Place:Al-Ahsa Oasis

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Short description: Oasis historical region in eastern Saudi Arabia
Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Jabal Al Qara Cave - Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia ജബൽ അൽ ഖാറ ഗുഹ, അൽ ഹസ, സൗദി അറേബ്യ 12.JPG
Jabal Qara is located 16 km (9.9 mi) east of Hofuf City
LocationHofuf, Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia
CriteriaCultural: (iii), (iv), (v)
Reference1563
Inscription2018 (42nd session)
Area8,544 ha
Buffer zone21,556 ha
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 25°25′46″N 49°37′19″E / 25.42944°N 49.62194°E / 25.42944; 49.62194
Al-Ahsa Oasis is located in Saudi Arabia
Al-Ahsa Oasis
Location of Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia
Al-Ahsa Oasis is located in West and Central Asia
Al-Ahsa Oasis
Al-Ahsa Oasis (West and Central Asia)

Al-Aḥsāʾ (Arabic: الْأَحْسَاء, al-ʾAhsā), also known as al-Ḥasāʾ (الْحَسَاء) or Hajar (هَجَر), is an oasis and historical region in eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Ahsa Governorate, which makes up much of the country's Eastern Province, is named after it. The oasis is located about 60 km (37 mi) inland from the coast of the Persian Gulf. Al-Ahsa Oasis comprises four main cities and 22 villages. The cities include Al-Mubarraz and Al-Hofuf, two of the largest cities in Saudi Arabia.[1]

Description

With an area of around 85.4 km2 (33.0 sq mi), Al-Ahsa Oasis is the largest oasis in the world. A large part of the oasis is located in the Empty Quarter, also referred to as Rub' al Khali in Arabic. This covers almost three-quarters of the land in the oasis, while residential areas constitute 18%.[2]

There are more than 2.5 million palm trees including date palms in the oasis, which is fed from a huge underground aquifer and irrigated by the flow of more than 280 artesian springs, allowing year-round agriculture in a region that is otherwise sand desert.[3]

The oasis became a World Heritage site in 2018.[4] It has also been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network since December 2015.[5] According to one author, the oases of Al-Ahsa and Al Ain (in the UAE, on the border with Oman) are the most important in the Arabian Peninsula.[6]

Etymology

Al-Ahsa is the plural form of "Al-Ḥisā" (Arabic: ٱلْحِسَى) which refers to a landscape of accumulated sand with an impermeable layer underneath. When rain falls onto such a landscape, the water soaks through the sand (which prevents it from evaporating) and is retained by the impermeable base layer, forming an aquifer. Wells drilled into the earth can then provide access to a cool spring.[7]

The area used to be called Pit-Ardashir (Classical Syriac: ܦܝܛܐܪܕܫܝܪ‎) by Assyrians and Persians.[8]

History

Jawatha Mosque in Al-Ahsa

Ancient history

Al-Ahsa has been inhabited since prehistoric times because of its abundance of water in an otherwise arid region.[9] Natural fresh-water springs have surfaced at oases in the region for millennia, encouraging human habitation and agricultural efforts (date palm cultivation especially) since prehistoric times.[10]

The oasis region and specifically the name Hajar (also Hagar, Haǧar) may be related to the Ancient Near East toponym Agarum, mentioned in Dilmunite inscriptions as the original home of their chief deity Inzak. If so, Agarum probably referred to the mainland area of Arabia lying opposite Bahrain.[11] According to the hypothesis, the Dilmun civilization originated at the oases of Eastern Arabia, but later relocated to the isle of Bahrain. This interpretation is not without criticism, however, and other sources place Agarum on the isle of Failaka.[12]

Islamic times

Eastern Arabia was conquered by the emerging Rashidun Caliphate during the 7th century. It was later inherited by the Umayyads and Abbasids. In 899 the region came under the control of the Qarmatian leader Abu Tahir al-Jannabi[13] and was declared independent from the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad. Its capital was at al-Mu'miniya near modern Hofuf. By circa 1000, Al-Ahsa became the ninth largest city worldwide supporting 100,000 inhabitants.[14] In 1077, the Qarmatian state of Al-Ahsa was overthrown by the Uyunids. Al-Ahsa subsequently fell under the rule of the Bahrani dynasty of the Usfurids, followed by their relatives, the Jabrids, who became one of the most formidable powers in the region, retaking the islands of Bahrain from the princes of Hormuz. The last Jabrid ruler of Bahrain was Muqrin ibn Zamil.[citation needed]

In 1521, the Portuguese Empire conquered the Awal Islands (the islands that comprise present day Bahrain) from the Jabrid ruler Muqrin ibn Zamil.[15] The Jabrids struggled to maintain their position on the mainland in the face of the Ottomans and their tribal allies, the Muntafiq. In 1550, Al-Ahsa and nearby Qatif came under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire with Sultan Suleiman I.[16] Al-Ahsa was nominally the Eyalet of Lahsa in the Ottoman administrative system and was usually a vassal of the Sublime Porte. Qatif was later lost to the Portuguese.[17] The Ottomans were expelled from Al-Ahsa in 1670,[16] and the region came under the Banu Khalid Emirate.

Al-Ahsa, along with Qatif, was incorporated into the Wahhabist Emirate of Diriyah in 1795 but returned to Ottoman control in 1818 with an invasion ordered by Muhammad Ali of Egypt. The Banu Khalid were again installed as rulers of the region but, in 1830 the Emirate of Nejd retook the region.[18]

Direct Ottoman rule was restored in 1871,[16] and Al-Ahsa was placed first under Baghdad Vilayet and with Baghdad's subdivision Basra Vilayet in 1875. In 1913, ibn Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, annexed Al-Ahsa and Qatif into his domain of Najd.[19]

Saudi independence

On 2 December 1922, Percy Cox officially notified Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Ahmad Al-Sabah that Kuwait's borders had been modified.[20] Earlier that year, Major John More, the British representative in Kuwait, had met with Ibn Saud to settle the border issue between Kuwait and Najd. The result of the meeting was the Uqair Protocol of 1922, in which Britain recognized ibn Saud's sovereignty over territories claimed by the emir of Kuwait. Al-Ahsa was taken from the Ottomans in 1913,[21] bringing the Al Sauds control of the Persian Gulf coast and what would become Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves.[citation needed]

Economy and infrastructure

The oasis of palm trees

Al-Ahsa is part of the region known historically for its high skill in tailoring, especially in making bisht, a traditional men's cloak.[22] Al-Ahsa was one of the few areas in Arabian Peninsula in which rice was grown.[23] In 1938, petroleum deposits were discovered near Dammam,[24][25] resulting in the rapid modernization of the region. By the early 1960s, oil production levels reached 1 million barrels (160,000 m3) per day. Today, Al-Ahsa is home to the largest conventional oil field in the world, the Ghawar Field.[26]

Al-Ahsa is known for its palm trees and date palms. Al-Ahsa has over 2.5 million palm trees which produce over 100 thousand tons of dates every year.[citation needed]

The oasis is a popular tourist destination for Qatari nationals, who would make the 100-mile cross-border drive to visit local attractions, as well as to find bargains for food, spices and clothing in Al-Ahsa's bazaars. Economic ties were severely disrupted by the Qatar diplomatic crisis, which led to the closure of Saudi Arabia's land border with Qatar. With the crisis' resolution and border reopening in 2021, however, Qatari tourists have gradually returned to Al-Ahsa; albeit in smaller numbers, due to improved Qatari self-sufficiency in goods.[27]

A road between Oman and Saudi Arabia,[28][29] which goes through the Empty Quarter, was completed in September 2021.[30] Between 700 and 800 kilometres (430 and 500 miles) long, it extends from Al-Ahsa to the Omani town of Ibri. The Omani side of the road measures approximately 160 km (99 mi), and the Saudi side 580 km (360 mi).[28][29][30]

Tourist sites

Qasr Ibrahim, built in 1556.[31]

12 locations were defined as the Cultural Landscape of Al-Ahsa Oasis (the World Heritage site):[4]

  1. Eastern Oasis (الواحة الشرقية)
  2. Northern Oasis (الواحة الشمالية)
  3. As-Seef (السِيف)
  4. Suq Al-Qaysariyah (سوق القيصرية)
  5. Qasr Khuzam (قصر خزام)
  6. Qasr Sahood (قصر صاهود)
  7. Qasr Ibrahim (قصر إبراهيم)
  8. Jawatha archaeological site (موقع جواثا الأثري)
  9. Jawatha Mosque (مسجد جواثا)
  10. Al-'Oyun village (قرية العيون)
  11. Ain Qannas archaeological site (موقع عين قناص الأثري)
  12. Al-Asfar lake (بحيرة الأصفر)

Climate

Al-Ahsa has a hot desert climate (Köppen Climate Classification: BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, very mild winters. The oasis has a very low annual precipitation of 83.3 mm (3.28 in), but receives a small amount of rain in winter and spring.

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See also

  • List of World Heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

References

  1. ↑ "Largest cities in Saudi Arabia". https://population.mongabay.com/saudi-arabia/. 
  2. ↑ "نبذة عن الأحساء | صحيفة الأحساء نيوز". 2017-05-12. http://www.hasanews.com/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1. 
  3. ↑ "Largest oasis". https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-oasis. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Al-Ahsa Oasis, an evolving Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1563/multiple=1&unique_number=2228. 
  5. ↑ "Al-Ahsa enters UNESCO Creative Cities Network" (in en). Arab News. 13 December 2015. http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/849681. 
  6. ↑ Marshall Cavendish (2007). "Geography and climate". World and Its Peoples. 1. Cavendish Square Publishing. pp. 8–19. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=the+most+important+oases+al-hasa+al+ayn. 
  7. ↑ "تعريف و معنى الاحساء في معجم المعاني الجامع – معجم عربي عربي" (in ar). almaany.com. https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1/. 
  8. ↑ "The Syriac Gazetter". https://www.syriaca.org/place/2902. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  9. ↑ "About". http://www.hcci.org.sa/English/AlAhsa/Pages/AboutAlahsa.aspx. 
  10. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/science/oasis-geological-feature
  11. ↑ Khaled al-Nashef (de): "The Deities of Dilmun" (pp. 340–342, 346, 349), in Bahrain Through the Ages: The Archaeology, edited by Scheich ʿAbdāllah Bahrain, Haya Ali Khalifa, Shaikha Haya Ali Al Khalifa & Michael Rice. Routledge, 1986. ISBN:978-0-7103-0112-3.
  12. ↑ Steffen Terp Laursen: Royal Mounds of A'ali in Bahrain: The Emergence of Kingship in Early Dilmun (pp. 430–433). ISD LLC, 2017. ISBN:978-87-93423-19-0.
  13. ↑ Paul Wheatley (2001). The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries. University of Chicago Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-226-89428-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=h0ANg137kEMC&pg=PA129. 
  14. ↑ "Al Hasa population soared to 100,000 by circa 1000". http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm. 
  15. ↑ Al-Juhany, Uwidah Metaireek (2002). Najd before the Salafi reform movement: social, political and religious conditions during the three centuries preceding the rise of the Saudi state. London: Ithaca Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-86372-401-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=MzN1Mo8_bd4C&q=1521+Awal+portegese&pg=PA53. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Long, David (2005). Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia (Culture and Customs of the Middle East). Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. xiv, p8. ISBN 0-313-32021-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=VKisHwiTxJQC&q=Al-Hasa&pg=PR14. 
  17. ↑ Facey, William (2004) [1994]. The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. London, UK: Stacey International. ISBN:1-900988-18-6.
  18. ↑ Madawi al Rasheed (April 2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN:978-0-521-76128-4.
  19. ↑ World and its peoples. London: Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 29. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=Al-Hasa+ottomans&pg=PA28. 
  20. ↑ David Finnie (1992-12-31). Shifting Lines in the Sand. I B Tauris. p. 60. ISBN 1-85043-570-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=OZrnZpS84xoC&q=1922+Percy++Cox&pg=PA60. 
  21. ↑ Mohamed Zayyan Aljazairi (1968). "Diplomatic history of Saudi Arabia, 1903-1960's". University of Arizona. p. 26. https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/318068/AZU_TD_BOX38_E9791_1968_88.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  22. ↑ Rima Al Mukhtar (9 November 2012). "Traditional & modern: The Saudi man's bisht". Arab News. http://www.arabnews.com/fashion/traditional-modern-saudi-mans-bisht. 
  23. ↑ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 85. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/85/. 
  24. ↑ Citino, Nathan J. (2002). From Arab nationalism to OPEC: Eisenhower, King Saʻūd, and the making of U. S.-Saudi relations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. xviii. ISBN 0-253-34095-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=iHfVWjHAjCoC&q=Dammam+petroleum&pg=RA1-PR18-IA1. 
  25. ↑ Farsy, Fouad (1986). Saudi Arabia: a case study in development. London: KPI. p. 44. ISBN 0-7103-0128-6. https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiacases00fars. "Dammam petroleum." 
  26. ↑ Louise Durham (January 2005). "The Elephant of All Elephants". AAPG Explorer.
  27. ↑ Vivian Nereim (30 November 2022). "Qatar's World Cup Showcases Renewed Ties With Saudi Arabia, but Scars Remain". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/world/middleeast/qatar-saudi-world-cup.html. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Al Shaibany, Saleh (2021-07-06). "Oman-Saudi road to save 16 hours travel time nears completion: New road cuts through the Empty Quarter and will be a lifeline for trade between the two countries". The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2021/07/06/oman-saudi-road-to-save-16-hours-travel-time-nears-completion/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Al Amir, Khitam (2021-07-07). "New Saudi-Oman road to cut land travel time by 16 hours: Travel between two countries to get lot easier; road is 800km in length". Dubai, the U.A.E.: Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/new-saudi-oman-road-to-cut-land-travel-time-by-16-hours-1.80489647. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Al Shaibany, Saleh (2021-09-06). "Oman-Saudi desert road will breathe new life into sleepy villages: 700-km motorway to cut through the Empty Quarter, bringing trade to once-abandoned areas". The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2021/09/06/desert-road-from-oman-to-saudi-arabia-will-breathe-new-life-into-sleepy-villages/. 
  31. ↑ M. Cetin (2010). "Cultural versus material: conservation issues regarding earth architecture in Saudi Arabia: the case of an Ottoman fort, Ibrahim Palace in Al-Houfuf". International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering 10 (4): 8–14. 
  32. ↑ "Climate Data for Saudi Arabia". Jeddah Regional Climate Center. http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Ahsa.RTF. 

External links



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