Biology:Syngonium podophyllum
| Syngonium podophyllum | |
|---|---|
| |
| var. podophyllum[1] | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | Syngonium |
| Species: | S. podophyllum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Syngonium podophyllum Schott
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Syngonium podophyllum is a species of aroid that is a popular houseplant. Common names include: arrowhead plant, arrowhead vine, arrowhead philodendron, goosefoot, nephthytis,[3] African evergreen,[4] and American evergreen.[5] The species is native to a wide region of Latin America from Mexico through Bolivia, and naturalized in the West Indies, Florida, Texas , Hawaii, and other places.[2][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Etymology
Syngonium podophyllum is the most commonly cultivated species in the genus Syngonium, and is often referred to simply as syngonium. It was originally confused with the similar-looking African genus Nephthytis, and this is still used as a common name for the plant. It was given its own genus in 1879.[15]
The Latin specific epithet podophyllum means “with foot/feet-like leaves”.[16]
Description
It climbs a few meters tall over the trunks of tropical jungle trees, clinging by its roots. The cultivars cultivated indoors reach a height of up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft). During the year, the plant grows about 30 cm (12 in) and produces 6-7 leaves. Its single leaves, usually arrow-shaped, are up to 30 cm (12 in) long. In the wild, the leaves are dark green and without variegation. Cultivated varieties have leaves in various shades of green, often light green and usually with different types of lighter tannins. There are several variegated cultivars, the main differences being in the position and extent of the cream or white markings. Some leaves are almost entirely white, pink or yellow.
Its flowers are small, greenish or whitish on spadices within light-yellow through green spathes. However, the plants grown indoors do not bloom, aside from the older, well-cared-for specimens.
Cultivation
As a vine, it requires some support. It can also be grown as a groundcover plant. The soil should be humus and systematically watered. Varieties with leaves with pink, reddish, or white markings require a well-lit place, though those with dark green leaves can grow in a darker place. The summer temperature should not exceed 38 °C (100 °F). In winter, it should not be lower than 0 °C (32 °F). Preferring moist air, it should be watered 2-3 times a week in summer but much less often in winter.[citation needed]
To ensure adequate humidity, the plant pot should be placed in a larger container with constantly moist peat and sprayed with water daily. Dusty leaves should be wiped clean with a damp cloth. Feed in the summer with a small dose of fertilizers dissolved in water. After a few years of cultivation, the plant becomes unattractive, where its cutting is advisable, and then it will produce new shoots. It should be transplanted only when necessary.[17]
It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[3][18]
"Syngonium podophyllum can also be grown directly in water (roots submerged 24/7), which it’s a perfect candidate for, or in hydroculture (wash roots free of soil and pot up in clay pellets), which helps eliminate all water woes. If you decide to grow in water, keep the water properly oxygenated at all times by changing it often (at least once a week would be terrific)."[19]
Propagation
The plant can be propagated by cuttings in water, or straight into potting compost. Nonetheless, both methods have a good success rate, providing the right part of the plant is cut. Cuttings using the rooting machine are rooted in a multiplier at a temperature of 18 °C (64 °F). Cuttings from the tops of the shoots are easier to root than cuttings from lower areas of shoots.[20]
Toxicity
All parts of Syngonium podophyllum are poisonous and cause severe mouth pain if eaten.[21] It is not unusual to find these growing in Sub-tropical Florida landscapes, where homeowners and Gardeners need to be aware of the severe skin burning sensations caused by the plants sap containing oxalic acid and the eye damage potential from raphides.[22]
Varieties
Among the wild populations, two varieties are formally recognized:[2][23]
- Syngonium podophyllum var. peliocladum (Schott) Croat - Costa Rica, Panama
- Syngonium podophyllum var. podophyllum - widespread as a native from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia, as well as Trinidad; naturalized in the West Indies (including the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas), Florida, Texas , Hawaii, Seychelles, Borneo, and Malaysia
Gallery
References
- ↑ Adolf Engler - Das Pflanzenreich vol. 71 (1920)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "RHS Plantfinder - Syngonium podophyllum". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/17899/i-Syngonium-podophyllum-i/Details.
- ↑ "Nephthytis, African evergreen, Arrowhead Vine (Syngonium podophyllum)". http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Araceae/Syngonium_podophyllum.html.
- ↑ "Syngonium podophyllum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SYPO. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ↑ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ↑ Hammel, B.E. & al. (2003). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 2: 1-694. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- ↑ Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415.
- ↑ Hernandez, J. (2007). In Hawaiian rainforests: exotic aroid ecologies. Aroideana 30: 91-97.
- ↑ Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- ↑ Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- ↑ Arruda Pontes, T., Moreira de Andrade, I. & Alves, M. (2010). Flora da Usina São José, Igarassu, Pernambuco: Araceae. Rodriguésia; Revista do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Jardim Botânico e Estaçao Biologica do Itatiaya 61: 689-794.
- ↑ Oppenheimer, H. (2011). New Hawaiian plant records for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 220: 5-10.
- ↑ Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- ↑ "Arkansas Yard & Garden Resources | Gardening and lawn care in Arkansas". http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/Arrowhead_Philodendron.htm.
- ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
- ↑ Dawid Longman: Nurturing house plants . Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1997. ISBN:83-09-01559-3 .
- ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 100. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf.
- ↑ Life (martha), Plowing Through (2011-06-10). "Plowing Through Life: Syngonium Podophyllum". https://plowingthroughlife.blogspot.com/2011/06/fridays-flower-pot-syngonium.html.
- ↑ Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (2014).
- ↑ "Poisonous Plants of North Carolina - Syngonium podophyllum". http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Syngopo.htm.
- ↑ "Miami-Dade County - UF/IFAS Extension". http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/urban_hort/Calkins%2063%20Poisonous%20plants.pdf.
- ↑ "Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map". http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Syngonium%20podophyllum.png.
Wikidata ☰ Q13403357 entry
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