Partial redundancy elimination

In compiler theory, partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. PRE is a form of common subexpression elimination.

An expression is called partially redundant if the value computed by the expression is already available on some but not all paths through a program to that expression. An expression is fully redundant if the value computed by the expression is available on all paths through the program to that expression. PRE can eliminate partially redundant expressions by inserting the partially redundant expression on the paths that do not already compute it, thereby making the partially redundant expression fully redundant.

For instance, in the following code:

if (some_condition) {
   // some code that does not alter x
   y = x + 4;
 }
 else {
   // other code that does not alter x
 }
 z = x + 4;

the expression x+4 assigned to z is partially redundant because it is computed twice if some_condition is true. PRE would perform code motion on the expression to yield the following optimized code:

if (some_condition) {
   // some code that does not alter x
   t = x + 4;
   y = t;
 }
 else {
   // other code that does not alter x
   t = x + 4;
 }
 z = t;

An interesting property of PRE is that it performs (a form of) common subexpression elimination and loop-invariant code motion at the same time. In addition, PRE can be extended to eliminate injured partial redundancies, thereby effectively performing strength reduction. This makes PRE one of the most important optimizations in optimizing compilers. Traditionally, PRE is applied to lexically equivalent expressions, but recently formulations of PRE based on static single assignment form have been published that apply the PRE algorithm to values instead of expressions, unifying PRE and global value numbering.

See also

• Value numbering
• Redundant code
• Dead code elimination

Further reading

• Muchnick, Steven S. Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation. Morgan Kaufmann. 1997.
• Knoop, J., Ruthing, O., and Steffen, B. Lazy Code Motion. ACM SIGPLAN Notices Vol. 27, Num. 7, Jul. 1992, '92 Conference on PLDI.
• Paleri, V. K., Srikant, Y. N., and Shankar, P. A Simple Algorithm for Partial Redundancy Elimination. SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 33(12). pages 35–43 (1998).
• Kennedy, R., Chan, S., Liu, S.M., Lo, R., Peng, T., and Chow, F. Partial Redundancy Elimination in SSA Form. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages Vol. 21, Num. 3, pp. 627–676, 1999.
• VanDrunen, T., and Hosking, A.L. Value-Based Partial Redundancy Elimination, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 2985/2004, pp. 167 – 184, 2004.
• Cai, Q. and Xue, J. Optimal and Efficient Speculation-Based Partial Redundancy Elimination". International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO'03), 91-104, 2003.
• Xue, J. and Knoop, J. A Fresh Look at PRE as a Maximum Flow Problem. International Conference on Compiler Construction (CC'06), pages 139—154, Vienna, Austria, 2006.
• Xue, J. and Cai Q. A lifetime optimal algorithm for speculative PRE. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization Vol. 3, Num. 3, pp. 115–155, 2006.