Engineering:Aftermarket exhaust parts

Aftermarket exhaust parts are intended to replace the factory fitted exhaust components of a car, motorcycle, or other motor vehicle in order to improve the performance, visual appeal, or sound of the vehicle. Generally, performance enhancements are achieved by reducing the back pressure of the factory exhaust system. Frequently a side effect of a free-flowing exhaust system is either a "different" sound, a higher noise level, or both, which is desirable to some people. Aftermarket exhaust parts can also be a styling upgrade by changes to the visible parts of the exhaust like the exhaust tips. The intent of an aftermarket component is not necessarily to modify the appearance, sound, or performance of the vehicle in question. While that is almost always the goal if the aftermarket component is replacing a fully working component, it is frequently the case that when the stock or factory component has worn out that an aftermarket component is either more widely available or less expensive than a factory or OEM replacement.

Common aftermarket exhaust parts

Headers

Headers on a 440 Max Wedge

Switching from an exhaust manifold to exhaust headers (also known as extractors in Australia) will optimize the exhaust gas flow speed and in turn increase the high-end power of the engine. This is done by using an individual pipe for each exhaust port that has smoother bends with a larger turn radius, decreasing airflow resistance, as well as a calculated pipe diameter to obtain a good scavenging effect for the specific engine capacity. The pipes then merge into a collector and then flow into a larger pipe (down pipe), just before the catalytic converter. With equal length headers, as each exhaust valve in the head of the engine is opened and exhaust gas is forced out, it passes down one of the header pipes and through to the down pipe, where the exhaust gas velocity causes a slight vacuum in another header pipe. This has an effect of scavenging exhaust gas from the cylinder, which is beneficial for performance. In performance engines, which have cam overlap, the scavenging effect will pull air through from the intake manifold as well, further increasing performance. The length of exhaust headers can be tuned to perform best at specific RPM ranges. Stock exhaust manifolds are usually made of cast iron and can be restrictive. Headers may or may not increase the dB level of the exhaust, depending on the original exhaust manifold it replaces and the engine. However, the pipes do "ring" with the exhaust pulses and increase underhood noise. Headers can be ceramic coated to reduce the heat radiated in the engine compartment, and to increase the temperature of the pipes which increases the velocity of the exhaust gases.

Terminology:

• 4-2-1 Headers where 4 pipes merge into 2 which merge into 1 (tri y's). There are different opinions as to which cylinders in the firing order should be paired for best effect. In a V8 the pairing tends to join cylinders with similar firing intervals, and this will differ between left and right cylinder banks.
• 4-1 Headers where 4 pipes merge directly into 1
• Shorty Headers where the total length of the header is shorter, with the collector closer to the engine
• Equal Length Headers where each exhaust pipe is the same length from the exhaust port to the collector cup

Catalytic converters

Catalytic converters are necessary to reduce emissions but create back pressure due to the exhaust gases being forced through a catalyst, and therefore decrease high-end engine power. Many modern catalytic converters only produce 1-3 psi of back pressure, though this restriction worsens further with use. Hi-flow catalytic converters can replace the standard units in order to provide lower backpressure. Installing aftermarket catalytic converters is restricted by law in some countries,[1] with bolt-on straight 'test pipes' available to test whether a clogged catalytic converter is causing problems, which can be easily swapped out for on-road use or scheduled emissions testing. Hollowing out a catalytic converter is unlikely to give power gains unless a pipe is placed through the converter to give a clear path for exhaust gasses.

Mid-pipe

The section of tubing between the catalytic converter(s) and the rear muffler on cars that have two parallel exhaust pipes. Performance mid-pipes often have a perpendicular connecting pipe or the pipes temporarily merge. This is to equalize the pressure in both exhaust pipes.

• H-Style Pipe where there is a perpendicular connecting pipe, resembling the letter H
• X-Style Pipe or X-Pipe where the exhaust pipes temporarily merge, resembling the letter X

Thermal Insulation

Coloured ceramic insulatory coating thermally sprayed onto exhaust component

Exhausts emit a large amount of heat into the engine bay, which can have a negative effect on engine performance by raising the underhood temperatures. As a result, high temperature insulation is used, more commonly known as heat barriers, for exhaust heat management. Thermal barrier ceramic-coatings are specifically designed to reduce heat loss from engine exhaust system components including exhaust manifolds, turbocharger casings, exhaust headers, downpipes and tailpipes. When used under-bonnet, these have the positive effect of reducing engine bay temperatures, therefore lessening the intake temperature. As well as providing thermal protection, these coatings are also used to prevent physical degradation of the composite due to frictional processes. This is possible because when applied, the ceramic material bonds with the composite (instead of merely sticking on the surface with paint), therefore forming a tough coating that doesn't chip or flake easily.

Glasspacks

Glasspacks (commonly called cannons or hotdogs) employ two tubes, an inner perforated one, and an outer solid one. Between these tubes, there is sound insulation. These mufflers decrease back pressure, but are relatively ineffective at reducing sound levels. Glasspacks can be used to give the engine a deeper "throaty" sound. The name of the glasspack mufflers is quite often associated with the name of CherryBomb, as this company has been making glasspack mufflers for over 50 years. In the 1960s, these mufflers were often installed on American muscle cars. The construction of these mufflers is very straightforward, as it's simple enough to consist of two tubes of different diameter. Apart from the sound insulation between these tubes, glasspack mufflers do not feature any other sound deadening elements or resonators. With time, pitch of glasspack mufflers changes and the sound becomes louder under the influence of temperatures.

Chambered Mufflers

Mufflers are a series of concentric or eccentric pipes inside the expansion chamber cavity. These pipes allow sound to travel into them and cause the sound waves to bounce off the closed, flat, ends of the pipe. This reverses the direction of the sound waves making them collide with oncoming sound waves and cancel each other out. This design is usually very free-flowing but does not offer as much sound reduction as a muffler.

Resonators

Resonators are sections of exhaust pipe that expand to a larger diameter and allow the sound waves to reflect off the walls and cancel out. Resonators are mostly used to reduce raspiness and popping. They do not produce much back pressure.

Many North-American cars (and possibly cars in other parts of the world) made since the early to mid-1990s can have up to 3 distinct (but similar looking) exhaust components downstream from the catalytic converter(s). Each of these components may be called resonators or mufflers. Usually only the last component is the actual muffler, and the other components are the resonators.

Stock mufflers

Stock exhaust muffler of a car

Stock mufflers typically bounce sound waves off of the back, front, and sides to cancel out sound. They also increase back pressure, but are very effective at reducing the sound levels.

Exhaust piping

The piping that connects all of the individual components of the exhaust system is called the exhaust pipe. Contrary to popular belief, the larger diameter exhaust pipe is not always better. If the pipe is too large, the scavenging effect will suffer at low rpm, resulting in loss of torque and driveability. Running a pipe that is too large may also decrease a car's ground clearance, increasing the risk of the exhaust being damaged when the car moves over an uneven surface.

Construction

While it was common for the stock or factory automotive exhaust system to be made from ordinary (and sometimes "aluminized") steel, some manufacturers (such as Chrysler) have been using stainless steel for the entire exhaust system (pipes, mufflers, resonators) since the mid to late 1990s. The use of stainless steel has made it possible for the exhaust system to last for practically the entire life of an automobile. This is a considerable improvement given that in some locations (such as the North-American rust-belt) it was quite common for ordinary steel exhaust components to fail after 3 years of service.

Performance

Free-flowing exhaust systems may maximize peak horsepower by reducing or eliminating back pressure; this is typically accomplished by making the path as straight as possible, using a consistent diameter throughout the system and eliminating obstacles such as catalytic converters and pre-catalytic converters or by replacing the muffler with a less restrictive (and usually louder) one. Despite the potential for increased performance by eliminating catalytic converters and other emissions control hardware, doing so will often render the vehicle illegal for street use in many jurisdictions. Other aftermarket modifications that bypass the catalytic converters and/or mufflers, such as electric or cable activated exhaust cutouts—which open and reroute the exhaust flow to bypass restrictions in the system—can similarly increase performance, though would likely be illegal in areas where tampering with emissions devices is prohibited, particularly when placed in front of the catalytic converters.

Advantages

• An increase in peak engine horsepower can be achieved.
• Gas mileage can be increased in a well designed aftermarket system.
• Aftermarket parts can be cost effective replacements for stock parts when OEM parts are not readily available (or are more expensive).
• Aftermarket parts are often available in longer lasting stainless steel, whereas many OEM exhaust components are made from mild steel and have a limited lifespan.

Disadvantages

• Removing or bypassing a catalytic converter will violate emissions laws.
• A noticeable increase in noxious fumes may result (particularly when the catalytic converter is removed or bypassed, and/or when exhaust outlets are rerouted to the side of the car as with side-exit exhausts).
• Engine sound may be more noticeable to both driver and pedestrians, resulting in increased noise pollution.
• Pronounced exhaust sound "droning" inside passenger compartment at steady-state cruising or highway driving.
• Some modifications can void factory warranties.

See also

• Expansion chamber
• Exhaust system
• Tuned exhaust
• British Leyland Motor Corp v Armstrong Patents Co - litigation involving right to supply aftermarket exhaust systems

External links

• The inside of a stock muffler.
• Article discussing the validity of manufacturer's warranties with installation of an aftermarket exhaust in Europe.