her Mom Had Schemed Her Into USC While On Rick Caruso's Yacht". Los Angeles. https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/olivia-jade/. "Olivia Jade, social media influencer and daughter of actress Lori Loughlin, was apparently spending her spring break on a yacht owned by USC board of trustees member Rick Caruso when the news broke that her mother was part of an epic college bribery case." 
  66. ↑ Ross, Martha (March 13, 2019). "Will Lori Loughlin's Instagram-famous daughters get kicked out of USC, face other fallout because of parents?". The Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/will-lori-laughlins-instagram-famous-daughters-get-kicked-out-of-usc-face-other-fallout-because-of-parents/. "TMZ reported late Wednesday afternoon that Lori Loughlin's daughter Olivia Jade Giannulli had been traveling in the Bahamas on a yacht owned by Rick Caruso, the chairman of the USC Board of Trustees" 
  67. ↑ "Board of Trustees | USC". https://boardoftrustees.usc.edu. 
  68. ↑ Moore, Annette (February 9, 2011). "Rick J. Caruso Elected to USC Board". http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/13534.html. 
  69. ↑ Anderson, Travis; Ellement, John R.; Fernandes, Deirdre; Finucane, Martin (March 12, 2019). "'A catalog of wealth and privilege': Feds allege college bribery scam". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/12/former-women-soccer-coach-yale-faces-federal-charges-bribery-plot-tied-school-acceptance/EMSUoJyST0cWH03EBYL3yM/story.html/. 
  70. ↑ Brokaw, Sommer; Uria, Daniel (March 12, 2019). "Parents, coaches, actors among 50 charged in college scandal". https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2019/03/12/Parents-coaches-actors-among-50-charged-in-college-scandal/5761552403090/. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Winter, Tom; Williams, Pete; Ainsley, Julia; Schapiro, Rich (March 12, 2019). "TV actresses among 50 people charged in college exam cheating plot". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/feds-uncover-massive-college-entrance-exam-cheating-plot-n982136. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Yan, Holly (March 13, 2019). "What we know so far in the college admissions cheating scandal". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/13/us/what-we-know-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/index.html. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Kim, Catherine (March 13, 2019). "Parents of NU student implicated in Key Worldwide cheating scandal". https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/03/13/campus/parents-of-northwestern-student-implicated-in-high-profile-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Munoz, Carlos R.. "IMG Academy fires director involved in college admissions scam". https://www.heraldtribune.com/news/20190407/img-academy-fires-director-involved-in-college-admissions-scam. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 Merrett, Robyn (March 13, 2019). "Everyone Who Has Been Charged in the College Admissions Cheating Scandal". People. https://people.com/crime/everyone-charged-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 76.7 "Investigations of College Admissions and Testing Bribery Scheme". March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/investigations-college-admissions-and-testing-bribery-scheme. 
  77. ↑ "Former SAT/ACT test administrator pleads guilty in college admissions scandal" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-sat-act-test-administrator-pleads-guilty-college-admissions-scandal-n1081196. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 "4 more parents to plead guilty in college admissions scandal" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/parents-plead-guilty-college-admissions-scandal-66418782. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Beaujon, Andrew (March 12, 2019). 5 Facts About the DC Life of Gordon Ernst, the Tennis Coach Named in the Admissions-Scandal Indictment, he left Georgetown University under a cloud , Washingtonian.
  80. ↑ Lothspeich, Jennifer (March 12, 2019). "A closer look at those with San Diego ties indicted in college admissions scandal". KFMB-TV. http://www.cbs8.com/story/40114711/a-closer-look-at-those-with-san-diego-ties-indicted-in-college-admissions-scandal. 
  81. ↑ "NEW: URI Puts Women's Tennis Coach Ernst on Administrative Leave Following Federal Charges". https://www.golocalprov.com/news/new-uri-places-womens-tennis-coach-ernst-on-administrative-leave-following. 
  82. ↑ Amaral, Brian. "Gordie Ernst's fall from grace in college-admissions scandal". https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20190420/gordie-ernsts-fall-from-grace-in-college-admissions-scandal/1. 
  83. ↑ Reynolds, Mark (October 25, 2021). "RI tennis legend 'Gordie' Ernst pleads guilty in Varsity Blues college admissions scandal". Providence Journal. https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/courts/2021/10/25/ri-tennis-legend-gordon-ernst-pleads-guilty-varsity-blues-scandal/6175908001/. Retrieved November 6, 2021. 
  84. ↑ Lumpkin, Lauren (September 15, 2021). "Former Georgetown tennis coach to plead guilty following college admissions scandal". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/09/15/georgetown-tennis-coach-plead-guilty/. Retrieved September 21, 2021. 
  85. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (September 15, 2021). "Former Georgetown Tennis Coach Agrees to Plead Guilty in Admissions Scandal". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/15/us/georgetown-tennis-coach-guilty-varsity-blues.html. Retrieved September 21, 2021. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Billy, Witz (September 27, 2021). "A Cog in the College Admissions Scandal Speaks Out". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/27/sports/stanford-varsity-blues-college-admission.html. 
  87. ↑ Shao, Elena; Foreman, Holden (March 12, 2019). "Head sailing coach fired after agreeing to plead guilty to bribery charges in admissions scandal". https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/03/12/head-sailing-coach-terminated-after-agreeing-to-plead-guilty-to-bribery-charges-in-admissions-scandal/. 
  88. ↑ Garrison, Joey (June 12, 2019). "Former Stanford sailing coach avoids prison in first sentence of college admissions scandal". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/12/no-prison-first-defendant-bribery-scandal-college/1429812001/. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Bolch, Ben (March 12, 2019). "UCLA men's soccer coach placed on leave after indictment in college admissions scam". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/sports/ucla/la-sp-college-admission-scam-ucla-soccer-coach-20190312-story.html. 
  90. ↑ Owens, Jason (March 22, 2019). "Report: UCLA soccer coach Jorge Salcedo resigns after allegedly taking $200K in college admissions scandal". https://sports.yahoo.com/ucla-soccer-coach-jorge-salcedo-resigns-after-allegedly-taking-200-k-in-college-admissions-scandal-031218371.html. 
  91. ↑ "Former UCLA soccer coach Jorge Salcedo agrees to guilty plea in college admissions case". April 21, 2020. https://www.dailynews.com/2020/04/21/former-ucla-soccer-coach-jorge-salcedo-agrees-to-guilty-plea-in-college-admissions-case/. 
  92. ↑ "Former UCLA Soccer Coach Sentenced in College Admissions Case". March 19, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/former-ucla-soccer-coach-sentenced-college-admissions-case. 
  93. ↑ Helsel, Phil (March 19, 2021). "Former UCLA coach sentenced to 8 months in college admissions cheating case". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-ucla-coach-sentenced-8-months-college-admissions-cheating-case-n1261632. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  94. ↑ "Ex-UCLA men's soccer coach Jorge Salcedo gets 8 months in prison for admissions scam". Associated Press. ESPN. March 19, 2021. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/31094941/ex-ucla-men-soccer-coach-jorge-salcedo-gets-8-months-prison-admissions-scam. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  95. ↑ Ziegler, Mark (November 13, 2020). "Man who bribed USD basketball coach is sentenced in admissions scandal". San Diego Tribute. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/toreros/story/2020-11-13/usd-basketball-varsity-blues-martin-fox-lamont-smith-bribery-college-admissions-scandal-sentencing. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  96. ↑ "Investigations of College Admissions and Testing Bribery Scheme". United States Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/investigations-college-admissions-and-testing-bribery-scheme#:~:text=Dozens%20of%20individuals%20allegedly%20involved,March%2012%2C%202019%2C%20in%20federal. Retrieved April 14, 2022. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 Kaufman, Joey (March 12, 2019). "USC fires associate AD Donna Heinel, legendary water polo coach Jovan Vavic in college admissions bribery scandal". http://www.ocregister.com/usc-fires-associate-ad-donna-heinel-legendary-water-polo-coach-jovan-vavic. 
  98. ↑ Wolf, Scott (March 12, 2019). "USC Fires Jovan Vavic And Donna Heinel". InsideUSC with Scott Wolf. https://insideusc.blog/2019/03/12/usc-water-polo-coach-jovan-vavic-arrested-in-hawaii/. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 "Former USC official pleads guilty in college bribery scheme". Associated Press. Midland Reporter Telegram. November 5, 2021. https://www.mrt.com/news/article/Former-USC-official-pleads-guilty-in-college-16596733.php. Retrieved November 6, 2021. 
  100. ↑ Andersen, Travis. "Former coach and parent plead guilty in college admissions cheating scandal". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/04/23/former-coach-and-parent-plead-guilty-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/rKofn68xv0cK7ihaZuS0aM/story.html. 
  101. ↑ Garrison, Joey (June 3, 2019). "Ex-USC soccer coach reverses course, agrees to plead guilty in college admissions scandal". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/03/ali-khosroshahin-former-usc-coach-makes-plea-deal-college-scandal/1332118001/. 
  102. ↑ Greene, Nick (March 13, 2019). "America's Best College Water Polo Coach Also Allegedly Excelled at Taking Bribes From Rich Parents". https://slate.com/culture/2019/03/college-admissions-cheating-scandal-usc-water-polo-coach-jovan-vavic.html. 
  103. ↑ Leiterberg, Neal J. (April 16, 2019). "Ex-USC water polo coach Jovan Vavic, arrested in college bribing scandal, lists South Bay home". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot-property/la-fi-hotprop-jovan-vavic-rancho-palos-verdes-home-20190416-story.html. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Marcelo, Philip (March 10, 2022). "Trial opens for ex-USC coach in college bribery scandal". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/college-admissions-entertainment-sports-education-water-polo-38dca522fd1b7c26f1ce360a2f06d5c0. Retrieved March 20, 2022. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Raymond, Nate (March 10, 2022). "Former USC water polo coach goes on trial in 'Varsity Blues' college scandal". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/former-usc-water-polo-coach-goes-trial-varsity-blues-college-scandal-2022-03-10/. Retrieved March 20, 2022. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 Korn, Melissa; Levitz, Jennifer (March 7, 2022). "Last Coach Charged in Varsity Blues College Admissions Case Heads to Trial". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/last-coach-charged-in-varsity-blues-college-admissions-case-heads-to-trial-11646649002. Retrieved March 20, 2022. 
  107. ↑ Ormseth, Matthew (April 8, 2022). "Former USC water polo coach found guilty in final conviction of college admissions case". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-04-08/former-usc-water-polo-coach-found-guilty-in-final-conviction-of-college-admissions-case. Retrieved April 9, 2022. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 "Former USC Water Polo Coach Convicted in College Admissions Scandal". https://www.si.com/college/2022/04/08/college-admissions-scandal-usc-water-polo-coach-jovan-vavic-bribery-fraud-conviction. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.4 Sakelaris, Nicholas (March 13, 2019). "Investment chief, Texas coach step down over college cheating scandal". https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2019/03/13/Investment-chief-Texas-coach-step-down-over-college-cheating-scandal/6051552474756/. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Moyle, Nick (March 13, 2019). "UT fires tennis coach Michael Center in wake of college admissions scandal". https://www.chron.com/sports/longhorns/article/UT-fires-tennis-coach-Michael-Center-in-wake-of-13686506.php. 
  111. ↑ "Actress Felicity Huffman, 13 others to plead guilty in U.S. college admissions scandal". Midwest Communications, Inc.. https://wkzo.com/news/articles/2019/apr/08/felicity-huffman-others-to-plead-guilty-in-us-college-admissions-scandal-prosecutors/. 
  112. ↑ "Former University of Texas tennis coach sentenced in admissions scam". https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/24/us/college-admissions-texas-coach-sentence/index.html. 
  113. ↑ Murphy, Kate (August 23, 2019). "Wake Forest volleyball coach charged in national college admissions scandal resigns". https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/education/article234302432.html. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  114. ↑ "Former Wake Forest University volleyball coach William Ferguson can pay $50k fine, avoid prosecution in college admissions bribery scandal". Associated Press. ESPN. October 12, 2021. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/32388856/former-wake-forest-university-volleyball-coach-william-ferguson-pay-50k-fine-avoid-prosecution-college-admissions-bribery-scam. Retrieved November 8, 2021. 
  115. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions Related to Admissions Fraud Scheme – Office of the President". March 15, 2019. https://president.yale.edu/frequently-asked-questions-related-admissions-fraud-scheme. 
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 Gafni, Matthias (March 15, 2019). "Joe Montana says he used company charged with college admissions fraud". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Joe-Montana-says-he-used-company-charged-with-13690163.php. 
  117. ↑ "Getting In by Rick Singer". https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/38324035-getting-in. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 118.3 Mangan, Dan (March 15, 2019). "'Full House' actress Lori Loughlin's kids remain enrolled in USC amid college bribe scandal; Phil Mickelson, Joe Montana say they did nothing wrong". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/lori-loughlins-kids-remain-enrolled-in-usc-amid-bribe-scandal.html. 
  119. ↑ Levitz, Jennifer; Korn, Melissa. "Tipster who alerted feds to college-admissions scheme was dad seeking leniency in securities fraud case". https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tipster-who-alerted-feds-to-college-admissions-scheme-was-dad-seeking-leniency-in-securities-fraud-case-2019-03-14. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 "Alleged Tipster in College-Cheating Scandal Bribed a Coach, Source Says". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/alleged-tipster-in-college-cheating-scandal-bribed-a-coach-source-says-11553005101. 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Woolfolk, John (December 16, 2021). "College admission scandal: Here's the tally after final parent pleads guilty". Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/12/16/college-admissions-scandal-heres-the-tally-after-final-parent-pleads-guilty/. Retrieved December 17, 2021. 
  122. ↑ "2 Nevada executives charged in college bribery scheme". March 12, 2019. https://lasvegassun.com/news/2019/mar/12/2-nevada-executives-charged-in-college-bribery-sch/. 
  123. ↑ Executive Profile, Gamal Mohammed Abdelaziz, Member of Advisory Board, Kiwi Collection, Inc. , Bloomberg
  124. ↑ Prince, Todd (March 12, 2019). "Suspect in college bribery case opened Las Vegas, Macau casinos". Las Vegas Review-Journal. https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/courts/suspect-in-college-bribery-case-opened-las-vegas-macau-casinos-1616464/. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  125. ↑ Stutz, Howard (March 12, 2021). "Nevada gaming executive indicted in college admissions and bribery scandal". Nevada Independent. https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/nevada-gaming-executive-indicted-in-college-admissions-and-bribery-scandal. Retrieved April 21, 2021. 
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 "The 1st Trial Is Kicking Off Over The 'Varsity Blues' College Admissions Scandal". Associated Press. NPR. 8 September 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/08/1035071261/operation-varsity-blues-trial-wilson-abdelaziz-college-admissions-scandal. Retrieved 8 September 2021. 
  127. ↑ Levenson, Michael (February 9, 2022). "Ex-Casino Executive Gets 1 Year and 1 Day in Prison in College Admissions Scheme". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/09/us/varsity-blues-sentence-gamal-abdelaziz.html. Retrieved February 10, 2022. 
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 "California Businessman Sentenced in College Admissions Case". October 30, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/california-businessman-sentenced-college-admissions-case. 
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 "Marin County couple latest to plead guilty in college admissions scandal". July 13, 2020. https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/07/13/marin-county-couple-latest-to-plead-guilty-in-college-scandal. 
  130. ↑ The Washington Post[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  131. ↑ Raymond, Adam K. (March 12, 2019). "Here Are All the Parents Named in the College Admissions Scandal Indictment". New York. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/03/all-the-parents-named-in-the-college-admissions-scandal.html. 
  132. ↑ Cain, Áine (March 13, 2019). "Fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli – whose self-titled brand once ran at Target – is accused of shelling out $500,000 to get his daughters into USC". https://www.businessinsider.com/mossimo-giannullii-accused-college-admissions-scandal-2019-3. 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 CNN Lori Loughlin sentenced to 2 months in prison in college admissions scam. Her husband, Mossimo Giannulli, got 5 months , August 21, 2020
  134. ↑ Kesslen, Ben (March 12, 2019). "Lori Loughlin's daughter, Olivia Jade, comes under fire online over college-cheating scandal". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/lori-loughlin-s-daughter-olivia-jade-comes-under-fire-online-n982371. 
  135. ↑ Rao, Sonia; Yahr, Emily (March 12, 2019). "Before Lori Loughlin's alleged cheating scandal, daughter Olivia Jade made her life at USC a YouTube brand". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/before-lori-loughlins-alleged-cheating-scandal-daughter-olivia-jade-made-her-life-at-usc-a-youtube-brand/2019/03/12/d50b5dda-4502-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html. 
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Lapin, Tamar (March 14, 2019). "Lori Loughlin's daughter Drop Out of USC After Admissions Scandal" , New York Post-Page Six.
  137. ↑ Ormseth, Matthew (February 7, 2020). "Ex-CEO of investment giant Pimco given longest sentence to date in college admissions scandal". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-07/douglas-hodge-ex-pimco-chief-sentenced-to-in-admissions-scandal. 
  138. ↑ 40th Annual Conference of IOSCO - London, June 18, 2015, Panel 3. Douglas M. Hodge, Chief Executive, PIMCO (PDF), International Organization of Securities Commissions (2015). Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  139. ↑ McLaughlin, Kelly (March 13, 2019). A former CEO's daughter was allegedly listed as co-captain of a Japanese national soccer team as part of a $25 million college admission scheme, Insider Inc., March 13, 2019.
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Phillips, Morgan (October 4, 2019). "Fifth parent receives sentence in college admissions scandal and it's the stiffest one yet" (in en-US). https://www.foxnews.com/us/fifth-parent-receives-sentence-in-college-admissions-scandal-and-its-the-stiffest-one-yet. 
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 141.2 Korn, Melissa (April 9, 2019). "Prosecutors Net 14 New Guilty Plea Agreements in College Cheating Probe". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-more-parents-to-plead-guilty-in-college-admissions-case-11554741856. 
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Dremann, Sue (May 17, 2021). "Former Palo Altan sentenced in college admissions scam". Palo Alto Weekly. https://paloaltoonline.com/news/2021/05/17/former-palo-altan-sentenced-in-college-admissions-scam. Retrieved July 24, 2021. 
  143. ↑ Moran, Greg (March 19, 2019). "San Diego media executive appears in federal court on college admissions scandal charges". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-elisabeth-kimmel-college-admissions-scandal-20190319-story.html. 
  144. ↑ Gotfredson, David (August 16, 2021). "Former KFMB Stations owner Elisabeth Kimmel pleads guilty in college admissions scandal". KFMB-TV. https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/former-kfmb-stations-owner-elisabeth-kimmel-pleads-guilty-in-college-admissions-scandal/509-eecff7a1-afa3-410b-b774-b8cdb097d140. Retrieved August 16, 2021. 
  145. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named kimmelguiltyplea
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 "College admissions scandal: California exec gets longest sentence yet" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-admissions-scandal-california-real-estate-exec-gets-longest-prison-n1081961. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/2019/04/16/kentucky-distillery-owner-charged-college-admissions-scandal-enters-plea/3484979002/%7Ctitle=Kentucky distillery owner will plead not guilty in college admissions scandal|first=Billy|last=Kobin|publisher=Courier Journal|date=April 16, 2019|accessdate=April 21, 2021}}
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 "Parent in College Admissions Case Agrees to Plead Guilty". United States Attorney's Office:District of Massachusetts. August 24, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/parent-college-admissions-case-agrees-plead-guilty-0. Retrieved September 8, 2021. 
  149. ↑ Alanna Durkin Richer, Associated Press (August 25, 2021). "Kentucky distillery owner to plead guilty in nationwide college admissions scandal case". Courier Journal. https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/crime/2021/08/25/college-admissions-scam-liquor-exec-marci-palatella-kentucky-plead-guilty/5583524001/. Retrieved September 8, 2021. 
  150. ↑ "Investigations of College Admissions and Testing Bribery Scheme". U.S. Department of Justice. March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/investigations-college-admissions-and-testing-bribery-scheme. Retrieved November 15, 2021. 
  151. ↑ Yee, Gregory (December 16, 2021). "Bay Area liquor company CEO sentenced to six weeks in prison in college admissions case". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-16/marci-palatella-california-liquor-distribution-ceo-sentenced-in-college-admissions-case. Retrieved February 18, 2022. 
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 "Parent Charged and Agrees to Plead Guilty in College Admissions Case" (in en). 2020-05-26. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/parent-charged-and-agrees-plead-guilty-college-admissions-case. 
  153. ↑ Li, David K. (May 26, 2021). "Pennsylvania man pleads guilty to paying bribe for daughter's admission to Georgetown". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pennsylvania-man-pleads-guilty-paying-bribe-daughter-s-admission-georgetown-n1214851. Retrieved August 1, 2021. 
  154. ↑ "Dad gets 4 months for $400,000 bribe to get son into Georgetown" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-admissions-scandal-dad-gets-4-months-400-000-bribe-n1059131. 
  155. ↑ CNN.com (September 26, 2019). "California business executive who paid $400,000 to get his child into Georgetown sentenced to 4 months in prison". Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/09/26/california-business-executive-who-paid-400000-to-get-his-child-into-georgetown-sentenced-to-4-months-in-prison/. Retrieved August 1, 2021. 
  156. ↑ "Executive gets 4 months for bribing son's way into USC" (in en). September 24, 2019. https://kstp.com/national/ceo-to-be-sentenced-for-role-in-admissions-bribery-scheme/5503209/. 
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 Garrison, Joey (February 24, 2020). "UCLA mom pleads guilty in college admissions case after spending 5 months in Spanish prison". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/21/ucla-mom-pleads-guilty-college-admissions-case-after-5-months-spanish-prison/4806040002/. 
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 "Lynnfield father charged in college bribery case". ItemLive. March 14, 2019. https://www.itemlive.com/2019/03/14/lynnfield-father-charged-in-college-bribery-case/. 
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 Borchers, Callum (March 14, 2019). "Mass. Businessman Charged In College Admissions Case Has A Resume On LinkedIn. So We Fact-Checked It". WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2019/03/14/mass-businessman-charged-in-college-admissions-case-posted-his-resume-on-linkedin-so-we-fact-checked-it. Retrieved May 12, 2021. 
  160. ↑ Ormseth, Matthew (January 14, 2020). "Financier charged in admissions scandal indicted again on new tax fraud allegation". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-14/financier-charged-in-admissions-scandal-indicted-again-on-new-tax-fraud-allegation. Retrieved May 12, 2021. 
  161. ↑ Levenson, Michael (February 16, 2022). "Private Equity Investor Sentenced to 15 Months in College Bribery Case". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/16/us/varsity-blues-sentence-john-wilson.html. Retrieved February 18, 2022. 
  162. ↑ Genter, Ethan. "3 men with Cape ties charged in nationwide college cheating scandal". Cape Cod Times. https://www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20190312/3-men-with-cape-ties-charged-in-nationwide-college-cheating-scandal. 
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 "USC professor admits to tax charge in admissions scandal". Associated Press. July 9, 2021. https://apnews.com/article/sports-education-266293e01191768a242e281eb5bc8143. Retrieved July 24, 2021. 
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 Helsel, Phil (November 11, 2021). "California parent sentenced to 6 weeks in college admissions scheme". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-parent-sentenced-6-weeks-college-admissions-scheme-rcna5212. Retrieved February 18, 2022. 
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Andersen, Travis (April 4, 2019). "Dentist charged in college admissions scandal lost book deals because of case, lawyers say.". Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/04/04/dentist-charged-college-admissions-scandal-lost-book-deals-because-case-lawyers-say/uhU3u2LmIRhzPwHOQjg7UJ/story.html. Retrieved May 12, 2021. 
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 Melin, Anders (March 12, 2019). "Bloomberg – Venture Capitalist Robert Zangrillo Charged in College Admission Scheme". Bloomberg LP. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-12/venture-capitalist-zangrillo-charged-in-college-admission-scheme. 
  167. ↑ Alanna Durkin Richer, The Associated Press (January 21, 2021). "Robert Zangrillo, parent charged in college admissions scandal, pardoned by President Trump". Masslive.com. https://www.masslive.com/boston/2021/01/robert-zangrillo-parent-charged-in-college-admissions-scandal-pardoned-by-president-trump.html#:~:text=Zangrillo%20was%20supposed%20to%20stand,her%20daughter's%20entrance%20exam%20score.. Retrieved July 24, 2021. 
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 Hamilton, Matt (January 21, 2021). "Finger-pointing and outrage follow Trump's pardon for USC father in college admission scandal". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-21/fingerpointing-outrage-after-trump-pardons-usc-father-in-college-admission-scandal. 
  169. ↑ Anderson, Nick. "California developer gets one month of prison in college admissions scandal" (in en). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/10/18/california-developer-gets-one-month-prison-college-admissions-scandal/. 
  170. ↑ Meadows, Jonah (March 14, 2019). "College Cheating Scandal: Northwestern Student's Parents Charged". Patch Media. https://patch.com/illinois/evanston/college-cheating-scandal-northwestern-students-parents-charged. 
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 Gibson, Kate (March 13, 2019). "Venture capitalist charged in college admissions cheating scandal loses job". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-admissions-cheating-scandal-venture-capitalist-loses-job/. 
  172. ↑ "Hercules Capital CEO Manuel Henriquez Resigns; Chief Investment Officer Scott Bluestein Named Interim CEO". March 13, 2019. https://www.nasdaq.com/article/hercules-capital-ceo-manuel-henriquez-resigns-chief-investment-officer-scott-bluestein-named-interim-ceo-cm1113565. 
  173. ↑ "2 Chicago universities tied to college admissions scandal". March 14, 2019. https://wgntv.com/2019/03/14/admissions-scandal-local-connection/. 
  174. ↑ Waldrop, Theresa (February 25, 2020). "Hot Pockets heiress Michelle Janavs sentenced in college admissions scam". https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/us/michelle-janavs-sentence-college-admissions-scam/index.html. 
  175. ↑ Garrison, Joey (February 25, 2020). "Hot Pockets heiress Michelle Janavs gets 5 months in prison in admissions scandal". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/25/hot-pockets-heiress-michelle-janavs-serve-5-months-varsity-blues-college-admissions-scandal/4866674002/. Retrieved August 1, 2021. 
  176. ↑ "Admissions scandal: Heir to Hot Pockets fortune sentenced to 5 month". Los Angeles Times. February 25, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-25/college-admissions-scandal-michelle-janavs-hot-pockets-sentenced. Retrieved August 1, 2021. 
  177. ↑ Oreskes, Benjamin (March 21, 2019). "A wiretap brings privilege and helicopter parenting to the fore in the college admissions scandal". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-parents-admission-cheating-20190321-story.html. 
  178. ↑ Shoot, Brittany (March 12, 2019). "TPG Growth Founder Bill McGlashan Placed on Immediate, Indefinite Leave Over College Admissions Cheating Scandal". http://fortune.com/2019/03/12/college-admissions-cheating-scandal-bribery-bill-mcglashan-tpg-growth/. 
  179. ↑ "Former executive pleads guilty in college admissions scandal" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/executive-pleads-guilty-college-admissions-scandal-75812818. 
  180. ↑ "Ex-TPG Executive McGlashan Pleads Guilty in College Scandal". Bloomberg News. 10 February 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-10/ex-tpg-executive-mcglashan-pleads-guilty-in-college-scandal. Retrieved 21 April 2021. 
  181. ↑ Raymond, Nate (May 12, 2021). "Former TPG Capital exec sentenced to three months in prison for U.S. college scam". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/former-tpg-capital-exec-sentenced-three-months-prison-us-college-scam-2021-05-12/. Retrieved May 12, 2021. 
  182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 Casiano, Louis (October 8, 2019). "Husband, wife each get one month in jail in college admissions scandal" (in en-US). https://www.foxnews.com/world/college-admissions-scandal-greg-abbott-marcia-abbott. 
  183. ↑ Ng, David; Faughnder, Ryan (March 13, 2019). "Marketing guru Jane Buckingham caught up in college admissions scandal". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-jane-buckingham-college-cheating-20190313-story.html. 
  184. ↑ "Author and CEO Jane Buckingham gets 3 weeks in prison for college admissions scandal" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/author-ceo-jane-buckingham-gets-3-weeks-prison-college-admissions-n1071051. 
  185. ↑ Zafar, Maryam; Cronin, Amanda H. (March 13, 2019). "Gordon Caplan '88 Paid $75,000 to Rig His Daughter's ACT Score, the FBI Says. He and Nearly 50 Others Were Charged With Fraud.". https://cornellsun.com/2019/03/13/gordon-caplan-88-paid-75000-to-rig-his-daughters-act-score-the-fbi-says-he-and-nearly-50-others-were-charged-with-fraud/. 
  186. ↑ Dillon, Nancy (October 3, 2019). "Millionaire Manhattan lawyer becomes fourth parent sentenced to prison in college admissions scandal". New York Daily News. https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-gordon-caplan-sentenced-month-in-prison-college-scam-20191003-qetl2epd35hfbbryblyhobm7oi-story.html. 
  187. ↑ "Final Parent Charged In College Admissions Scam Agrees To Plead Guilty". CBS Boston. December 9, 2021. https://boston.cbslocal.com/2021/12/09/college-admissions-scam-i-hsin-joey-chen-elizabeth-kimmel/. Retrieved December 17, 2021. 
  188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 Ho, Catherine (March 14, 2019). "Medical board reviewing charges against Bay Area doctor indicted in college admissions scam". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Medical-board-reviewing-charges-against-Bay-Area-13690101.php. 
  189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 Raymond, Nate (December 2, 2021). "California couple to plead guilty in U.S. college admissions scandal". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/california-couple-plead-guilty-us-college-admissions-scandal-2021-12-02/. Retrieved December 17, 2021. 
  190. ↑ "List of local residents charged in college admissions scandal". March 14, 2019. https://padailypost.com/2019/03/13/list-of-local-residents-charged-in-college-admissions-scandal/. 
  191. ↑ Taylor, Kate (September 13, 2019). "By Turns Tearful and Stoic, Felicity Huffman Gets 14-Day Prison Sentence". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/13/us/felicity-huffman-sentencing.html. 
  192. ↑ "Admissions scandal: Mom who rigged son's ACT, lied about his race gets 3 weeks in prison" (in en-US). October 16, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-16/menlo-park-mother-rigged-son-act-exploited-affirmative-action. 
  193. ↑ latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-15/admissions-scandal-newport-beach-mother-sentenced-to-in-prison
  194. ↑ "Operation Varsity Blues: Bay Area parent avoids prison time in college admissions scandal" (in en). October 11, 2019. https://abc7news.com/5611788/. 
  195. ↑ 195.0 195.1 Brown, Scott; Griffin, Kevin; Fraser, Keith (March 13, 2019). "Vancouver's David Sidoo charged in U.S. college-entrance scandal". https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/vancouver-businessman-david-sidoo-charged-in-u-s-college-entrance-scandal. 
  196. ↑ latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-15/college-admissions-scandal-david-sidoo-sentenced
  197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 "Yale rescinds admission of a student whose family paid $1.2 million to get her in". March 26, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/25/us/yale-rescinds-student-admissions-scandal/index.html. 
  198. ↑ Wang, Amy B.; Bieler, Des (March 13, 2019). "College coaches took bribes to pass kids off as star athletes, FBI says. The NCAA is investigating.". https://www.denverpost.com/2019/03/13/ncaa-investigation-college-coaches-bribes/. 
  199. ↑ 199.0 199.1 Hackman, Michelle (March 15, 2019). College-Admission Scandal Draws Scrutiny in Washington , The Wall Street Journal .
  200. ↑ Stieb, Charlotte Klein, Matt (2021-01-20). "Who Did Trump Pardon on His Last Night As President?" (in en-us). https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/01/trumps-final-pardon-list-everyone-we-know-so-far.html. 
  201. ↑ Caron, Emily (March 12, 2019). "Every Coach Charged in the FBI's College Admission Recruiting, Bribery Scandal". Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/more-sports/2019/03/12/coaches-charged-fbi-college-admission-cheating-recruiting-bribery-scandal. 
  202. ↑ Garrison, Joey (March 13, 2019). "The 'really smart guy' who aced SATs for rich students: 'I will always regret' the scandal". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/03/13/mark-riddell-really-smart-guy-who-took-tests-cheating-scheme/3151280002/. 
  203. ↑ Taylor, Kate; Lyons, Patrick J. (March 12, 2020). "William Singer, the Man in the Middle of the College Bribery Scanda". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/us/william-singer-admissions-scandal.html. <?ref> Garrison, Joey (May 23, 2019). "College admissions scandal tracker: Who's pleaded guilty, who's gone to prison — and who's still fighting". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/23/lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-college-admissions-scandal-rick-singer-guilty-not-guilty-list/3704724002/. 
  204. ↑ "Investigations of College Admissions and Testing Bribery Scheme". March 11, 2019. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/investigations-college-admissions-and-testing-bribery-scheme. 
  205. ↑ Sheyner, Gennady. "Stanford expels student in connection with college-fraud scheme". https://paloaltoonline.com/news/2019/04/08/stanford-expels-student-in-connection-with-college-fraud-scheme. 
  206. ↑ Oldman, Grace (June 22, 2019). "Rick Singer, mastermind behind college admissions scandal, was GCU student". Arizona Republic. https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2020/07/22/rick-singer-mastermind-college-admissions-scandal-grand-canyon-university-student/5483873002/. 
  207. ↑ Winton, Richard (May 13, 2019). "Will Felicity Huffman get prison time for her role in college admissions scandal?". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-felicity-huffman-prison-20190513-story.html. 
  208. ↑ Miller, Hayley (May 13, 2019). "Felicity Huffman Pleads Guilty In College Admissions Scandal". HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/felicity-huffman-pleads-guilty-college-admissions_n_5cd965bce4b054da4e8cd47c. 
  209. ↑ Romo, Vanessa (September 13, 2019). "Actress Felicity Huffman Sentenced To 14 Days In College Admissions Scandal". https://www.npr.org/2019/09/13/759256335/actress-felicity-huffman-sentenced-to-14-days-in-college-admissions-scandal. 
  210. ↑ Levenson, Eric (October 15, 2019). "Felicity Huffman reports to prison to start two-week sentence for college admissions scam". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/15/us/felicity-huffman-prison/index.html. 
  211. ↑ Fieldstadt, Elisha; Kaplan, Ezra (2019-10-25). "Felicity Huffman released from prison on 11th day of 14-day sentence". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1071921. 
  212. ↑ Foussianes, Chloe (October 26, 2020). "How Felicity Huffman and William H. Macy Became Involved the College Admissions Scandal". Town and Country Magazine. https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a26814414/felicity-huffman-william-h-macy-sofia-grace-college-admissions-scandal/. 
  213. ↑ "Netflix's 'Fuller House' drops Lori Loughlin after college bribery scandal: report". The Hill. March 16, 2019. https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/434377-netflixs-fuller-house-drops-lori-loughlin-after-college-bribery. 
  214. ↑ Richwine, Lisa (March 14, 2019). "C elebrities lose work, students sue U.S. colleges in admissions scandal". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-education-cheating/spurned-students-sue-us-colleges-in-admissions-scandal-idUSKCN1QV20W. 
  215. ↑ Lieber, Chavie (March 15, 2019). "Olivia Jade, the influencer at the center of the college admissions scandal, explained". Vox. https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/3/14/18266117/olivia-jade-giannulli-lori-loughlin-daughter-usc-college-scandal. 
  216. ↑ Bailey, Alyssa (October 22, 2019). "USC Confirms Lori Loughlin's Daughters Olivia Jade And Isabella Are No Longer Enrolled". Elle. https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a29546164/lori-loughlin-daughters-olivia-jade-isabella-usc-status/. 
  217. ↑ "Olivia Jade and Isabella Giannulli may face lifetime ban from USC, report says". The Mercury News. March 24, 2019. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/22/olivia-jade-and-isabella-giannulli-may-face-lifetime-ban-from-usc/. 
  218. ↑ "Lori Loughlin begins 2-month prison sentence in college admissions scandal". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/lori-loughlin-begins-2-month-prison-sentence-college-admissions-scandal-n1245434. 
  219. ↑ "Lori Loughlin Begins Serving 2 Month Prison Sentence For College Admissions Scam". October 30, 2020. https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/10/30/lori-loughlin-prison-sentence-serving-college-admissions-scam/. 
  220. ↑ "Lori Loughlin's husband, Mossimo Giannulli, reports to prison for admissions scandal sentence" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/lori-loughlin-s-husband-mossimo-giannulli-reports-prison-admissions-scandal-n1247257. 
  221. ↑ "2 parents are convicted in the 1st trial of the 'Varsity Blues' admission scandal". Associated Press. NPR. October 8, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/10/08/1044510811/varsity-blues-conviction-college-admissions-scandal. Retrieved October 9, 2021. 
  222. ↑ Li, David K. (March 14, 2019). "College cheating scandal: Lawsuits filed by students at elite schools". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-cheating-scandal-first-lawsuits-filed-students-elite-schools-n983211. 
  223. ↑ Seemayer, Zach (March 14, 2019). "Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin & Others Sued by Angry Parent for $500 Billion Over College Admissions Scandal". ET Online. https://www.etonline.com/felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin-others-sued-by-angry-parent-for-500-billion-over-college-admissions. 
  224. ↑ Wong, Alia (March 12, 2019). "Why the College-Admissions Scandal Is So Absurd". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/college-admissions-scandal-fbi-targets-wealthy-parents/584695/. 
  225. ↑ Nelson, Libby (March 12, 2019). "The real college admissions scandal is what's legal". Vox. https://www.vox.com/2019/3/12/18262037/college-admissions-scandal-felicity-huffman. 
  226. ↑ Dickson, E.J. (March 13, 2019). "The College Admissions Scandal Proves the System Is Broken". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/college-admissions-scam-system-broken-807497/. Retrieved March 16, 2019. 
  227. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (March 15, 2019). "College Admissions: Vulnerable, Exploitable, and to Many Americans, Broken". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/us/college-admissions-problems.html. 
  228. ↑ "College admissions scandal exposes a corrupt and broken system". The Star-Ledger. March 13, 2019. https://www.nj.com/opinion/2019/03/college-admissions-scandal-exposes-a-corrupt-and-broken-system-editorial.html. 
  229. ↑ Khadaroo, Stacy Teicher (March 15, 2019). "America to elite colleges: Shape up (but please let us in)". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/EqualEd/2019/0315/America-to-elite-colleges-Shape-up-but-please-let-us-in. 
  230. ↑ Fox News Insider (March 12, 2019). "Dershowitz: Alleged College Admissions Scam Is 'One of the Great Scandals of the 21st Century'". Outnumbered (Fox News). https://insider.foxnews.com/2019/03/12/alan-dershowitz-college-admissions-scam-involving-felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin. 
  231. ↑ Katersky, Aaron (March 12, 2019). "Ringleader pleads guilty in $25 million nationwide college admissions cheating scam". https://abcnews.go.com/US/hollywood-actors-ceos-charged-nationwide-college-admissions-cheating/story?id=61627873. 
  232. ↑ 232.0 232.1 232.2 Goldstein, Dana; Healy, Jack (March 13, 2019). "Inside the Pricey, Totally Legal World of College Consultants". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/admissions-cheating-scandal-consultants.html. 
  233. ↑ Roy, Jessica (March 14, 2019). "A lingering question in the college admissions scandal: Why?". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-college-admissions-scandal-psychology-why-20190314-story.html. 
  234. ↑ 234.0 234.1 234.2 Harris, Adam (March 13, 2019). "One Way to Stop College-Admissions Insanity: Admit More Students". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/stop-college-admission-cheating-admit-more-students/584749/. 
  235. ↑ Leingang, Rachel (March 12, 2019). "Arizona State University gets dissed in college bribery scandal court documents". The Arizona Republic (Gannett). https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/03/12/asu-mentioned-university-bribery-scandal-court-documents-lori-loughlin/3141574002/. 
  236. ↑ 236.0 236.1 236.2 Goodkind, Nicole (March 22, 2019). "An End to Affirmative Action? Why the College Admissions Scandal Could Fulfill Critics' Wish to Scrap Race-Based Program". Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/2019/04/12/affirmative-action-college-admissions-statistics-scandal-1372652.html. 
  237. ↑ Kingkade, Tyler (April 26, 2019). "This Is Why Canadian Universities Don't Have College Admissions Scandals". HuffPost (Verizon Media). https://www.huffpost.com/entry/college-admissions-scam-inequality-university-canada_n_5cc16918e4b0ad77ff7fd4e8. 
  238. ↑ Wai, Jonathan; Brown, Matt; Chabris, Christopher (2019). "No one likes the SAT. It's still the fairest thing about admissions.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/no-one-likes-the-sat-its-still-the-fairest-thing-about-admissions/2019/03/22/5fa67a16-4c00-11e9-b79a-961983b7e0cd_story.html. 
  239. ↑ "Felicity Huffman & Lori Loughlin-Inspired 'College Admissions Scandal' Movie Gets First Trailer (Exclusive)". https://www.etonline.com/felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin-inspired-college-admissions-scandal-movie-gets-first-trailer-131852. 
  240. ↑ "A Dystopian High School Musical Foresaw The College Admissions Scandal" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2019/04/12/711931714/high-school-musical-explores-themes-from-the-college-admissions-scandal. 
  241. ↑ Cova, Spencer. "Local families affected by college scandal". https://granitebaytoday.org/local-families-affected-by-college-scandal/. 
  242. ↑ "Watch the Trailer for Lifetime's 'College Admissions Scandal'" (in en-US). https://www.etonline.com/felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin-inspired-college-admissions-scandal-movie-gets-first-trailer-131852. 
  243. ↑ Petski, Denise (2019-08-12). "'The College Admissions Scandal': Penelope Ann Miller & Mia Kirshner To Headline Lifetime Movie" (in en-US). https://deadline.com/2019/08/the-college-admissions-scandal-penelope-ann-miller-mia-kirshner-lifetime-movie-1202665555/. 
  244. ↑ "Gretchen Carlson on her college admissions scandal doc for Lifetime: 'I understand the immense anger'" (in en). https://ew.com/tv/2019/10/11/gretchen-carlson-college-admissions-doc-lifetime/. 
  245. ↑ "Admissions". 2021. https://www.amazon.com/Admission-Julie-Buxbaum-ebook/dp/B07ZC84CNJ. 
  246. ↑ What to Know About Netflix’s Operation Varsity Blues—and the College Admissions Scandal That Inspired It , Time (magazine)
  247. ↑ Park, Kelly. "Netflix's 'Operation Varsity Blues' Misses the Mark" (in en-US). http://www.uscannenbergmedia.com/2021/03/25/netflixs-operation-varsity-blues-misses-the-mark/. 
  248. ↑ https://www.caseyandcaroline.com/barsofivy
  249. ↑ Sherron de Hart, Jane (2018). Ruth Bader Ginsburg: A Life (2020 1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 73–77. ISBN 9781984897831. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg/u5DyDwAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PA73&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved December 20, 2020. 

External links




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:2019_college_admissions_bribery_scandal&oldid=2499981"