Religion:Verse of Mawadda
The Verse of Mawadda (Arabic: آية الْمَوَدَّة, lit. the verse of affection – lit. the verse of love) refers to verse 42:23 of the Quran, the interpretation of which is disputed. This verse is often cited in Shia sources to support the elevated status of the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, known as the Ahl al-Bayt.[1] Most Sunni authors reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives.[2] The Verse of Mawadda includes the passage
[O Mohammad!] Say, "I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk."[2]
Shia view
The word "kinsfolk" (al-qurba) in this verse is interpreted in Shia exegeses as Muhammad's kin, the Ahl al-Bayt.[3] Ibn Ishaq similarly narrates that the prophet specified al-qurba as his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.[4] Quoted by Madelung, Hasan referred to the Verse of Mawadda in his inaugural speech as the caliph after the assassination of his father in 661:
I am of the family of the prophet [Ahl al-Bayt] from whom God has removed filth and whom He has purified, whose love He has made obligatory in His Book [Quran] when He said: "Whosoever performs a good act, We shall increase the good in it." Performing a good act is love for us, the family of the prophet.[5]
The quote above contains the last sentence of the Verse of Mawadda.[6] The Isma'ili jurist al-Qadi al-Nu'man (d. 974) writes that the Sunni Hasan al-Basri (d. 728) had once reported on the authority of Ibn Abbas (d. c. 687) that Muhammad considered Ali, Fatima, and their sons as the al-qurba. Al-Basri later changed his mind, saying that this verse means gaining proximity to God through obedience to him. This and other prevalent Sunni interpretations of the Verse of Mawadda are challenged in a theological argument attributed to the Shia Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 732), who also labeled al-Basri a "misconstruer of God's words" (al-muharrif li kalam Allah).[7]
In Twelver Shia, this love also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric guidance.[8][3] This obedience is believed to benefit the faithful first and foremost, citing the following passage of verse 34:47,[4] which contains the passage, "Say, 'I ask not of you any reward; that shall be yours (fa-huwa la-kum).'"[9]
Sunni view
Some Sunni commentators agree with the Shia view, including Baydawi, Razi,[10] and Ibn Maghazili.[4] Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives.[2] The view preferred by al-Tabari (d. 923) is that the Verse of Mawadda instructs Muslims to love the prophet because of their blood relations to him.[1][11] Madelung rejects this view because the Verse of Mawadda was likely revealed in Medina, where many Muslims did not have family ties with Muhammad. Instead, Madelung suggests that the Verse of Mawadda demands love towards relatives in general, saying that the wording does not agree with the Shia interpretation.[1] This is what al-Tabari writes, arguing that the verse should have ended with mawaddat al-qurba for the Shia interpretation to hold. Alternatively, Ibn Ajiba (d. 1809) suggests that the present ending (mawaddat fi al-qurba) creates a more emphatic injunction to love Muhammad's kin.[2]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Madelung 1997, p. 13.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nasr et al. 2015, p. 2691.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lalani 2000, p. 66.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mavani 2013, pp. 41, 60.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, pp. 311-2.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, p. 312.
- ↑ Lalani 2000, pp. 66-7.
- ↑ Mavani 2013, p. 41.
- ↑ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 2361.
- ↑ Momen 1985, p. 152.
- ↑ Gril 2003, p. 236.
Sources
- The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780521646963. https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made.
- Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M. et al., eds (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062227621. https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up.
- Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1860644344.
- Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 9781135044732. https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/2up.
- An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. 1985. ISBN 9780300034998.
- McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed (2003). "Love and Affection". Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān. 3. Brill. pp. 233–7. ISBN 9789004123557. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaKURAN_vol3/mode/.
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