Biology:Phenotypic switching
Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies. David R. Soll described two such systems: the first high frequency switching system between several morphological stages and a second high frequency switching system between opaque and white cells. The latter is an epigenetic switching system[1][2]
Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is often used to refer to the epigenetic white-to-opaque switching system. C. albicans needs this switch for sexual mating.[3] Next to the two above mentioned switching systems many other switching systems are known in C. albicans.[4]
A second example occurs in melanoma, where malignantly transformed pigment cells switch back-and-forth between phenotypes of proliferation and invasion in response to changing microenvironments, driving metastatic progression.[5][6][7]
See also
References
- ↑ Zordan, R. E.; Galgoczy, D. J.; Johnson, A. D. (2006). "Epigenetic properties of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans are based on a self-sustaining transcriptional feedback loop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (34): 12807–12812. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605138103. PMID 16899543.
- ↑ Slutsky, B; Buffo, J; Soll, D. R. (1985). "High-frequency switching of colony morphology in Candida albicans". Science 230 (4726): 666–9. doi:10.1126/science.3901258. PMID 3901258. Bibcode: 1985Sci...230..666S.
- ↑ "Opaque-white phenotype transition: a programmed morphological transition in Candida albicans". J. Bacteriol. 170 (2): 895–899. 1988. doi:10.1128/jb.170.2.895-899.1988. PMID 2828333.
- ↑ "The role of phenotypic switching in the basic biology and pathogenesis of Candida albicans". J Oral Microbiol. 6 (2): 895–9. 2014. doi:10.3402/jom.v6.22993. PMID 24455104.
- ↑ "In vivo switching of human melanoma cells between proliferative and invasive states". Cancer Res. 68 (3): 650–6. 2008. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2491. PMID 18245463. http://www.zora.uzh.ch/13926/1/Hoek_2007_CC.pdf.
- ↑ "Cancer stem cells versus phenotype-switching in melanoma". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 23 (6): 746–59. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00757.x. PMID 20726948.
- ↑ "Directed phenotype switching as an effective antimelanoma strategy". Cancer Cell 24 (1): 105–19. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.009. PMID 23792190.
External links
- "Are Hox genes responsible for the phenotypic switching and zonation of the adult adrenal cortex?". Endocrine Abstracts 2: 52. December 2001. http://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0002/ea0002p52.htm.
- "It infects me, it infects me not: phenotypic switching in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans". J. Clin. Invest. 108 (11): 1577–8. December 2001. doi:10.1172/JCI14497. PMID 11733551.
- "Control of white-opaque phenotypic switching in Candida albicans by the Efg1p morphogenetic regulator". Infect. Immun. 67 (9): 4655–60. 1 September 1999. doi:10.1128/IAI.67.9.4655-4660.1999. PMID 10456912.
- "Repeated phenotypic switching of HIV-1 in AIDS patients sampled regularly over 2 years.". Washington, DC. January 22–26, 1997. http://www.aegis.com/conferences/croi/1997/450.html. Retrieved 2005-11-23.
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