Biography:Alekso Martulkov

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Alekso Martulkov
Алексо Мартулков
Алексо Мартулков.jpg
Born23 October 1878
Veles, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia)
Died19 December 1962 (aged 84)
Sofia, People's Republic of Bulgaria
Other names"Bismarck"[1]
Years active1898 - 1953
OrganizationIMRO , IMRO (United)
Notable work
My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia
MovementThe Macedonian Struggle
Parents
  • Onche Martulkov (father)
  • Sava Martulkova (mother)
RelativesPetar Martulkov (Brother), Boge Martulkov (Grandfather),
HonoursBulgarian "Medal of Merit" (Bronze)

Yugoslavian "Medal of Merit for the People"

Macedonian "Ilinden Memoirs"

Aleksandar Martulkov (Macedonian: Александар „Алексо“ Мартулков, Bulgarian: Александър „Алексо“ Мартулков; 23 October 1878 — 19 December 1962) was a revolutionary and publicist from the region of Macedonia.[2] He was a member of the Macedonian-Adrianople Social Democratic Group, part of Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party,[3][4] and later of IMRO (United).[5] He advocated for the independence of Macedonia.[6][7] Martulkov was also a member of the Bulgarian Parliament, as well as the Presidium of ASNOM and the Assembly of SR Macedonia.[8] He is considered a Macedonian in North Macedonia and a Bulgarian in Bulgaria.

Early life

Martulkov was born on 23 October 1878 in Veles, then in the Ottoman Empire.[9] His family was in poverty, his father Onche Martulkov was a baker.[10] He studied in his hometown and later in the Bulgarian Pedagogical School in Skopje. Due to losing his parents at the age of eight,[11] he would develop a revolutionary and anti-monarchist ideology, which led him to participate in a student anarchist circle.[12] Thus, he was expelled from the Pedagogical School because of a student's riot. During this time he stayed at his grandparents house.[13] Subsequently Martulkov left for Sofia, where he began to develop socialist ideas as a member of the Macedonian-Adrianople Social Democratic Group.[9][14] Later he moved to Geneva, Switzerland , where he studied chemistry but due to the lack of money he returned to Sofia after one year.[15] Afterwards Martulkov returned to Ottoman Macedonia where he joined the IMARO. He worked in Veles and Kumanovo and helped wounded revolutionaries during the llinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.[16][17] Afterwards, he was a teacher in the Bulgarian school in his hometown.[18][19] During this period he and other socialist revolutionaries joined the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)[20]

During The Balkan Wars and World War I

During the Balkan Wars, he and other former IMARO revolutionaries, such as Petar Poparsov and Rizo Rizov, met with Dimitrija Čupovski, who proposed that a delegation be sent to the London Conference, which would demand autonomy for Macedonia.[21] On the eve of the Second Balkan War in 1913, he was sent by Todor Aleksandrov on a reconnaissance mission in the area of Macedonia controlled by Serbia.[22]

In 1914, he fled to Sofia to avoid being drafted by the Serbian authorities.[23][24] He participated in IMARO's committee of deserters, which was organized by recruitment buildings in Veles and Skopje,[25] its main task was to help people from Macedonia leave the Serbian Army and join the Bulgarian Army instead.[26] Its been documented that he helped around 1.500 deserts.[25] While mobilizing around 2.500 from the Veles regiment[25] and the Kocani regiment with 2.400.[25] Later during the First World War, he was awarded with a Bulgarian bronze medal.[27] Around this time he also participated in the Veles Brotherhood in Sofia.[28]

After World War I

During the mid 1920s, he became a member of IMRO (United).[29][30][31] In 1931, together with Hristo Traikov, he was threatened with physical violence by Ivan Mihailov's IMRO faction, because he spread communist ideas among the Macedonian emigration in Bulgaria. Hristo Traikov was killed by activists of Ivan Mihailov's wing, and Martulkov escaped with injuries.[32][33][34][35][36]

In June 14 1932 in Sofia Martulkov published the first article of the newspaper "Makedonsko Zname" which was an organ of the immigrants from Macedonia in Bulgaria,[37] but still did not accept the Comintern's position on the existence of a separate Macedonian nation.[38][39] At that time, he was one of the 32 people's representatives of the Bulgarian Communist Party in the Bulgarian Parliament. In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in Sofia, while being a deputy in the Bulgarian parliament.[40] and tried along with other members of the IMRO (United). He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and was ordered to pay a fine because of his pro-Macedonian national views.[41]

The Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria, recognizing a separate Macedonian people and asking for Pirin Macedonia to be united into a Macedonian state within Yugoslavia.[42][43] One of the signatories is Aleksandar Martulkov.[44]

During and after World War II

After the Bulgarian coup d'état in September 1944, he signed the Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria along with other prominent revolutionaries, such as Pavel Shatev, Tushe Deliivanov, Petar Shandanov, Mihail Gerdzhikov and others, which agitated for a Macedonian state within Yugoslavia and accepted the Comintern's position on the Macedonian nation.[45] After the Second World War, he moved to the PR Macedonia, where he participated in ASNOM.[46] He would be elected as a honorary member in The Association of Macedonian Journalists.[47] He retired in Skopje.

Due to his contributions to Yugoslavia, he was awarded the Yugoslav Medal of Merit for the People.[48] As an Ilinden Uprising veteran, he was awarded the Macedonian medal of Ilinden Memoirs in 1951.[48]

In 1945, Martulkov met with Georgi Dimitrov in Sofia and expressed his concern about the perceived anti-Bulgarian and pro-Serbian policies of the Communist Party of Macedonia, which he believed showed dangerous deviations in the party line.[49][50] Later Martulkov, as many of the older left-wing IMRO government officials,[51] was removed from his high position, and then isolated.[52] At the end of his life, disappointed with the policy of the new authorities in Yugoslavia,[53] Martulkov returned to Sofia, where he died on 19 December 1962.[54][55][56]

Alekso Martulkov during the writing of "My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia"[57]

Memoirs

In 1954, Martulkov published his memoirs in Skopje. He writes about the Macedonian revolutionary struggle, about the fight against the Ottoman Empire and the various national propagandas spread by neighboring states during the Macedonian Struggle. He also talks about the factionalism in the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization itself. In his book he tells stories about his time migrating from Veles to Bulgaria.[58] He also told stories about how he met Pavel Shatev and other boatmen of Thessaloniki, how he helped organizing the Ilinden Uprising in the Veles and Kumanovo regions under the Skopje revolutionary district

Legacy

Alekso Martulkov is mostly celebrated by locals in Veles.[citation needed] Two streets in Skopje are named after him.[59]

In Bulgaria, Alekso Martulkovs body is buried in a local burial in Sofia[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ Nikolov, Boris (1999). VMORO: pseudonyms and ciphers 1893-1934. Sofia. pp. 16. 
  2. ↑ Pavlovski, Jovan (2006). Ми-Анова енциклопедија. Skopje. pp. 1043. 
  3. ↑ Apostolski, Mihailo (1969). From the Past of The Macedonian People. Skopje. pp. 194. 
  4. ↑ Oružane borbe makedonskog naroda od VI do XX veka. Belgrad: Vojnoistorijski institut. 1975. pp. 207. 
  5. ↑ Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali (2nd ed.). 1992. pp. 356. 
  6. ↑ Nadoveza, Branko (1997). Balkanski socliajalisti i balkanska federacija. pp. 154. 
  7. ↑ Rabotnicheskata partii︠a︡ v Bŭlgarii︠a︡, 1927-1938 g. Sofia. 1966. pp. 580. https://books.google.com/books?id=q6E5AQAAIAAJ&dq=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&pg=PA580. 
  8. ↑ Dokumenti. 1st. 1984. pp. 131. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gerdzhikov, Mikhail (1984). Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art. Sofia. pp. 407. 
  10. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1954). My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia. Skopje. pp. 9. 
  11. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1954). My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia. Skopje. pp. 10. "on a brochure to be able to become a socialist. But I was in a family and an orphaned child at the age of eight. The difficult living conditions in the then political and social situation in our country contributed to these tension" 
  12. ↑ Петър Манджуков, Предвестници на бурята, Федерация на анархистите в България, София, 2013, стр. 67.
  13. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1954). My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggle in Macedonia. Skopje. pp. 318-319. 
  14. ↑ Istorijski arhiv Komunistic̆ke partije Jugoslavije. Serbia. 1950. pp. 224. 
  15. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1954). My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia. Skopje. pp. 36. 
  16. ↑ Stojcev, Vance (2004). Military History of Macedonia. 1. Skopje. pp. 490. ISBN 9789989134050. https://books.google.com/books?id=46NtAAAAMAAJ&q=alekso+martulkov. 
  17. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. pp. 79. http://bp3.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K-l_HUIxI/AAAAAAAAA9I/lLnJvZKXXnM/s1600-h/scan0012.jpg. 
  18. ↑ Петрова, Е. Документи за Д.Груев, М.Герджиков, В.Пасков и П.Мартулков като учители в Македония.- Военноисторически сборник, 1990, No 6, стр. 85-99.
  19. ↑ My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia. Skopje. 1954. pp. 311. 
  20. ↑ (in Slovenian) iz Preteklosti Makedonskega Ljudstva. Radio-televizija. 1969. pp. 174. 
  21. ↑ Енциклопедија Македоника. Skopje. 2009. pp. 924. 
  22. ↑ Симеон Радев, Това, което видях от Балканската война. Народна култура, София, 1993, Съставителство, предговор и приложения от Траян Радев, Бележки към предговора.
  23. ↑ Katarchiev, Ivan (2000). Историја на македонскиот народ. Skopje. pp. 88. 
  24. ↑ Godishnik na Sofiĭskii͡a universitet Istoricheski fakultet. Sofia. 1981. pp. 155. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Stojcev, Vance (2004). Military History of Macedonia. pp. 490. ISBN 9989134057. 
  26. ↑ Гоцев, Димитър. Национално-освободителната борба в Македония 1912 - 1915, Издателство на БАН, София, 1981, стр. 136 - 137, 151 - 153.
  27. ↑ ДВИА, ф. 40, оп. 1, а.е. 335, л. 108
  28. ↑ Macedonian Review. Kulturen Zhivot. 1989. pp. 33. 
  29. ↑ Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali (2nd ed.). 1992. pp. 356. 
  30. ↑ Garvanski, Net︠s︡o (1974). Ne vsichko mozhe da se zabravi. Sofia. pp. 142. 
  31. ↑ International Press Correspondence. 15. 1935. pp. 1149. 
  32. ↑ Delev, Ivan (1974). Svetli pŭtishta. Bulgaria. pp. 67. 
  33. ↑ Todorova, Liljana (2002). Влогот на книжевната комуникација. Skopje. pp. 235. 
  34. ↑ Vlahov, Dimitar (1950). Makedonija: momenti od istorijata na makedonskiot narod. Skopje. pp. 217. 
  35. ↑ Историја на македонскиот народ. Skopje. 1969. pp. 220. 
  36. ↑ Mokrov, Boro (1980). Razvojot na makedonskiot pečat i novinarstvo. Skopje. pp. 333. 
  37. ↑ "Special Events in Bulgarian History (June 14)" (in Bulgarian). http://focus-news.net/news/2022/06/14/2950852/denyat-14-yuni-v-balgarskata-istoriya.html. 
  38. ↑ Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944), том ІІ Документи, Главно управление на архивите при Министерския съвет, Архивите говорят №37, София, 2005, стр. 1197.
  39. ↑ Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.
  40. ↑ International Press Correspondence. 1935. pp. 1149. 
  41. ↑ Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.
  42. ↑ "Апел до Македонците во Бугарија - 1944 — Wikibooks" (in mk). https://mk.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_1944. 
  43. ↑ V., Andreev (1999). Chronicle of a National Betrayal. Blagoevgrad. pp. 13–15. 
  44. ↑ БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917-1946). Sofia. 1999. pp. 1122. ISBN 9789549800043. https://books.google.com/books?id=BkhtAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2. 
  45. ↑ Dinev, Angel (1983). Odbrani dela vo tri knigi. Skopje. pp. 333–337. 
  46. ↑ Dokumenti od prvoto i vtoroto zasedanie na ASNOM. Skopje. 1984. pp. 485. 
  47. ↑ Avramović, Miodrag (1971) (in Serbo-Croatian). Srebrni jubilej SNJ 1945-1970: Glavni i odgovorni urednik. Savez novinara Jugoslavije. pp. 99. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Aleksandar (Alekso) Martulkov". http://www.mn.mk/makedonski-legendi/7236-Aleksandar-Alekso-Martulkov. 
  49. ↑ Добрин Мичев, Македонският въпрос и българо-югославските отношения: 9 септември 1944-1949; Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", 1994; ISBN:9540701821, стр. 85.
  50. ↑ Дневник на Георги Димитров: (9 март 1933-6 февруари 1949), ред. Димитър Сирков; Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", 1997; ISBN:954071172X, стр. 513.
  51. ↑ Ivo Banac, With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism, Cornell University Press, 1988, ISBN:0801421861, p. 203.
  52. ↑ According to Vasil Ivanovski, the disdainful attitude towards the personnel who was inconvenient for the Macedonian Communist Party included also Martulkov, who was retired and put into the State archive, and thus was removed from the Presidium of ASNOM. For the contemporary elections, the authorities included him in the list, but only on not electable place, but not as the leader of the list. At the same time, according to Pavel Shatev, he was persecuted and isolated, and Martulkov was in the same situation. For more see: Веселин Ангелов, Македонската кървава Коледа: Създаване и утвърждаване на Вардарска Македония като република в Югославската федерация (1943 - 1946); Галик, 2003, ISBN:9548008777, pp. 180, 183, 233.
  53. ↑ Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944), том ІІ Документи, Главно управление на архивите при Министерския съвет, Архивите говорят №37, София, 2005, стр. 1197.
  54. ↑ Луиза Ревякина, Коминтернът и България: (март 1919 - септември 1944 г.) Архивите говорят. Том 2: март 1919 - септември 1944 г, Главно управление на архивите при министерския съвет на Република България, 2005, ISBN:9549800474, стр. 1197.
  55. ↑ Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. ISBN:9789544961022 с. 283.
  56. ↑ Македонска енциклопедија, том II. Скопје, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, 2009. ISBN:978-608-203-024-1 с. 924.
  57. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1954). My Participation on The Macedonian Revolutionary Battle. Skopje. pp. 2–3. 
  58. ↑ Martulkov, Alekso (1953) (in Macedonian). My Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia. Skopje. pp. 106–107. ""After these consultations, I parted with my friends and with Flower of Christ we left for Veles and from there to Bulgaria. Along the way to Bulgaria, we stopped longer time in Kratovsko. We had a meeting with Athanasius The grandmother in the village Stubol, and then in the village. Muddy with Jorda of Spasov"" 
  59. ↑ "Streets called "Aleksandar Martulkov"". https://www.google.com/maps/search/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2/@42.0048592,21.3630218,17z/data=!3m1!4b1. 

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