Biology:Wurfbainia vera
| Wurfbainia vera | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Zingiberales |
| Family: | Zingiberaceae |
| Genus: | Wurfbainia |
| Species: | W. vera
|
| Binomial name | |
| Wurfbainia vera (Blackw.) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Wurfbainia vera is a herbaceous plant in the Zingiberaceae family. Formerly called Amomum verum, it was the first plant species to be named by a woman, the Scots artist Elizabeth Blackwell in 1757. The Kingdom of Siam[lower-alpha 1] obtained the fruit (seeds) of the plant from Cambodia in the 18th century to export as a spice to China and Europe. As well as Cambodia the species is found in Sumatra, Thailand and Vietnam. The young leaf, the fruit and the seeds are edible, the seeds are known as Siam cardamom in English.
Taxonomy
The taxa has previously been known as Amomum verum, named in 1757 by Elizabeth Blackwell (1707-58), a Scottish artist and business operator. This is the first plant species to be named by a woman.[3] Blackwell is more well known now as a botanical illustrator, however her book Herbarium Blackwellianum contained a valid naming of this taxa.[4]
The current species was described by the Czech botanist Jana Škorničková (born 1975) and the Danish botanist Axel Dalberg Poulsen (born 1961) in 2018 in the journal Taxon.[5]
One of the botanists who described this species, Jana Škorničková, along with her colleagues with IUCN, describes this taxa as part of a species complex. This complex includes specimens from Thailand and Indonesia known as Wurfbainia testacea and Wurbainia compacta. The taxa may be resolved into a number of more restricted species.
Description
The species grows as a herbaceous plant/herb, some 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) high.[6] As with other Zingiberaceae the plant consists of underground rhizomes, a pseudostem made of encircled leaf-sheaths and fruit.[7]
Distribution
The species is native to an area from Sumatra to Southeast Asia.[2] Countries and regions where the taxa occurs are: Indonesia (Sumatra), Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It is common in Thailand and Cambodia, especially in the Cardamom Mountains.[6]
Habitat and ecology
The plant grows in lowland evergreen and semi-deciduous forest.[1] It grows in dense forests of Cambodia and Thailand.[6]
Conservation
The taxa is classified as Data Deficient by the IUCN; see above right. It is common over a very wide range, is in cultivation and some wild populations occur in protected areas (Cardamom Mountains Protected Forest, Cambodia and Khlong Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand).[1] However this taxa may be resolved into a number of species with a more restricted range. It is this that has led to the conservation classification.
Vernacular names
- krâva:nh (Khmer language)[6]
- cardamome (French language)[6]
- Siam cardamom (English)[7]
Uses
The plant is used as a food and in medicine.[1] In Cambodia the young leaves are consumed in Sâmlâ ("Cambodian curries").[6] The rhizomes, fruit and seeds are edible, with the seeds being used as a spice. Amongst households harvesting forest plants from Nam Nao National Park, Thailand, this species represented about 6% of the income earned from the sale of herbs and spices.[8] As well as a direct food source, W. vera is used as a fermentation starter in traditional rice wine production in Cambodia.[9]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Siam maintained a political and economic hegemony/network in northwest Cambodia, ensuring a supply of a variety of products, including this spice species, to export to China and Europe.[10]
In the Khmer medical text The Treatment of Four Diseases palm-leaf manuscript, written in the late 19th-early 20th century, the plant is used in 3 compounds to treat hernia/constipation/sharp pains/prolapsed uterus, leprosy-ulcers, and cerebral palsy.[11]
In Cambodian traditional medicine the rhizomes are considered stimulating and useful for fever.[6] The fruits were exported to Hong Kong, where in Chinese traditional medicine they were considered a remedy against all intestinal troubles. The seeds were exported to Europe, where in older medical practice they were used against stomachache and as a tonic. Fruits are "[e]xported to Europe where it is used to flavour sausages and cordials."[12] The fruit and young leaves "gives a nice flavour".[7] Eastern Thai people use it to treat dyspepsia and flatulence caused by indigestion, in food products as a flavouring agent, and in the pharmaceutical industry in aromatherapy products for skin stimulation and as a bath product "for skin".[7] As of October 2020 there were two commercially available Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations containing W. vera, among many other ingredients, used in the management of viral pneumonia in China.[13]
Note: while there are a number of active ingredients present in the plant, the medical and pharmaceutical claims do not appear to have direct evidence.
Footnotes
- ↑ Depending on the year, Kingdom of Siam could have been Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767), Thonburi Kingdom (1768–1782) or Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932).
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Leong-Skornickova, J.; Tran, H.D.; Newman, M.; Lamxay, V.; Bouamanivong, S (2019). "Wurfbainia vera". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. pp. e.T202230A132696315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T202230A132696315.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202230/132696315. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Wurfbainia vera (Blackw.) Skornick. & A.D.Poulsen". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77178294-1.
- ↑ Lindon, Heather L.; Gardiner, Lauren M.; Brady, Abigail; Vorontsova, Maria S. (2015). "Fewer than three percent of land plant species named by women: Author gender over 260 years". Taxon 64 (2, May): 209–15. doi:10.12705/642.4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274249267. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ↑ "Amomum verum Blackw., Herb. Blackwell. 4: t. 371 (1757).". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/60456380-2.
- ↑ "Wurfbainia vera (Blackw.) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen, Taxon 67(1): 30 (2018).". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/77178294-1.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. pp. 14, 15. https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Suttiarporn, Panawan; with 4 others (2020). "Process Optimization of Microwave Assisted Simultaneous Distillation and Extraction from Siam cardamom using Response Surface Methodology". Processes 8 (4): 449. doi:10.3390/pr8040449. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/4/449/pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ↑ Jarernsuk, Suppanit; Dadookain, Kecha; Jongjitvimol, Touchkanin (2015). "Economic Value and Utilization of Biodiversity in Local Communities at Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun Province". NU. International Journal of Science 12 (2): 1–12. http://thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/NUSJ/10991551.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ↑ Yamamoto, Sota; Matsumoto, Tetsuo (2011). "Rice Fermentation Starters in Cambodia: Cultural Importance and Traditional Methods of Production". Southeast Asian Studies 49 (2, September): 192–213. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/49/2/49_KJ00007250479/_pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ↑ Diepart, Jean-Christophe; Dupuis, David (2014). "The Peasants in Turmoil: State Formation, Power and the Control of Land in the Northwest Cambodia". The Journal of Peasant Studies 41 (4): 445–68. doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.919265. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/169935/2/DIEPART-DUPUIS_2014_Peasants-in-Turmoil-NW_AAM.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ↑ Chhem, Kieth Rethy; Antelme, Michel Rethy (2004). "A Khmer Medical Text "The Treatment of the Four Diseases" Manuscript". Siksācakr 6: 33–42. https://www.academia.edu/download/33848350/Khmer_medical_mss.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2021.[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ Usher, George (1974). A Dictionary of Plants Used By Man. London: Constable. p. 41. ISBN 0094579202.
- ↑ Xi, Shengyan; with 6 others (2020). "Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Management of Viral Pneumonia". Frontiers in Pharmacology 11 (582322): 582322. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.582322. PMID 33192523.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q81735097 entry
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