Biology:Iris milesii
Iris milesii | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Iridaceae |
Genus: | Iris |
Subgenus: | Iris subg. Limniris |
Section: | Iris sect. Lophiris |
Species: | I. milesii
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Binomial name | |
Iris milesii Foster
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Synonyms[1] | |
None known |
Iris milesii (also known as the red flower iris) is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris (crested irises). It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China . It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest (or ridge). It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Description
It is similar in form to Iris tectorum (another crested iris).[2][3]
It has a short, thick, fleshy, greenish rhizomes,[4][5][6] which are 1–1.5 cm in diameter,[7] they are larger than other crested irises.[8] Underneath the rhizomes, are fleshy roots.[2][9][10] The rhizome is marked on top, with marks or scars of previous seasons leaves.[2][9][10] The rhizome produces lateral (non-flowering) shoots, these later become new growth points for the next season.[2][9][10] During the winter months, it goes dormant, the leaves die, leaving the rhizome bare on the soil surface.[11][12]
It has around 8,[2] basal leaves,[9][10][8] which are slightly glaucous,[2][11][13] yellowish green,[2][14] or greyish green,[7] or pale green.[13][15][16] They are sword-shaped,[7][16] they can grow up to between 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long and 2.5–7 cm (1–3 in) wide.[10][17] The leaves are visibly ribbed,[2][18][14] and change in size along the stem.[2][8][13] They die away in the autumn,[3][11] to re-appear in the summer.[17]
It has slender,[12][5] stems that can grow up to between 30–90 cm (12–35 in) tall.[16][19][20] It has 2–4,[2][7] branches,[15][16][19] which are 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long.[7]
Iris milesii and Iris wattii are by far the tallest species of the crested irises group.[21]
The stems have several spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 2.5–3.8 cm (1–1 in) long,[7][13] and 2–2.5 cm (1–1 in) wide.[7]
The stems (and the branches) hold between 3 and 4 flowers,[7] in early summer,[4][12] between April and May,[7][11] or May to July.[2][9] They are short lived, but a continuous display can carry on for many weeks,[8][5] 8 to 10 weeks.[11]
The flowers are 6–10 cm (2–4 in) in diameter,[6][13][16] they are smaller than Iris japonica,[12] and Iris tectorum.[3][11] The flowers come in shades of pinkish-violet,[2][9] or pinkish purple,[3][13][22] or pinkish lilac,[4][13][23] pinkish-lavender,[18][16] or pale mauve.[6][19]
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[8] The falls are reflexed,[4][23] obovate,[7] 3 cm long,[4] with a blade marked with dark purple, violet or lilac, lines, spots or mottled (streaks or blotches),[16][19][20] it has a finely fringed,[18] or toothed,[4] orange,[7][14][16] or white,[18][8] or yellow crest (or ridge).[5][13][20] The standards are narrowly obovate, 4–5 cm (2–2 in) long.[7][13] They are self-fertile.[2]
It has articulated pedicels, that are 2.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long.[7][13]
It has a small perianth tube, 1–1.5 cm long,[7][13] 2.5 cm long stamen, milky white anthers, 3 cm cylindric ovary.[7]
It has reddish purple, or lilac style branches, which are 3 cm long with deeply fringed (fimbriated) edges.[7][13]
After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid-globose,[7] or ovoid-cylindrical seed capsule,[2][9] between June and August.[7]
It is 2.8–3.3 cm (1–1 in) cm long,[9] with veining.[7] Inside the capsule, are pyriform (pear shaped) black brown seeds,[2][7] with a white aril.[7]
Biochemistry
In May 1984, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris milesii, to ascertain their chemical constituency. Several isoflavones (chemical compounds) were found.[11][24]
In December 1884, a further study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris milesii and Iris kemaonensis (under old spelling 'kumaonensis'). It found several isoflavones in both rhizomes.[25]
Tetrahydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone (C16H12O7) can be found naturally within the iris,[26] rhizomes.[27]
Genetics
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8] It has been counted several times, 2n=26, Simonet, 1932 and 2n=26, Chimphamba, 1973.[10] It is normally published as 2n=26.[11][18][20]
Taxonomy
It has the common names of red-flower iris,[9][22][28] and waterbird iris (in Australia ).[23][29]
It is written as 红花鸢尾 in Chinese script,[7] and known as hong hua yuan wei in Pidgin in China.[7][28]
The Latin specific epithet milesii refers to Mr Frank Miles, who introduced it into cultivation in about 1880.[3][8][13][15] These plants were grown from seeds collected by his cousin in the Kulu district to the north of Simla.[3][8][13]
It was first published and described by Michael Foster in Gardeners' Chronicle Volume 20 page 231 in 1883.[7][30] John Gilbert Baker also described the iris in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Volume 112, tab.6889 in 1886.[13][28]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004.[28]
Iris milesii is an accepted name by the RHS.[16]
Distribution and habitat
Iris milesii is native to temperate and tropical regions of Asia,[21][29][30]
Range
It is found in temperate Asia, within the Chinese provinces,[12][30] of Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.[7][11][28]
It is also found in tropical Asia, within the States and union territories of India, in Himachal Pradesh,[18] Uttar Pradesh,[17] Jammu and Kashmir.[11][17][28]
It is also thought to be found in Tibet.[30]
Habitat
It grows in the conifer forest margins of hillsides,[11][17][19] in meadows,[11] in open groves (and clearings),[19] and wet valleys.[7][18]
They can be found at an altitude of 1,500–2,700 m (4,900–8,900 ft) above sea level.[11][17]
Conservation
They are 'abundant' in the wild.[18]
Cultivation
Iris milesii is very hardy,[5][13][15] to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 8,[22] or Zone 10.[29] It is not hardy in the North Carolina climate, because it does not survive the winter.[21] It is hardy in UK,[3][14] to −15 °C (or lower for short periods).[17] It is also hardy,[11] to Europe Zone H3,[4] although it still needs a sheltered position.[13]
It is tolerant of normal garden soil,[3] but prefers well drained,[11][5] sandy, peaty soils.[17][5] It does not like lime.[12] It is tolerant of soils that are mildly acidic or mildly alkaline.[22]
It prefers a sunny[17][15][22] or semi-shade position.[5][6][29]
It also has average water needs.[11][22] It prefers to have moisture during the growing season, but it will not survive in waterlogged sites/[18]
It can be grown in mixed flower border,[11][14][6] or rock gardens.[11]
It does suffer virus problems that Iris tectorum.[11]
It is not rarely found in cultivation.[18][17][5][21]
Propagation
It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing.[11][22]
Although the Iris can produce plenty to seed,[6] propagation via division is quicker and more reliable.[11]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[22]
References
- ↑ "Iris milesii Baker ex Foster is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322131. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 116, at Google Books
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 258, at Google Books
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "Iris milesii". rareplants.co.uk. http://www.rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?P_ID=2067&strPageHistory=related. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 76. ISBN 0715305395. https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 308". efloras.org (Flora of China). http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028191. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Ahmad, Shaista. "Red Flower Iris". flowersofindia.net. http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Red%20Flower%20Iris.html. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Walker, Kenneth (13 February 2015). "(SPEC) Iris milesii Foster". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecMilesii. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie3-106518511.html. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 "Evansia Or Crested Irises". herbs2000.com. http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_ievansia.htm. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris, p. 90-91, at Google Books
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 131. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Burgess, Miss J. (16 April 1935). "CRESTED IRISES OF EVANSIA SECTION". historiciris.blogspot.co.uk. http://historiciris.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/crested-irises-of-evansia-section.html. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 "Search for AGM plants". rhs.org. http://apps.rhs.org.uk/agm/award3.asp?ID=101241. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd.. p. 216. ISBN 9780330327749.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 Walker, Ken (24 December 2012). "Iris milesii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-milesii. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 "encyclopedia". cgf.net (Cotswold Garden Flowers). http://www.cgf.net/plants.aspx?genus=IRIS. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Iris summary". pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Elizabeth LawrenceThrough the Garden Gate, p. 246, at Google Books
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 "PlantFiles: Red Flower Iris". davesgarden.com. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/179839/#b. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Nick Romanowski Water Garden Plants & Animals: The Complete Guide for All Australia, p. 79, at Google Books
- ↑ Agarwal, V.K.; Thappa, R.K.; Agarwal, S.G.; Dhar, K.L. (14 May 1984). "Phenolic constituents of Iris milesii rhizomes". Phytochemistry (Regional Research Laboratory) 23 (6): 1342–1343. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)80460-4.
- ↑ Agarwal, V.K.; Thappa, R.K.; S.G., Agarwal; Mehraa, M.S.; Dhar, K.L. (1984). "Isoflavones of two Iris species". Phytochemistry 23 (11): 2703–2704. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84141-2.
- ↑ John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM, p. 639, at Google Books
- ↑ J. B. Harborne The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980, p. 133, at Google Books
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Iris milesii | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 28 March 2015 }}
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Iris milesii (Water Bird Iris)". plantdelights.com. http://www.plantdelights.com/Iris-milesii-for-sale/Buy-Water-Bird-Iris/. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Iris milesii Baker ex Foster, Gard. Chron., n.s., 20: 231 (1883).". kew.org. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=322131. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Sources
- Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 75.
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
- Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q1031573 entry
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris milesii.
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