Biology:Helenium amarum

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Short description: Species of flowering plant

Helenium amarum
Helenium amarum1.jpg

Secure (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Helenium
Species:
H. amarum
Binomial name
Helenium amarum
(Raf.) H.Rock
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Gaillardia amara Raf.
  • Galardia amara Raf.
  • Helenium badium (A.Gray ex S.Watson) Greene

Helenium amarum is a species of annual herb in the daisy family known by the common names yellowdicks, yellow sneezeweed, fiveleaf sneezeweed, and bitter sneezeweed. It is native to much of the south-central United States (Texas , Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, New Mexico)[4] and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila),[5] and it is present elsewhere in North America, Australia, and the West Indies as an introduced species.[4][6][7][8]

Helenium amarum is a multibranched bushy erect plant reaching 20 to 70 centimeters (8-28 inches) in height and thickly foliated in narrow to threadlike leaves. The tops of stem branches hold inflorescences of many daisy-like flower heads. Each head has a rounded center of sometimes as many as 250 golden yellow disc florets and a fringe of 8-10 usually lighter yellow ray florets which are reflexed away from the center. The fruit is a tiny achene about a millimeter long. This herb is weedy in some areas.[5]

The plant is somewhat toxic to mammals[9] and insects[10] due to the presence of the lactone tenulin.

Varieties[2][5]
  • Helenium amarum var. amarum - United States
  • Helenium amarum var. badium Waterf. - Oklahoma, Texas , Chihuahua, Coahuila

References

  1. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.145025/Helenium_amarum. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Helenium amarum". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew). http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Helenium+amarum. 
  3. ↑ "Gaillardia amara", Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden, http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50132443?projectid=0 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Helenium amarum", County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA) (Biota of North America Program (BONAP)), 2014, http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helenium%20amarum.png 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bierner, Mark W. (2006), "Helenium amarum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 21, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id= 
  6. ↑ Turner, B. L. 2013. The comps of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae (chapter 11: tribe Helenieae). Phytologia Memoirs 16: 1–100.
  7. ↑ Tropicos, specimen listing for Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock
  8. ↑ Queensland Government, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bitter weed (Helenium amarum)
  9. ↑ Ivie, G. W., et al. (1975). Toxicity and milk bittering properties of tenulin, the major sesquiterpene lactone constituent of Helenium amarum (bitter sneezeweed). J Agric Food Chem 23:5 845-9.
  10. ↑ Arnason, J. T., et al. (1987). Mode of action of the sesquiterpene lactone, tenulin, from Helenium amarum against herbivorous insects. J Nat Prod 50:4 690-5.

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q5703935 entry




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